Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000070.xml
Download PDF
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2001; 05(1): 005-020
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-12923
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-12923
Whole-body Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Techniques, Clinical Indications, and Future Applications
Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
31 December 2001 (online)
ABSTRACT
This article reviews developments in both pulse sequence design and gradient technology that facilitate rapid imaging of the whole body. It discusses its application in patients with bone marrow neoplasms, including metastases, lymphoma, and myeloma and emphasizes the value of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with known vertebral lesions to detect other bone lesions that are easier to biopsy. It outlines possible applications in well-defined clinical situations, including pregnancy and unknown primary tumor.
KEYWORD
Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging - metastasis - myeloma - lymphoma
REFERENCES
- 1 Johnson K MR, Leavitt J D, Kayser H WM. Total body MR imaging in as little as 18 seconds. Radiology . 1997; 202 262-267
- 2 Edelman R R, Wieelopolski P, Schmitt F. Echo planar MR imaging. Radiology . 1994; 192 600-612
- 3 Hennig J, Naurth A, Friedburg H. RARE imaging: a fast imaging method for clinical MR. Magn Reson Med . 1986; 3 823-833
- 4 Brown M A, Semelka R C. MR imaging abbreviations, definitions, and descriptions: a review. Radiology . 1999; 213 647-662
- 5 Tang Y, Yamashita Y, Namimoto T. Liver T2-weighted MR imaging: Comparison of fast and conventional half Fourier single shot turbo spin-echo, breath hold turbo spin-echo and respiratory-triggered turbo spin-echo sequences. Radiology . 1997; 203 776-772
- 6 Reeder S B, McVeigh E R. Effect of high performance gradients on fast greadient echo imaging. Magn Reson Med . 1994; 32 612-615
- 7 Eustace S, Walker R, Blake M. Whole-body MR imaging: practical issues, clinical applications, and future directions. MRI Clin North Am . 1999; 7 209-236
- 8 Gold R I, Seeger L L, Bassett L W. An integrated approach to the evaluation of metastatic bone disease. Radiol Clin North Am . 1990; 28 471-483
- 9 Bretill J. Skeletal scintigraphy for the diagnosis of malignant disease to bone. In: Goris ML, ed. Sensitivity and Specificity of Common Scintigraphic Procedures
London: Year Book Medical Publishers 1985: 49-67
MissingFormLabel
- 10 Gosfield E, Alavi A, Kneeland B. Comparison of radionuclide bone scans and magnetic resonance imaging in detecting spinal metastases. J Nucl Med . 1993; 34 2192-2198
- 11 Krishnamurthy G T, Tubis M, Hiss J. Distribution pattern of metastatic bone disease: a need for total body skeletal image. JAMA . 1977; 237 2504-2506
- 12 Martin W H, Delbeke D, Patton J A. Detection of malignancies with SPECT versus PET, with 2-[flourine-18] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose. Radiology . 1996; 198 225-231
- 13 Aitchison F A, Poon F W, Hadley M D. Vertebral metastases and equivocal bone scan: value of magnetic resonance imaging. Nucl Med Com . 1992; 13 429-431
- 14 Delbeke D, Powers T A, Sandler M P. Negative scintigraphy with positive magnetic resonance imaging in bone metastases. Skeletal Radiol . 1990; 19 113-116
- 15 Zimmer W D, Berquist T H, McLeod R A. Bone tumors: magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography. Radiology . 1985; 155 709-718
- 16 Gosfield E, Alavi A, Kneeland B. Comparison of radionuclide bone scans and magnetic resonance imaging in detecting spinal metastases. J Nucl Med . 1993; 34 2192-2198
- 17 Avrahami E, Tadmor R, Dally O. Early MR demonstration of spinal metastases in patients with normal radiographs and CT and radionuclide bone scans. J Comput Assist Tomogr . 1989; 13 598-602
- 18 Frank J A, Ling A, Patronas N J. Detection of malignant bone tumors: MR imaging versus scintigraphy. Am J Roentgenol . 1990; 155 1043-1048
- 19 Fujii Y, Higashi Y, Owada F. MR imaging for the diagnosis of prostate cancer metastatic to bone. Br J Urol . 1995; 75 54-58
- 20 Flickinger F W, Salahattin S M. Bone marrow MRI: techniques and accuracy for detecting breast cancer metastases. Magn Reson Imaging . 1994; 12 829-835
- 21 Constable R T, Smith R C, Gore J C. Signal to noise and contrast in fast spin echo (FSE) and inversion recovery FSE imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr . 1992; 16 41-47
- 22 Jones K M, Unger E C, Granstrom P, et al Bone marrow imaging using STIR at 0.5 Tesla and 1.5 Tesla. Magn Reson Imaging . 1992; 10 169-176
- 23 Mirowitz S A, Apicella P, Reinus W R. MR imaging of bone marrow lesions: Relative conspicuousness on T1-weighted, fat-suppressed T2-weighted, and STIR images. Am J Roentgenol . 1994; 162 215-221
- 24 Algra P R, Bloem J L, Tissing H. Detection of vertebral metastases: comparison between MR imaging and bone scintigraphy. Radiographics . 1991; 11 219-232
- 25 Hoane B R, Shields A F, Porter B A. Detection of lymphomatous bone marrow involvement with magnetic resonance imaging. Blood . 1991; 78 728-738
- 26 Eustace S, Tello R, DeCarvalho V. A comparison of whole-body turbo short tau inversion recovery MR imaging and planar technetium 99m methylene diphosphonate scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with suspected skeletal metastases. Am J Roentgenol . 1997; 169 1655-1661
- 27 Eustace S, Tello R, DeCarvalho V. Whole-body MR imaging versus isotope bone scanning for metastases. Am J Roentgenol . 1998; 171 519-520
- 28 Dohner H, Guckel F, Knauf W. Magnetic resonance imaging in of bone marrow in lymphoproliferative disorders: correlation with bone marrow biopsy. Br J of Haematol . 1989; 73 12-17
- 29 Hayward J L, Carbone P P, Heuson J C. Assessment of response to therapy in advanced breast cancer. Eur J Cancer . 1979; 13 89-94
- 30 Hortobagyi G N, Libshitz H I, Seabold J E. Osseous metastases of breast cancer. Clinical, biochemical, radiographic and scintigraphic evaluations of response to therapy. Cancer . 1984; 53 577-582
- 31 Linden A, Zankovich R, Theissen P. Malignant lymphoma: bone marrow imaging versus biopsy. Radiology . 1989; 173 335-339
- 32 Porter B A, Shields A F, Olson D O. Magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow disorders. Radiol Clin North Am . 1986; 24 269-289
- 33 Smoker W RK, Godersky J C, Knutzon R K. The role of MR imaging in evaluating metastatic spinal disease. Am J Roentgenol . 1987; 149 1241-1248
- 34 Forster J H. Survival after liver resection for secondary tumors. Am J Surg . 1978; 135 389-394
- 35 Jardines L, Callans L S, Torosain M H. Recurrent breast cancer: Presentations, diagnosis, and treatment. Semin Oncol . 1993; 20 538-547
- 36 Bydder G M, Hajnal J V, Young I R. MRI: use of the inversion recovery pulse sequence. Clin Radiol . 1998; 53 159-176
- 37 Smith R C, Reinhold C, Lange R C. Fast spin echo STIR imaging. Radiology . 1992; 184 665-669
- 38 Daffner R, Lupetin A, Dash N. MRI in the detection of malignant infiltration of bone marrow. Am J Roentgenol . 1986; 146 353-358
- 39 Zimmer W D, Berquist T H, McLeod R A. Bone tumors: magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography. Radiology . 1985; 155 709-718
- 40 Dwyer A J, Franf J A, Sank V J. Short T-1 inversion recovery pulse sequence: analysis and initial experience in cancer imaging. Radiology . 1988; 168 827-836
- 41 Hankelman R M, Hardy P, Poon P Y. Optimal pulse sequence for imaging hepatic metastases. Radiology . 1986; 161 727-734
- 42 Gaa J, Hatabu H, Jenkins R L. Liver masses: replacement of conventional T2-weighted spin echo MR imaging with breath hold MR imaging. Radiology . 1996; 200 459-464
- 43 Melhem E R, Jara H, Shakir H. Fast inversion recovery MR imaging: the effect of hybrid RARE read out on the null points of CSF and fat. Am J Neuroradiol . 1997; 18 1627-1633
- 44 Karsell P R, Sheeny P F, O'Connell M. Computed tomography in search of cancer of unknown origin. JAMA . 1982; 248 340-343
- 45 Moertel C G, Reitmeier R J, Schutt A J. Treatment of patients with adenocarcinoma of unknown origin. Cancer . 1972; 30 1469-1472
- 46 Abbruzzese J L, Abbruzzese M C, Lenzi R. Analysis of a diagnostic strategy for patients with suspected tumors of unknown origin. J Clin Oncol . 1995; 13 2094-2103
- 47 Le Cesne A, Le Chevalier T, Caille P. Metastases from cancers of unknown primary site: data from 302 autopsies. Presse Med . 1991; 29 1369-1373
- 48 Schapira D V, Jarrett A R. The need to consider survival, outcome, and expense when evaluating and treating patients with unknown primary carcinoma. Arch Intern Med . 1995; 155 2050-2054
- 49 Hainsworth J D. Treating advanced cancer in an era of increasing cost consciousness. Arch Intern Med . 1995; 155 2035-2036
- 50 Eustace S, Tello R, Yucel E K. Whole-body turbo STIR MR imaging in unknown primary tumor detection. J Magn Reson Imaging . 1998; 8 751-753
- 51 Durie B GM, Salmon S E. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma: Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. Cancer . 1975; 36 842-854
- 52 Olson P, Everson L I, Griffiths H J. Staging of musculoskeletal tumors. Radiol Clin North Am . 1994; 32 151-162
- 53 Staebler A, Baur A, Bartl R. Contrast enhancement and quantitative signal analysis in MR imaging of multiple myeloma: assessment of focal and diffuse growth patterns in marrow correlated with biopsies and survival rates. Am J Roentgenol . 1996; 167 1029-1036
- 54 Smith D B, Scarffe J H, Eddleston B. The prognostic significance of x-ray changes at presentation and reassessment in patients with multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol . 1988; 6 1
- 55 Bellaiche L, Laredo J D, Liote F. Magnetic resonance appearance of monoclonal gammopathies of unknown significance and multiple myeloma. Spine . 1997; 22 2551-2557
- 56 Carlson K, Astrom R, Nyman H. MR imaging of multiple myeloma in tumour mass measurement at diagnosis and during treatment. Acta Radiolog . 1995; 36 9-14
- 57 Vande Berg C B, Lecouvet F E, Michaux L. Stage 1 multiple myeloma: Value of MR imaging of the bone marrow in the determination of prognosis. Radiology . 1996; 201 243-246
- 58 Vande Berg C B, Michaux L, Lecouvet F E. Nonmyelomatous monoclonal gammopathy: Correlation of bone marrow MR images with laboratory findings and spontaneous clinical outcome. Radiology . 1997; 202 247-251
- 59 Moulopoulos L A, Dimopoulos M A, Alexanian R. Multiple Myeloma: MR patterns of response to treatment. Radiology . 1994; 193 441-446
- 60 Moulopoulos L A, Dimopoulos M A. Magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow in hematologic malignancies. Blood . 1997; 90 2127-2147
- 61 Logan P M, Connell D G, O'Connell J X. Image guided percutaneous biopsy of musculoskeletal tumors: algorithm for selection of specific biopsy techniques. Am J Roentgenol . 1996; 166 137-142