Zusammenfassung
In den letzten Jahren wurden in Deutschland und weltweit zahlreiche Leitlinien zur evidenzbasierten Diagnostik und Therapie demenzieller Erkrankungen publiziert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden 13 aktuelle Demenz-Leitlinien inhaltlich ausgewertet und ihre methodische Qualität systematisch bewertet. Es finden sich einige unumstrittene Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik (z. B. klinische Untersuchung, neuropsychologisches Screening, strukturelle Bildgebung) und Therapie (z. B. Acetylcholinesterasehemmer bei Alzheimer-Krankheit). Andere Verfahren (z. B. Routine-EEG, FDG-PET, kognitives Training) werden sehr unterschiedlich bewertet. Abschließend wird die Problematik des aktuellen Leitlinien-Pluralismus diskutiert und Empfehlungen für regional angepasste, internationale Leitlinien ausgesprochen.
Abstract
Several guidelines for the evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of dementing disorders have been published in Germany and worldwide during the last years. This review analyses the content and methodological quality of 13 recently published dementia guidelines. There are some unequivocal recommendations for diagnostic procedures (e. g. clinical evaluation, neuropsychological screening, structural brain imaging) and treatment (e. g. cholinesterase inhibitors). There is a broad range of opinions on other procedures (e. g. routine EEG, FDG PET, cognitive training). A discussion of the prevalent guideline pluralism and a pleading for regionally adapted international guidelines conclude this article.
Literatur
1 Kanowski S, Igl G, Bartholomeyczik S, Brenner H, Großjohann K, Ihl R, Kuhlmey , Schreiber H L, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Tesch-Römer C, Weyerer S, Wojnar J. Vierter Altenbericht zur Lage der älteren Generation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Risiken, Lebensqualität und Versorgung Hochaltriger - unter besonderer Berücksichtigung demenzieller Erkrankungen. Berlin: Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend 2002
2
Oakley-Browne M A.
EBM in practice: psychiatry.
Med J Australia.
2001;
174
403-404
3
Lasek R, Müller-Oerlinghausen B.
Therapieempfehlungen der Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft - Ein Instrument zur Qualitätssicherung in der Arzneimitteltherapie.
Z Ärztl Fortbild Qualitätssich.
1997;
91
375-383
4
Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF) und die Ärztliche Zentralstelle für Qualitätssicherung (ÄZQ) .
Das Leitlinien-Manual von AWMF und ÄZQ.
Z Ärztl Fortb Qualitätssicherung.
2001;
95 (Suppl 1)
1-84
5
Petersen R C, Stevens J C, Ganguli M, Tangalos E G, Cummings J L, DeKosky S T.
Practice parameter: early detection of dementia: mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Neurology.
2001;
56
1133-1142 [AAN]*
6
Knopman D S, DeKosky S T, Cummings J L, Chui H, Corey-Bloom J, Relkin N, Small G W, Miller B, Stevens J C.
Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Neurology.
2001;
56
1143-1153 [AAN]*
7
Doody R S, Stevens J C, Beck C, Dubinsky R M, Kaye J A, Gwyther L, Mohs R C, Thal L J, Whitehouse P J, DeKosky S T, Cummings J L.
Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Neurology.
2001;
56
1154-1166 [AAN]*
8
Grilli R, Magrini N, Penna A, Mura G, Liberati A.
Practice guidelines developed by specialty societies: the need for a critical appraisal.
Lancet.
2000;
355
103-106
9
Härter M, Bermejo I, Aschenbrenner A, Berger M.
Analyse und Bewertung aktueller Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Behandlung depressiver Störungen.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiat.
2001;
69
390-401
10
Wallesch C W.
Leitlinien zur Diagnostik bei Patienten mit Demenz.
Akt Neurol.
2001;
28
201-207
11
Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, Scheltens P, Tariska P, Rossor M.
Diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia. The role of neurologists in Europe. European Federation of Neurological Societies Scientist Panel on Dementia.
Eur J Neurol.
2000;
7
133-144 [EFNS]*
12
Harbour R, Miller J.
A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines.
Br Med J.
2001;
323
334-336
13 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 50 .A Guideline Developers' Handbook. Edinburgh: SIGN 2002: (www.sign.ac.uk)
14
Small G W, Rabins P V, Barry P P, Buckholtz N S, DeKosky S T, Ferris S H, Finkel S I, Gwyther L P, Khachaturian Z S, Lebowitz B D, McRae T D, Morris J C, Oakley F, Schneider L S, Streim J E, Sunderland T, Teri L A, Tune L E.
Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease and related disorders. Consensus statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer's Association, and the American Geriatrics Society.
J Am Med Assoc.
1997;
278
1363-1371
15 Wallin A, Brun A, Gustafson L. Swedish Consensus on Dementia Diseases (Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Supplement 157). Køpenhagen: Munksgaard 1994
16 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) .Interventions in the Management of Behavioural and Psychological Aspects of Dementia: A National Clinical Guideline recommended for use in Scotland. Edinburgh: SIGN 1998: (www.sign.ac.uk)
17
Cummings J L, Frank J C, Cherry D, Kohatsu N D, Kemp B, Hewett L, Mittman B.
Guidelines for managing Alzheimer's disease: part I. Assessment.
Am Fam Physician.
2002;
65
2263-2272
18
Cummings J L, Frank J C, Cherry D, Kohatsu N D, Kemp B, Hewett L, Mittman B.
Guidelines for managing Alzheimer's disease: Part II. Treatment.
Am Fam Physician.
2002;
65
2525-2534
19
American Academy of Neurology .
Practice parameter for diagnosis and evaluation of dementia (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Neurology.
1994;
44
2203-2206 [AAN]*
20
Dubinsky R M, Stein A C, Lyons K.
Practice parameter: risk of driving and Alzheimer's disease (an evidence-based review): report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Neurology.
2000;
54
2205-2211
21
Gifford D R, Holloway R G, Frankel M R, Albright C L, Meyerson R, Griggs R C, Vickrey B G.
Improving adherence to dementia guidelines through education and opinion leaders. A randomized, controlled trial.
Ann Intern Med.
1999;
131
237-246
22
Holloway R G, Gifford D R, Frankel M R, Vickrey B G.
A randomized trial to implement practice recommendations: design and methods of the Dementia Care Study.
Control Clin Trials.
1999;
20
369-385
23 Work Group on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias .Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and other Dementias of Late Life (American Journal of Psychiatry Supplement). Washington: APA Press 1997: [APA]*
24 Rabins P, Blan W, Bright-Long L, Cohen E, Katz I, Rovner B, Schneider L, Blacker D. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias of late life. In: American Psychiatric Association (Hrsg). Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Compendium 2002. Washington: American Psychiatric Press 2002: 67-135 [APA]*
25 American Psychiatric Association .Practice guideline development process. In: American Psychiatric Association (Hrsg). Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Compendium 2002. Washington: American Psychiatric Press 2002: 857-863 [APA]*
26 Sainsbury R, Collins C, Duff G, Harrison J, Haydon R, Wilkinson T. Guidelines for the Support and Management of People with Dementia. Wellington: New Zealand Guidelines Group 1988: (www.nzgg.org.nz) [NZGG]*
27 Milne R J. National Guidelines Committee for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors .Guidelines for the Use of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Drugs in the Treatment of People with Alzheimer's Disease. Wellington: New Zealand Guidelines Group 2000: (www.nzgg.org.nz) [NZGG]*
28
Patterson C J, Gauthier S, Bergman H, Cohen C A, Feightner J W, Feldman H, Hogan D B.
The recognition, assessment and management of dementing disorders: conclusions from the Canadian Consensus Conference on Dementia.
Can Med Assoc J.
1999;
160 (12 Suppl)
1-15 [CCCD]*
29
Patterson C J, Gauthier S, Bergman H, Cohen C A, Feightner J W, Feldman H, Hogan D B.
Canadian Consensus Conference on Dementia: a physician's guide to using the recommendations.
Can Med Assoc.
1999;
160
1738-1742
30
Patterson C, Gauthier S, Bergman H, Cohen C, Feightner J W, Feldman H, Grek A, Hogan D B.
The recognition, assessment and management of dementing disorders: conclusions from the Canadian Consensus Conference on Dementia.
Can J Neurol Sci.
2001;
28 (Suppl 1)
3-16 [CCCD]*
31
Hogan D B, Jennett P, Freter S, Bergman H, Chertkow H, Gold S, Clarfield A M.
Recommendations of the Canadian Consensus Conference on Dementia - dissemination, implementation, and evaluation of impact.
Can J Neurol.
2001;
28 (Suppl 1)
115-121
32 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde (Hrsg) .Behandlungsleitlinie Demenz (Praxisleitlinien in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie 3). Darmstadt: Steinkopff 2000: [DGPPN]*
33
Petit H, Albarède J L, Bakchine S, Boulliat J, Cogneau J, Darcourt G, Dubois B, Forette F, Franco A, Héres J, Hinault P, Laurent B, Léger J M, Marin L a, Montagne B, Poncet M, Robert P, Sorbé G, Touchon J, Velas B, Vetel J M.
Convergences d'un groupe pluridisciplinaire d'experts français sur les modalités du diagnostic et des thérapeutiques de la maladie d'Alzheimer au stade démentiel.
Rev Neurol.
2000;
156
542-552 [GEMA]*
34
The Dementia Study Group of the Italian Neurological Society .
Guidelines for the diagnosis of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Neurol Sci.
2000;
21
187-194 [SIN]*
35 Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft .Empfehlungen zur Therapie der Demenz (Arzneiverordnungen in der Praxis). Köln: Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft 2001: (www.akdae.de) [AkdÄ]*
36 National Institute for Clinical Excellence .Guidance for the use of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Technical Appraisal Guidance 19). London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence 2001: (www.nice.org.uk) [NICE]*
37 Ministry of Health .Clinical Practice Guidelines: Dementia. Singapore: Ministry of Health 2001: (www.gov.sg/moh/pub/cpg/cpg.htm) [MHS]*
38
McKeith I, Del Ser T, Spano P, Emre M, Wesnes K, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, Ferrara R, Spiegel R.
Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study.
Lancet.
2000;
356
2031-2036
39
Robles A, Del Ser T, Alom J, Pena-Casanova J.
Grupo Asesor del Grupo de Neurología de la Conducta y Demencias de la Sociedad Española de Neurología .
Propuesta de criterios para el diagnóstico clínico del deterio cognitivo ligero, la demencia y la enfermedad de Alzheimer.
Neurología.
2002;
17
7-32 [SEN]*
40 Diener H C, Hacke W. Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Herausgegeben für die Kommission „Leitlinien” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie. Stuttgart: Thieme 2002: [DGN]*
41 The AGREE Collaboration .Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation: AGREE Instrument. London: St. George's Hospital Medical School 2001: (www.agreecollaboration.org)
42
Scheltens P, Fox N, Barkhof F, De Carli C.
Structural magnetic resonance imaging in the practical assessment of dementia: beyond exclusion.
Lancet Neurol.
2002;
1
13-21
43 Wolf H, Jelic V, Gertz H J, Nordberg A, Julin P, Wahlund L O. A critical discussion of the role of neuroimaging in mild cognitive impairment. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2003 179: 52-76
44
McMahon P M, Araki S S, Neumann P J, Harris G J, Gazelle G S.
Cost-effectiveness of functional imaging tests in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease.
Radiology.
2000;
217
58-68
45
Meyer G J, Waters S L, Coenen H H, Luxen A, Maziere B, Langstrom B.
PET radiopharmaceuticals in Europe: current use and data relevant for the formulation of summaries of product characteristics (SPCs).
Eur J Nucl Med.
1995;
22
1420-1432
46
Lyketsos C G, Olin J.
Depression in Alzheimer's disease: overview and treatment.
Biol Psychiatry.
2002;
52
243-252
47
Hirsch R D.
Sozio- und Psychotherapie bei Alzheimerkranken.
Z Gerontol Geriat.
2001;
34
92-100
48
Cluzeau F A, Littlejohns P, Grimshaw J M, Feder G, Moran S E.
Development and application of a generic methodology to assess the quality of clinical guidelines.
Int J Qual Health Care.
1999;
11
21-28
49
Rosen C S, Chow H C, Greenbaum M A, Finney J F, Moos R H, Sheikh J I, Yesavage J A.
How well are clinicians following dementia practice guidelines?.
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.
2002;
16
15-23
50
Seidman D.
Compliance with guidelines is not the same as evidence-based medicine.
J Pediatr.
2001;
138
299-300
51
Shekelle P, Eccles M P, Grimshaw J M, Woolf S H.
When should clinical guidelines be updated?.
Br Med J.
2001;
323
155-157
52
Shekelle P G, Woolf S H, Eccles M, Grimshaw J.
Developing guidelines.
Br Med J.
1999;
318
593-596
53
Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju C V.
Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial.
Lancet.
2002;
359
1283-1290
54
Orgogozo J M, Rigaud A S, Stoffler A, Mobius H J, Forette F.
Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (MMM 300).
Stroke.
2002;
33
1834-1839
55
Wilcock G, Mobius H J, Stoffler A.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM500).
Int Clin Psychopharmacol.
2002;
17
297-305
56
Winblad B, Poritis N.
Memantine in severe dementia: results of the 9M-Best Study (Benefit and efficacy in severely demented patients during treatment with memantine).
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry.
1999;
14
135-146
57
Waegemans T, Wilsher C R, Danniau A, Ferris S H, Kurz A, Winblad B.
Clinical efficacy of piracetam in cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis.
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord.
2002;
13
217-224
58
Lundberg N,. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention .
Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons.
J Am Geriatr Soc.
2001;
49
664-672
59
Woolf S H, Grol R, Hutchinson A, Eccles M, Grimshaw J.
Potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines.
Br Med J.
1999;
318
527-530
60
Weidinger P.
Leitlinien und ärztliche Berufshaftpflicht.
Internist.
2001;
42
M118-123
61
Rossor M N.
Dementia and driving: European National Guidelines. EFNS Scientist Panel on Dementia.
Eur J Neurol.
2000;
7
745
1 kennzeichnet die systematisch ausgewerteten Leitlinien-Texte
PD Dr. med. Ulrich Müller
Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, · Universität Leipzig
Liebigstr. 22
04103 Leipzig
Email: um207@cam.ac.uk