Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1027405
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Die Bedeutung der Endosonografie im Staging des Rektumkarzinoms
Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) in the Staging of Rectal CancerPublication History
Manuskript eingetroffen: 19.1.2008
Manuskript akzeptiert: 2.4.2008
Publication Date:
09 June 2008 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Für eine zeitgemäße Therapie des Rektumkarzinoms ist eine differenzierte präinterventionelle Diagnostik unerlässlich. Sie entscheidet über die Indikation zur neoadjuvanten Therapie und beeinflusst die Wahl des Operationsverfahrens. Der endoskopische Ultraschall ist etablierter Bestandteil dieser Diagnostik. Er zeichnet sich durch eine hohe Genauigkeit in der Bestimmung des T- und N-Stadiums aus. Neue Behandlungskonzepte und die rasante Entwicklung konkurrierender Methoden erfordern eine neue Standortbestimmung.
Abstract
Modern therapy of the rectal carcinoma is dependent on sophisticated preinterventional diagnostics, which is decisive with regard to the indication for neoadjuvant therapy and influences the decision concerning the method of surgery. Endoscopic ultrasound is an established part of this diagnostic process. It is characterised by a high accuracy in T and N staging. New therapeutic concepts and the rapid development of competing methods make a new assessment of its value necessary.
Schlüsselwörter
Rektumkarzinom - kolorektales Karzinom - intraepitheliale Neoplasie - Endosonografie - Tumorstaging - neoadjuvante Therapie
Key words
rectal carcinoma - colorectal carcinoma - intraepithelial neoplasm - endoscopic ultrasound - tumour staging - neoadjuvant therapy
Literatur
- 1 Robert Koch Institut .http://www.rki.de.
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 2 Wittekind C, Greene F L, Henson D E. UICC TNM Supplement. A commentary on uniform use. New York; John Wiley & Sons 2003 3 rd ed
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 3
Heald R J, Husband E M, Ryall R D.
The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery - the clue to pelvic recurrence?.
Br J Surg.
1982;
69
613-616
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 4
Stelzner F.
Zur Anatomie des Mesenterium und des Mesorektums.
Viszeralchirurgie.
2003;
38
195-200
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 5
Hall N R, Finan P J, al JAberi T. et al .
Circumferential margin involvement after mesorectal excision of rectal cancer with
curative intent. Predictor of survival but not local recurrence?.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1998;
41
979-983
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 6
Lopez-Kostner F, Lavery I C, Hool G R. et al .
Total mesorectal excision is not necessary for cancers of the upper rectum.
Surgery.
1998;
124
612-661
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 7
Heald R J, Ryall R D.
Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer.
Lancet.
1986;
1 (8496)
1479-1482
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 8
Kapiteijn E, Marijnen C A, Nagtegaal I D. et al .
Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal
cancer.
N Engl J Med.
2001;
345
638-646
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 9
Schmiegel W, Pox C, Adler G. et al .
S3-Leitlinienkonferenz „Kolorektales Karzinom”.
Z Gastroenterol.
2004;
42
129-177
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 10
Junginger T, Hermanek P, Oberholzer K. et al .
Rektumkarzinom: Behandeln wir zu häufig neoadjuvant? Vorschläge zu einer selektiveren
MRT-basierten Indikation.
Zentralbl Chir.
2006;
131
275-284
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 11
Habr-Gama A, Perez R O, Nadalin W. et al .
Long-term results of preoperative chemoradiation for distal rectal cancer correlation
between final stage and survival.
J Gastrointest Surg.
2005;
9
90-99
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 12
Wiersema M J, Harewood G C.
Endoscopic ultrasound for rectal cancer.
Gastroenterol Clin North Am.
2002;
31
1093-1105
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 13
Harewood G C.
Assessment of publication bias in the reporting of EUS performance in staging rectal
cancer.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2005;
100
808-816
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 14
Bipat S, Glas A S, Slors F J. et al .
Rectal Cancer: Local Staging and Assessment of Lymph node involvement with Endoluminal
US, CT, and MR Imaging - A Meta-Analysis.
Radiology.
2004;
232
773-783
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 15
Marusch F, Koch A, Schmidt U. et al .
Routine use of transrectal ultrasound in rectal carcinoma: results of a prospective
multicenter study.
Endoscopy.
2002;
34
385-390
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 16
Garcia-Aguilar J, Pollack J, Lee S H. et al .
Accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of rectal tumors.
Dis Colon Rectum.
2002;
45
10-15
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 17
Mackay S G, Pager C K, Joseph D. et al .
Assessment of the accuracy of transrectal ultrasonography in anorectal neoplasia.
Br J Surg.
2003;
90
346-350
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 18
Orrom W J, Wong W D, Rothenberger D A. et al .
Endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal tumors. A learning experience.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1990;
33
654-659
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 19
Carmody B J, Otchy D P.
Learning curve of transrectal ultrasound.
Dis Colon Rectum.
2000;
43
193-197
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 20
Herzog U, Flue von M, Tondelli P. et al .
How accurate is endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer?.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1993;
36
127-134
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 21
Sailer M, Leppert R, Bussen D. et al .
Influence of tumor position on accuracy of endorectal ultrasound staging.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1997;
40
1180-1186
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 22
Chapet O, Romestaing P, Mornex F. et al .
Preoperative radiotherapy for rectal adenocarcinoma: Which are strong prognostic factors?.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.
2005;
61
1371-1377
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 23
Starck M, Bohe M, Simanaitis M. et al .
Rectal endosonography can distinguish benign rectal lesions from invasive early rectal
cancers.
Colorectal Dis.
2003;
5
246-250
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 24
Borschitz T, Junginger T.
Stellenwert der lokalen Exzision bei Rektumkarzinomen.
Viszeralchirurgie.
2006;
41
306-312
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 25
Kikuchi R, Takano M, Takagi K. et al .
Management of early invasive colorectal cancer. Risk of recurrence and clinical guidelines.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1995;
38
1286-1295
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 26
Glancy D G, Pullyblank A M, Thomas M G.
The role of colonoscopic endoanal ultrasound scanning (EUS) in selecting patients
suitable for resection by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM).
Colorectal Dis.
2005;
7
148-150
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 27
Hizawa K, Suekane H, Aoyagi K. et al .
Use of endosonographic evaluation of colorectal tumor depth in determining the appropriateness
of endoscopic mucosal resection.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1996;
91
768-771
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 28
Watanabe H, Miwa H, Terai T. et al .
Endoscopic ultrasonography for colorectal cancer using submucosal saline solution
injection.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1997;
45
508-511
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 29
McClave S A, Jones W F, Woolfolk G M. et al .
Mistakes on EUS staging of colorectal carcinoma: error in interpretation or deception
from innate pathologic features?.
Gastrointest Endosc.
2000;
51
682-689
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 30
Harewood G C, Kumar K S, Clain J E. et al .
Clinical implications of quantification of mesorectal tumor invasion by endoscopic
ultrasound: All T 3 rectal cancers are not equal.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2004;
19
750-755
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 31
Willett C G, Badizadegan K, Ancukiewicz M. et al .
Prognostic factors in stage T 3N0 rectal cancer: do all patients require postoperative
pelvic irradiation and chemotherapy?.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1999;
42
167-173
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 32
Bianchi P P, Ceriani C, Rottoli M. et al .
Endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance in preoperative staging of rectal
cancer: comparison with histologic findings.
J Gastrointest Surg.
2005;
9 (9)
1222-1227
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 33
Kwok H, Bissett I P, Hill G L.
Preoperative staging of rectal cancer.
Int J Colorectal Dis.
2000;
15
9-20
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 34
Beets-Tan R G, Beets G L.
Rectal cancer: review with emphasis on MR imaging.
Radiology.
2004;
232
335-346
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 35
Gualdi G F, Casciani E, Guadalaxara A. et al .
Local staging of rectal cancer with transrectal ultrasound and endorectal magnetic
resonance imaging: comparison with histologic findings.
Dis Colon Rectum.
2000;
43
338-345
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 36
Meyenberger C, Huch Boni R A, Bertschinger P. et al .
Endoscopic ultrasound and endorectal magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective, comparative
study for preoperative staging and follow-up of rectal cancer.
Endoscopy.
1995;
27
469-479
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 37
Hunerbein M, Pegios W, Rau B. et al .
Prospective comparison of endorectal ultrasound, three-dimensional endorectal ultrasound,
and endorectal MRI in the preoperative evaluation of rectal tumors. Preliminary results.
Surg Endosc.
2000;
14
1005-1009
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 38
Nagtegaal I D, Marijnen C A, Kranenbarg E K. et al .
Circumferential margin involvement is still an important predictor of local recurrence
in rectal carcinoma: not one millimeter but two millimeters is the limit.
Am J Surg Pathol.
2002;
26
350-357
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 39
Brown G, Radcliffe A G, Newcombe R G. et al .
Preoperative assessment of prognostic factors in rectal cancer using high-resolution
magnetic resonance imaging.
Br J Surg.
2003;
90
355-364
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 40
Bissett I P, Fernando C C, Hough D M. et al .
Identification of the fascia propria by magnetic resonance imaging and its relevance
to preoperative assessment of rectal cancer.
Dis Colon Rectum.
2001;
44
259-265
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 41
MERCURY Study group .
Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting curative
resection of rectal cancer: prospective observational study.
BMJ.
2006;
333 (7572)
779
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 42
Martling A, Holm T, Bremmer S. et al .
Prognostic value of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis in rectal
cancer.
Br J Surg.
2003;
90
1422-1428
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 43
Slater A, Halligan S, Taylor S A. et al .
Distance between the rectal wall and mesorectal fascia measured by MRI: Effect of
rectal distension and implications for preoperative prediction of a tumour-free circumferential
resection margin.
Clin Radiol.
2006;
61
65-70
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 44
Beynon J, Mortensen N J, Foy D M. et al .
Pre-operative assessment of local invasion in rectal cancer: digital examination,
endoluminal sonography or computed tomography?.
Br J Surg.
1986;
73
1015-1017
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 45
Rifkin M D, Ehrlich S M, Marks G.
Staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of endorectal US and CT.
Radiology.
1989;
170
319-322
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 46
Osti M F, Padovan F S, Pirolli C. et al .
Comparison between transrectal ultrasonography and computed tomography with rectal
inflation of gas in preoperative staging of lower rectal cancer.
Eur Radiol.
1997;
7
26-30
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 47
Guinet C, Buy J N, Ghossain M A. et al .
Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in the preoperative
staging of rectal cancer.
Arch Surg.
1990;
125
385-388
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 48
Kim N K, Kim M J, Yun S H. et al .
Comparative study of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computerized tomography,
and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of rectal cancer.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1999;
42
770-775
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 49
Kim C K, Kim S H, Choi D. et al .
Comparison Between 3-T Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Multi-Detector Row Computed
Tomography for the Preoperative Evaluation of Rectal Cancer.
J Comput Assist Tomogr.
2007;
31
853-859
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 50
Wolberink S V, Beets-Tan R G, Haas-Kock D F. et al .
Conventional CT for the prediction of an involved circumferential resection margin
in primary rectal cancer.
Dig Dis.
2007;
25
80-85
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 51
Kim J C, Kim H C, Yu C S. et al .
Efficacy of 3-dimensional endorectal ultrasonography compared with conventional ultrasonography
and computed tomography in preoperative rectal cancer staging.
Am J Surg.
2006;
192
89-97
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 52
Giovannini M, Bories E, Pesenti C. et al .
Three-dimensional endorectal ultrasound using a new freehand software program: results
in 35 patients with rectal cancer.
Endoscopy.
2006;
38
339-343
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 53
Hunerbein M, Totkas S, Ghadimi B M. et al .
Preoperative evaluation of colorectal neoplasms by colonoscopic miniprobe ultrasonography.
Ann Surg.
2000;
232
46-50
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 54
Swanson R S, Compton C C, Stewart A K. et al .
The prognosis of T 3N0 colon cancer is dependent on the number of lymph nodes examined.
Ann Surg Oncol.
2003;
10
65-71
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 55
Tepper J E, O’Connell M J, Niedzwiecki D. et al .
Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer.
J Clin Oncol.
2001;
19
157-163
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 56
Bittner R, Burghardt J, Gross E. et al .
Qualitätsindikatoren bei Diagnostik und Therapie des Rektumkarzinoms.
Zentralbl Chir.
2007;
132
85-94
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 57
Liersch T, Rothe H, Roedel C. et al .
Chirurgie des Rektumkarzinoms - Qualitätssicherung.
Viszeralchirurgie.
2007;
42
66-72
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 58
Andreola S, Leo E, Belli F. et al .
Manual dissection of adenocarcinoma of the lower third of the rectum specimens for
detection of lymph node metastases smaller than 5 mm.
Cancer.
1996;
77
607-612
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 59
Dworak O.
Number and size of lymph nodes and node metastases in rectal carcinomas.
Surg Endosc.
1989;
3
96-99
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 60
Spinelli P, Schiavo M, Meroni E. et al .
Results of EUS in detecting perirectal lymph node metastases of rectal cancer: the
pathologist makes the difference.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1999;
49
754-758
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 61
Beynon J, Mortensen N J, Foy D M. et al .
Preoperative assessment of mesorectal lymph node involvement in rectal cancer.
Br J Surg.
1989;
76
276-279
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 62
Catalano M F, Sivak M V, Rice Jr T. et al .
Endosonographic features predictive of lymph node metastasis.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1994;
40
442-446
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 63
Gleeson C F, Levy M J, Alberts F.
Prospective Evaluation of Perirectal and Iliac Lymph Node EUS Criteria for Predicting
Malignant Infiltration.
Gastrointest Endosc.
2007;
65
AB189
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 64
Nemoto Y, Kakemura T, Fujinama S. et al .
Efficacy of 3-dimensional endorectal ultrasonography for diagnosis of lymph node metastasis
with patients of rectal carcinoma compared with computed tomography.
Gastrointest Endosc.
2007;
65
AB189
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 65
Harewood G C, Wiersema M J, Nelson H. et al .
A prospective, blinded assessment of the impact of preoperative staging on the management
of rectal cancer.
Gastroenterology.
2002;
123
24-32
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 66
Shami V M, Parmar K S, Waxman I.
Clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle
aspiration in the management of rectal carcinoma.
Dis Colon Rectum.
2004;
47
59-65
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 67
Levy M J, Norton I D, Clain J E. et al .
Prospective study of bacteremia and complications With EUS FNA of rectal and perirectal
lesions.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2007;
5
684-689
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 68
Levy M J, Alberts S R, Clain J E. et al .
Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS FNA) Detection of Malignant
Iliac Lymph Nodes in Rectal Cancer.
Gastrointest Endosc.
2006;
63
AB97
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 69
Abdel-Nabi H, Doerr R J, Lamonica D M. et al .
Staging of primary colorectal carcinomas with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose whole-body
PET: correlation with histopathologic and CT findings.
Radiology.
1998;
206
755-760
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 70
Llamas-Elvira J M, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Gutierrez-Sainz J. et al .
Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET in the preoperative staging of colorectal cancer.
Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.
2007;
34
859-867
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 71
Napoleon B, Pujol B, Berger F. et al .
Accuracy of endosonography in the staging of rectal cancer treated by radiotherapy.
Br J Surg.
1991;
78
785-788
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 72
Rau B, Hunerbein M, Barth C. et al .
Accuracy of endorectal ultrasound after preoperative radiochemotherapy in locally
advanced rectal cancer.
Surg Endosc.
1999;
13
980-984
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 73
Vanagunas A, Lin D E, Stryker S J.
Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound for restaging rectal cancer following neoadjuvant
chemoradiation therapy.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2004;
99
109-112
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 74
Maor Y, Nadler M, Barshack I. et al .
Endoscopic ultrasound staging of rectal cancer: diagnostic value before and following
chemoradiation.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2006;
21
454-458
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 75
Gavioli M, Bagni A, Piccagli I. et al .
Usefulness of endorectal ultrasound after preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer:
comparison between sonographic and histopathologic changes.
Dis Colon Rectum.
2000;
43
1075-1083
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 76
Habr-Gama A, Souza P M, Ribeiro de U. et al .
Low rectal cancer: impact of radiation and chemotherapy on surgical treatment.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1998;
41
1087-1096
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 77
Frank C D, Ross W A, Prindiville Jr T. et al .
Accuracy of EUS with and without Preoperative Chemoradiation in Correlation with Pet
Staging of Gastrointestinal Cancers.
Gastrointest Endosc.
2006;
63
AB265
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 78
Harewood G C.
Assessment of clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound on rectal cancer.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2004;
99
623-627
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 79
Beets-Tan R G, Lettinga T, Beets G L.
Pre-operative imaging of rectal cancer and its impact on surgical performance and
treatment outcome.
Eur J Surg Oncol.
2005;
31
681-688
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 80
Novell F, Pascual S, Viella P. et al .
Endorectal ultrasonography in the follow-up of rectal cancer. Is it a better way to
detect early local recurrence?.
Int J Colorectal Dis.
1997;
12
78-81
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 81
Lohnert M S, Doniec J M, Henne-Bruns D.
Effectiveness of endoluminal sonography in the identification of occult local rectal
cancer recurrences.
Dis Colon Rectum.
2000;
43
483-491
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 82
Mascagni D, Corbellini L, Urciuoli P. et al .
Endoluminal ultrasound for early detection of local recurrence of rectal cancer.
Br J Surg.
1989;
76
1176-1180
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 83
Hunerbein M, Totkas S, Moesta K T. et al .
The role of transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy in the postoperative follow-up of
patients with rectal cancer.
Surgery.
2001;
129
164-169
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 84
Stelzner F, Mallek von D.
Das untere kloakogene Rektumviertel.
Viszeralchirurgie.
2005;
40
418-424
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 85
Merkel S, Meyer T, Gohl J. et al .
Late locoregional recurrence in rectal carcinoma.
Eur J Surg Oncol.
2002;
28
716-722
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 86
Davila R E, Rajan E, Adler D. et al .
The role of endoscopy in the diagnosis, staging, and management of colorectal cancer.
Gastrointest Endosc.
2005;
61
1-7
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
Dr. Christian Jürgensen
Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum Chemnitz
Flemmingstr. 2
09116 Chemnitz
Phone: ++ 40/3 71/33 33 32 32
Email: Ch.Juergensen@skc.de