Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung: Die Nierentransplantation ist der beste Weg der Rehabilitation von Kindern mit terminaler
Niereninsuffizienz. Dabei benötigen Kinder mit Anomalien des unteren Harntrakts intensive
Betreuung schon vor der Transplantation. Bei unzureichender Speicherkapazität sowie
hohen intravesikalen Drücken müssen neben konservativem Management mit intermittierendem
(Selbst-) Katheterismus und Anticholinergikagabe auch Augmentationen oder Harnableitungen
diskutiert werden. Der ideale Zeitpunkt und die Notwendigkeit einer operativen Rehabilitation
ist umstritten.
Material und Methode: Bei 26 terminal niereninsuffizienten Kindern mit Anomalien des unteren Harntraktes
wurden die Spendernieren in die originäre Blase eingepflanzt. Eine präoperative Augmentation
oder Harnableitung wurde in keinem Fall durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse: Lediglich zwei Kinder benötigten im Verlauf bei verschlechterter Blasensituation
eine Augmentation. Ein Prune-Belly-Kind konnte im Rahmen der Zweittransplantation
mit Megaureter augmentiert werden. Bei einer Refluxpatientin mit vorbestehendem Ileumconduit
bei neurogener Blase erfolgte eine Blasenaugmentation mit dem Conduit vier Jahre nach
Transplantation.
Schlussfolgerung: Unter engmaschiger Kontrolle können urologische Komplikationen und dadurch verursachter
Transplantatverlust verhindert werden. Die meisten Blasen können unter konservativem
Therapiekonzept mit intermittierendem (Selbst-) Katheterismus und Anticholinergikagabe
rehabilitiert werden. Auch nach erfolgreicher Transplantation ist bei schlechter Blasenwandsituation
die Augmentation ein sicheres Verfahren. Die primäre Harnableitung sollte auch in
diesem Patientengut die Ausnahme bleiben.
Abstract
Purpose: Renal transplantation is the best way of rehabilitating children suffering from renal
end stage disease. Children with congenital anomalies of the lower urinary tract need
intensive evaluation and long-term care of the bladder situation before transplantation.
Inadequate urine capacity or high intravesical pressure require further surgical management,
such as augmentation, in addition to conservative management with anticholinergics
and intermittent catheterisation. The optimal timing for urologic management for bladder
rehabilitation is still controversial.
Materials and Methods: In 26 children with renal end stage disease due to anomalies of the urinary tract,
transplantation was performed into the native bladder. None of the patients underwent
urinary diversion or pretransplant augmentation.
Results: Only two children required augmentation after the bladder situation worsened. One
boy with prune-belly-syndrome had a secondary transplantation with simultaneous ureterocystoplasty.
In one girl with an ileum conduit for secondary neurogenic bladder, bladder augmentation
using the ileum conduit as a bowel flap was performed 4 years after transplantation
into her native bladder.
Conclusions: Careful attention to congenital uropathy can greatly minimize the potential for complications
and allograft loss. Most children with an abnormal lower urinary tract can rehabilitate
their natural bladder conservatively by bladder training, anticholinergics and intermittent
catheterisation. After transplantation these children need intensive urologic care,
so that if augmentation should become necessary, it can be performed successfully.
Primary urinary diversion should remain an exception, also in this condition.
Key words:
Kidney transplantation - Bladder - Augmentation - Child - Urinary tract anomalies
Literatur
- 1
Khauli R B.
Surgical aspects of renal transplantation: new approaches.
Urol Clin North Am.
1994;
21
321-341
- 2
Tanabe K, Takahashi K, Kawaguchi H, Ito K, Yamazaki Y, Toma H.
Surgical complications of pediatric kidney transplantation: a single center experience
with the extraperitoneal technique.
J Urol.
1998;
160
1212-1215
- 3
Hatch D A, Challenger R J.
Kidney transplants in patients with congenital urological malformations.
Current Opin Urol.
1997;
7
342-346
- 4
Koo H P, Bunchman T E, Flynn J T, Punch J D, Schwartz A C, Bloom D A.
Renal transplantation in children with severe lower urinary tract dysfunction.
J Urol.
1999;
161
240-245
- 5
Landau E H, Jayanthi V R, McLorie G A, Churchill B M, Khoury A E.
Renal transplantation in children following augmentation ureterocystoplasty.
Urol.
1997;
50
260-262
- 6
Zaragoza M R, Ritchey M L, Bloom D A, McGuire E J.
Enterocystoplasty in renal transplantation candidates: urodynamic evaluation and outcome.
J Urol.
1993;
150
1463-1466
- 7
Cerilli J, Anderson G W, Evans W E, Smith J P.
Renal transplantation in patients with urinary tract abnormalities.
Surgery.
1976;
79
248-252
- 8
Marshall F F, Smolev J K, Spees E K, Jeffs R D, Burdick J F.
The urological evaluation and management of patients with congenital lower urinary
tract anomalies prior to renal transplantation.
J Urol.
1982;
127
1078-1081
- 9
Schafhauser W, Schott G, Kühn R, Ruder H, Neumayer H H, Schrott K M.
Nierentransplantation bei Patienten mit Anomalien des unteren Harntraktes.
Urologe A.
1994;
33
401-414
- 10
Connolly J A, Miller B, Bretan P N.
Renal transplantation in patients with posterior urethral valves: favorable long-term
outcome.
J Urol.
1995;
154
1153-1155
- 11
Groenewegen A AM, Sukhai R N, Nauta J, Scholtmeyer R J, Nijman R JM.
Results of renal transplantation in boys treated for posterior urethral valves.
J Urol.
1993;
149
1517-1520
- 12
Induhara R, Joseph D B, Perez L M, Diethelm A G.
Renal transplantation in children with posterior urethral valves revisted: a 10-year
follow-up.
J Urol.
1998;
160
1201-1203
- 13
Ross J H, Novick A C, Hayes J M, Hodge E E, Streem S B.
Long-term results of renal transplantation into the valve bladder.
J Urol.
1994;
151
1500-1504
- 14
Cairns H S, Leaker B, Woodhouse C RJ, Rudge C J, Neild G H.
Renal transplantation into abnormal lower urinary tract.
Lancet.
1991;
338
1376-1379
- 15
McDougal W S.
Meatbolic complications of urinary intestinal diversion.
J Urol.
1992;
147
1199-1208
- 16
Mochon M, Kaiser B A, Dunn S, Palmer J, Polinsky M S, Schulman S L, Flynn J T, Baluarte H J.
Urinary tract infections in children with posterior urethral valves after kidney transplantation.
J Urol.
1992;
148
1874-1876
- 17
Duckett J W.
Are valve bladders congenital or iatrogenic?.
Brit J Urol.
1997;
79
271-275
- 18
Dinneen M D, Fitzpatrick M M, Godley M L, Dicks-Mireaux C MF, Ransley P G, Fernando O N,
Trompeter R S, Duffy P G.
Renal transplantation in young boys with posterior urethral valves: preliminary report.
Brit J Urol.
1993;
72
359-363
- 19
Woodhouse C RJ.
Late outcome of patients with congenital urological malformation.
Current Opin Urol.
1997;
7
331-335
- 20
Baskin L S.
The fate of the bladder in patients with congenital infravesical obstruction.
Current Opin Urol.
1997;
7
325-330
- 21
Smith G HH, Canning D A, Schulman S H, Snyder III H M, Duckett J W.
The long-term outcome of posterior urethral valves treated with primary valve ablation
and observation.
J Urol.
1996;
155
1730-1734
- 22
Ewalt D H, Howard P S, Blyth B, Snyder III H M, Duckett J W, Levin R M, Macarak E J.
Is lamina propria matrix responsible for normal bladder compliance?.
J Urol.
1992;
148
544-549
- 23
Gonzalez R, LaPointe S, Sheldon C A, Mauer M S.
Undiversion in children with renal failure.
J Ped Surg.
1984;
19
632-636
- 24
Bryant J E, Joseph D B, Kohaut E C, Diethelm A G.
Renal transplantation in children with posterior urethral valves.
J Urol.
1991;
146
1585-1587
- 25
Flechner S M, Conley S B, Brewer E D, Benson G S, Corriere J N.
Intermittent clean catheterization: an alternative to diversion in continent transplant
recipients with lower urinary tract dysfunction.
J Urol.
1983;
130
878-881
- 26
Rajagopalan P R, Hanevold C D, Orak J D, Cofer J B, Bromberg J S, Baliga P, Fitts C T.
Valve bladder does not affect the outcome of renal transplants in children with renal
failure due to posterior urethral valves.
Transplant Proc.
1994;
26
115-116
- 27
Firlit C F.
Use of defunctionalized bladders in pediatric renal transplantation.
J Urol.
1976;
116
634-637
- 28
Fontaine E, Gagnadoux M F, Niaudet P, Broyer M, Beurton D.
Renal transplantation in children with augmentation cystoplasty: long-term results.
J Urol.
1996;
159
2110-2113
- 29
Riedmiller H, Gerharz W W, Köhl U, Weingärtner K.
Continent urinary diversion in preparation for renal transplanation.
Transplantation.
2000;
70
1713-1717
Dr. A. Ebert
Kinderurologische Abt. der Universitätsklinik für Urologie
Krankenhausstr. 12
91054 Erlangen