Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000077.xml
Download PDF
Semin Thromb Hemost 2001; 27(6): 633-638
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-18867
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-18867
Fibrinolysis in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
06 December 2001 (online)
ABSTRACT
Studies in experimental models for sepsis, the most common cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), have put forward the concept of a procoagulant state that is characterized by thrombin generation exceeding that of plasmin. Convincing evidence indicates that this imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis is due to increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). Levels of this fibrinolysis inhibitor indeed correlate with outcome and severity of multiple organ failure in patients with sepsis, as well as in patients with DIC from other causes. Hence we suggest that PAI-1 constitutes an important target for therapy in patients with DIC.
KEYWORD
Fibrinolysis - sepsis - plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 - PAI-1 - plasminogen activators - multiple organ failure syndrome - MOFS
REFERENCES
- 1 Vervloet M G, Thijs L G, Hack C E. Derangements of coagulation and fibrinolysis in critically ill patients with sepsis and septic shock. Semin Thromb Hemost . 1998; 24 33-44
- 2 Thijs L G, de Boer P J, de Groot C M, Hack C E. Coagulation disorders in septic shock. Intensive Care Med . 1993; 19(Suppl 1) S8-S15
- 3 Levi M, ten Cate H. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. N Engl J Med . 1999; 341 586-592
- 4 Levi M, ten Cate H, van der Poll T, van Deventer J S. Pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in sepsis. JAMA . 1993; 270 975-979
- 5 Gando S, Nanzaki S, Kemmotsu O. Disseminated intravascular coagulation and sustained systemic inflammatory response syndrome predict organ dysfunctions after trauma: application of clinical decision analysis. Ann Surg . 1999; 229 121-127
- 6 Inthorn D, Hoffmann J N, Hartl W H, Muhlbayer D, Jochum M. Antithrombin III supplementation in severe sepsis: beneficial effects on organ dysfunction. Shock . 1997; 8 328-334
- 7 Jansen P M, Boermeester M A, Fischer E. Contribution of interleukin-1 to activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis, neutrophil degranulation, and the release of secretory-type phospholipase A2 in sepsis: studies in nonhuman primates after interleukin-1 alpha administration and during lethal bacteremia. Blood . 1995; 86 1027-1034
- 8 van der Poll T, Jansen P M, Van Zee J K. Pretreatment with a 55-kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor-immunoglobulin fusion protein attenuates activation of coagulation, but not of fibrinolysis, during lethal bacteremia in baboons. J Infect Dis . 1997; 176 296-299
- 9 van der Poll T, Jansen P M, Van Zee J K. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in baboons through an exclusive effect on the p55 receptor. Blood . 1996; 88 922-927
- 10 Bevilacqua M P, Pober J S, Majeau G R. Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1986; 83 4533-4537
- 11 Pober J S, Bevilacqua M P, Mendrick D L. Two distinct monokines, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, each independently induce biosynthesis and transient expression of the same antigen on the surface of cultured human vascular endothelial cells. J Immunol . 1986; 136 1680-1687
- 12 Bevilacqua M P, Pober J S, Majeau G R, Cotran R S, Gimbrone M AJ. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) induces biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells. J Exp Med . 1984; 160 618-623
- 13 Holmes W E, Nelles L, Lijnen H R, Collen D. Primary structure of human alpha 2-antiplasmin, a serine protease inhibitor (serpin). J Biol Chem . 1987; 262 1659-1664
- 14 Harpel P C. Alpha2-plasmin inhibitor and alpha2-macroglobulin-plasmin complexes in plasma. Quantitation by an enzyme-linked differential antibody immunosorbent assay. J Clin Invest . 1981; 68 46-55
- 15 Levi M, Roem D, Kamp A M. Assessment of the relative contribution of different protease inhibitors to the inhibition of plasmin in vivo. Thromb Haemost . 1993; 69 141-146
- 16 Levi M, de Boer P J, Roem D, ten Cate W J, Hack C E. Plasminogen activation in vivo upon intravenous infusion of DDAVP. Quantitative assessment of plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complex with a novel monoclonal antibody based radioimmunoassay. Thromb Haemost . 1992; 67 111-116
- 17 Ginsburg D, Zeheb R, Yang A Y. cDNA cloning of human plasminogen activator-inhibitor from endothelial cells. J Clin Invest . 1986; 78 1673-1680
- 18 Antalis T M, Clark M A, Barnes T. Cloning and expression of a cDNA coding for a human monocyte-derived plasminogen activator inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1988; 85 985-989
- 19 Robbie L A, Dummer S, Booth N A, Adey G D, Bennett B. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator in plasma and leukocytes in patients with severe sepsis. Br J Haematol . 2000; 109 342-348
- 20 Levi M, Hack C E, de Boer P J. Contact system dependent fibrinolytic activity in vivo: observations in healthy subjects and factor XII deficient patients. Agents Actions Suppl . 1992; 38 292-298
- 21 Bertozzi P, Astedt B, Zenzius L. Depressed bronchoalveolar urokinase activity in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med . 1990; 322 890-897
- 22 Kummer J A, Abbink J J, de Boer P J. Analysis of intraarticular fibrinolytic pathways in patients with inflammatory and noninflammatory joint diseases. Arthritis Rheum . 1992; 35 884-893
- 23 Carmeliet P, Schoonjans L, Kieckens L. Physiological consequences of loss of plasminogen activator gene function in mice. Nature . 1994; 368 419-424
- 24 Halbmayer W M, Mannhalter C, Feichtinger C, Rubi K, Fischer M. The prevalence of factor XII deficiency in 103 orally anticoagulated outpatients suffering from recurrent venous and/or arterial thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost . 1992; 68 285-290
- 25 Koster T, Rosendaal F R, Briet E, Vandenbroucke J P. John Hageman's factor and deep-vein thrombosis: Leiden Thrombophilia Study. Br J Haematol . 1994; 87 422-424
- 26 Ichinose A, Fujikawa K, Suyama T. The activation of pro-urokinase by plasma kallikrein and its inactivation by thrombin. J Biol Chem . 1986; 261 3486-3489
- 27 Schousboe I, Feddersen K, Rojkjaer R. Factor XIIa is a kinetically favorable plasminogen activator. Thromb Haemost . 1999; 82 1041-1046
- 28 Braat E A, Dooijewaard G, Rijken D C. Fibrinolytic properties of activated FXII. Eur J Biochem . 1999; 263 904-911
- 29 Suffredini A F, Harpel P C, Parrillo J E. Promotion and subsequent inhibition of plasminogen activation after administration of intravenous endotoxin to normal subjects [see comments]. N Engl J Med . 1989; 320 1165-1172
- 30 van Deventer J S, Büller H R, ten Cate W J. Experimental endotoxemia in humans: analysis of cytokine release and coagulation, fibrinolytic, and complement pathways. Blood . 1990; 76 2520-2526
- 31 Mesters R M, Florke N, Ostermann H, Kienast J. Increase of plasminogen activator inhibitor levels predicts outcome of leukocytopenic patients with sepsis. Thromb Haemost . 1996; 75 902-907
- 32 Pralong G, Calandra T, Glauser M P. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: a new prognostic marker in septic shock. Thromb Haemost . 1989; 61 459-462
- 33 van der Poll T, Levi M, Büller H R. Fibrinolytic response to tumor necrosis factor in healthy subjects. J Exp Med . 1991; 174 729-732
- 34 Levi M, ten Cate H, Bauer K A. Inhibition of endotoxin-induced activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis by pentoxifylline or by a monoclonal anti-tissue factor antibody in chimpanzees. J Clin Invest . 1994; 93 114-120
- 35 Biemond B J, Levi M, ten Cate H. Plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 release during experimental endotoxaemia in chimpanzees: Effect of interventions in the cytokine and coagulation cascades. Clin Sci . 1995; 88 587-594
- 36 Biemond B J, Levi M, ten Cate H. Complete inhibition of endotoxin-induced coagulation activation in chimpanzees with a monoclonal Fab fragment against factor VII/VIIa. Thromb Haemost . 1995; 73 223-230
- 37 van der Poll T, Levi M, van Deventer J S. Differential effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibodies on systemic inflammatory responses in experimental endotoxemia in chimpanzees. Blood . 1994; 83 446-451
- 38 de Boer P J, Creasy A A, Chang A. Activation patterns of coagulation and fibrinolysis in baboons following infusion with lethal or sublethal dose of Escherichia coli Circ Shock . 1993; 39 59-67
- 39 Minnema M C, Chang A C, Jansen P M. Recombinant human antithrombin III improves survival and attenuates inflammatory responses in baboons lethally challenged with Escherichia coli Blood . 2000; 95 1117-1123
- 40 Jansen P M, Pixley R A, Brouwer M. Inhibition of factor XII in septic baboons attenuates the activation of complement and fibrinolytic systems and reduces the release of interleukin-6 and neutrophil elastase. Blood . 1996; 87 2337-2344
- 41 Cugno M, Hack C E, de Boer P J. Generation of plasmin during acute attacks of hereditary angioedema. J Lab Clin Med . 1993; 121 38-43
- 42 van der Linden W P, Hack C E, Struyvenberg A. Controlled insect-sting challenge in 55 patients: Correlation between activation of plasminogen and the development of anaphylactic shock. Blood . 1993; 82 1740-1748
- 43 Agostoni A, Gardinali M, Frangi D. Activation of complement and kinin systems after thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A comparison between streptokinase and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation . 1994; 90 2666-2670
- 44 Biemond B J, Levi M, Coronel R. Thrombolysis and reocclusion in experimental jugular vein and coronary artery thrombosis. Effects of a plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Circulation . 1995; 91 1175-1181
- 45 Friederich P W, Levi M, Biemond B J. Novel low-molecular-weight inhibitor of PAI-1 (XR5118) promotes endogenous fibrinolysis and reduces postthrombolysis thrombus growth in rabbits. Circulation . 1997; 96 916-921
- 46 de Fouw J N, de Jong F Y, Haverkate F, Bertina R M. Activated protein C increases fibrin clot lysis by neutralization of plasminogen activator inhibitor-no evidence for a cofactor role of protein S. Thromb Haemost . 1988; 60 328-333
- 47 Taylor F BJ, Chang A, Esmon C T. Protein C prevents the coagulopathic and lethal effects of Escherichia coli infusion in the baboon. J Clin Invest . 1987; 79 918-925
- 48 Esmon C T. Introduction: Are natural anticoagulants candidates for modulating the inflammatory response to endotoxin?. Blood . 2000; 95 1113-1116
- 49 Kario K, Matsuo T, Kodama K. Imbalance between thrombin and plasmin activity in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Assessment by the thrombin-antithrombin-III complex/plasmin-alpha-2-antiplasmin complex ratio. Haemostasis . 1992; 22 179-186
- 50 Takahashi H, Tatewaki W, Wada K, Hanano M, Shibata A. Thrombin versus plasmin generation in disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with various underlying disorders [see comments]. Am J Hematol . 1990; 33 90-95
- 51 Okamoto K, Takaki A, Takeda S, Katoh H, Ohsato K. Coagulopathy in disseminated intravascular coagulation due to abdominal sepsis: Determination of prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 and other markers. Haemostasis . 1992; 22 17-24
- 52 Asakura H, Jokaji H, Saito M. Study of the balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis in disseminated intravascular coagulation using molecular markers. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis . 1994; 5 829-832
- 53 Niessen R W, Lamping R J, Jansen P M. Antithrombin acts as a negative acute phase protein as established with studies on HepG2 cells and in baboons. Thromb Haemost . 1997; 78 1088-1092
- 54 Brandtzaeg P, Joo G B, Brusletto B, Kierulf P. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and 2, alpha-2-antiplasmin, plasminogen, and endotoxin levels in systemic meningococcal disease. Thromb Res . 1990; 57 271-278
- 55 Brandtzaeg P, Joo G B, Brusletto B, Kierulf P. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and 2, alpha-2-antiplasmin, plasminogen, and endotoxin levels in systemic meningococcal disease. Thromb Res . 1990; 57 271-278
- 56 Gando S, Nakanishi Y, Tedo I. Cytokines and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in posttrauma disseminated intravascular coagulation: Relationship to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Crit Care Med . 1995; 23 1835-1842
- 57 Voss R, Matthias F R, Borkowski G, Reitz D. Activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis in septic patients in an internal intensive care unit. Br J Haematol . 1990; 75 99-105
- 58 Massignon D, Lepape A, Bienvenu J. Coagulation/fibrinolysis balance in septic shock related to cytokines and clinical state. Haemostasis . 1994; 24 36-48
- 59 Asakura H, Jokaji H, Saito M. Changes in plasma levels of tissue-plasminogen activator/inhibitor complex and active plasminogen activator inhibitor in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am J Hematol . 1991; 36 176-183
- 60 Nuijens J H, Huijbregts C C, Eerenberg-Belmer A J. Quantification of plasma factor XIIa-Cl-inhibitor and kallikrein-Cl-inhibitor complexes in sepsis. Blood . 1988; 72 1841-1848
- 61 Hermans P W, Hibberd M L, Booy R. 4G/5G promoter polymorphism in the plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1 gene and outcome of meningococcal disease. Meningococcal Research Group. Lancet . 1999; 354 556-560
- 62 Hack C E. Tissue factor pathway of coagulation in sepsis. Crit Care Med . 2000; 28 S25-S30
- 63 Taylor F BJ, Chang A C, Peer G T. DEGR-factor Xa blocks disseminated intravascular coagulation initiated by Escherichia coli without preventing shock or organ damage. Blood . 1991; 78 364-368