Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung
Fragestellung: Die Rate vorzeitiger Entbindungen beträgt seit Jahren weltweit etwa 8 - 10 %. Die
Tatsache, dass neonatale Todesfälle zu 70 - 85 % Frühgeburten betreffen, zeigt die
Bedeutung der Prävention und Therapie vorzeitiger Wehentätigkeit.
Material und Methode
Material und Methode: Im Folgenden werden anhand einer aktuellen Literaturübersicht mögliche Ursachen sowie
präventive und therapeutische Maßnahmen erörtert.
Ergebnisse
Ergebnisse: Obwohl Infektionen bei der Entstehung vorzeitiger Wehentätigkeit eine bedeutende
Rolle spielen, ist der prophylaktische Einsatz von Antibiotika ohne Nachweis einer
Infektion nicht sinnvoll. Dagegen ist beim frühen vorzeitigen Blasensprung der Benefit
einer Antibiotikabehandlung nachgewiesen. Eine Indikation zur Tokolyse bei vorzeitigen
Wehen ist nur in 10 - 20 % der Fälle gegeben und sollte insbesondere vor der 24. und
nach der 36. SSW sorgfältig überdacht werden. Intravenös verabreichte β2-Sympathikomimetika verringern signifikant die Häufigkeit von Geburten innerhalb von
48 h nach Therapiebeginn. Die Wirksamkeit einer Langzeitanwendung ist ebenso wie die
der oralen β2-Sympathikomimetika-Gabe nicht eindeutig bewiesen. Die Prolongation der Schwangerschaft
um 48 h reicht jedoch aus, um den Effekt der medikamentösen Lungenreifeinduktion zu
erreichen. Alternativ zu β2-Sympathikomimetika sind zur Tokolyse neben Magnesium (intravenös) in Ausnahmesituationen
auch Nifedipin und Prostaglandinsynthesehemmer einsetzbar. Auch die psychosoziale
Situation der Schwangeren sollte bei der Therapie vorzeitiger Wehentätigkeit beachtet
werden, da Stress einen wichtigen Faktor bei der Entstehung von Kontraktionen darstellt.
Abstract
Objective
Objective: The incidence of preterm birth has remained unchanged for years at about 8 - 10 %.
Prematurity remains the leading cause of neonatal mortality, accounting for 70 - 85
% of all neonatal deaths, so that the prevention and treatment of preterm labor is
a central issue in pregnancy care.
Methods
Methods: We review possible risk factors for preterm labor and strategies for prevention and
treatment.
Results
Results: Although infections play an important role in the etiology of preterm labor, antibiotics
should not be used prophylactically without evidence of infection in patients with
intact membranes. In contrast, a beneficial effect for antibiotics has been proved
for preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Only 10 - 20 % of women with preterm
labor have an indication for tocolytic treatment. The use of tocolytics before 24
and after 36 weeks' gestation should be limited to special situations. Tocolytic treatment
with intravenous β2-sympatheticomimetic agents can significantly reduce the rate of delivery within 48
hours, a period sufficient to reduce the risk for the respiratory distress syndrome
with corticosteroids. In contrast, the efficacy of longterm parenteral tocolysis or
oral tocolysis is unproved. In certain situations tocolysis can be achieved with intravenous
magnesium, nifedipine, or inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis. The psychosocial
situation should also be taken into account because there is evidence that psychologic
aspects play a role in the etiology of preterm labor.
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1 Der Inhalt dieser Publikation wurde in Auszügen auf der 72. Tagung der Bayer. Gesellschaft
für Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde e. V., Bad Reichenhall, 21. - 23. 5. 1998, vorgetragen.
PD Dr. Martin Kolben
Frauenklinik der Technischen Universität München Klinikum rechts der Isar
Ismaninger Straße 22
81675 München