Zusammenfassung
Psychische Belastungen und behandlungsbedürftige psychische Störungen sind häufige
Begleiterscheinungen bei Patienten mit chronischen körperlichen Erkrankungen. Diese
Beeinträchtigungen sind nicht nur als Reaktion auf eine schwerwiegende körperliche
Erkrankung zu verstehen, sondern sind in ein komplexes, miteinander interagierendes
Bedingungsgefüge von somatischer Erkrankung und psychischen Belastungen eingebettet.
Gut untersucht sind die häufigen Komorbiditäten von ängstlichen und depressiven Syndromen
und körperlichen Erkrankungen, weniger hingegen die Assoziationen von Suchterkrankungen,
somatoformen Störungen und Essstörungen mit körperlichen Erkrankungen. Im Beitrag
wird beschrieben, welche Modelle die durch zahlreiche Studien bestätigte Assoziation
von somatischen Erkrankungen und psychischen Störungen erklären und welche Einflussfaktoren
und Risikobedingungen auf neurobiologischer, psychologischer und sozialer Ebene relevant
sind. Exemplarisch wird auf ätiologische Vorstellungen bei Krebserkrankungen, kardiovaskulären
Erkrankungen und muskuloskelettalen Erkrankungen einerseits und psychischen Störungen
andererseits eingegangen. Zukünftig können epidemiologische und familiengenetische
Untersuchungsansätze den Wissensstand weiter verbessern. Eine Verbindung mit neurowissenschaftlichen
und biologisch-psychiatrischen Forschungsansätzen erscheint sinnvoll, um die ätiopathogenetischen
Erkenntnisse komorbider somatischer und psychischer Erkrankungen weiter zu vertiefen.
Neben diesen wissenschaftlichen Zielen ist das Erkennen und Behandeln komorbider psychischer
Störungen bei somatischen Erkrankungen klinisch von hoher Bedeutung. Daher kommt der
verbesserten Diagnostik und Behandlung psychischer Störungen in der medizinischen
Rehabilitation eine sehr wichtige Funktion zu.
Abstract
There is a close association between psychological strain as well as psychological
disorders and somatic diseases. Psychological impairments are embedded in a complex
interacting model of somatic illnesses and psychological strain and not only a reaction
due to physical disease. Comorbidity of depressive or anxiety disorders and medical
diseases have been consistently reported in clinical studies whereas the association
between substance abuse, somatoform disorders and eating disorders with chronic somatic
disease has been examined less. This article describes relevant explanation models
as well as risk factors, e. g. neurobiological, psychological and social factors,
which have an impact on this association between mental disorders and chronic physical
diseases. Moreover, etiological models for the comorbidity of oncological, cardiovascular
and musculoskeletal diseases on the one hand and psychological disorders on the other
hand are explained. Epidemiologic and family genetic investigation models will improve
the knowledge about comorbidity in the future. Combining these approaches with neuroscientific
and biopsychiatric models will enhance the knowledge about pathogenesis of comorbid
disorders. Beside the scientific aim, the correct diagnosis and treatment of comorbid
mental disorders is an important issue. Therefore improved diagnostics and treatment
of psychological disorders has a substantial function in medical rehabilitation.
Schlüsselwörter
Komorbidität - psychische Störungen - Ätiologie - Review - Rehabilitation - chronische
körperliche Erkrankungen
Key words
Comorbidity - mental disorders - etiology - review - rehabilitation - chronic somatic
diseases
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Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Dipl.-Psych. Martin Härter
Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Abteilung Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie mit Poliklinik
Hauptstraße 5
79104 Freiburg
Email: martin_haerter@psyallg.ukl.uni-freiburg.de