Open Access
CC BY 4.0 · Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2025; 83(07): s00451808084
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1808084
Point of View

The best of both worlds: deep brain stimulation or high-frequency focused ultrasound for tremor refractory syndromes

1   Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
,
1   Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
2   Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
› Author Affiliations
 

INTRODUCTION

In this issue of Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, there was a much-needed debate between two advanced techniques for the treatment of refractory tremor, mainly Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). At first glance, both deep brain stimulation (DBS) and high-frequency focused ultrasound (HIFU) seem to be direct competitors. However, looking more closely, one can see they are, in fact, complementary procedures, since they offer a more comprehensive solution than either would alone.


Body of scientific evidence available

To this day, DBS is undoubtedly the advanced technique with the strongest scientific evidence of safety and efficacy for both ET and PD[1] [2] ([Figure 1]). There is an abundance of studies proving it is safe and effective, even when observing long term outcomes larger than 10 years.[2] [3] Additionally, there is the great advantage of being a treatment that can be done bilaterally and simultaneously.[3] Although bilateral HIFU has been shown to be safe and feasible in recent trials,[4] it cannot be performed on both sides on the same day and it is still approached with caution,[5] [6] [7] particularly in light of past bilateral ablative procedures leading to frequent and irreversible side effects.[8]

Zoom
Abbreviations: CIT, continuous infusion therapy; DBS, deep brain stimulation; HIFU, high-frequency focused ultrasound; MCI, mild cognitive impairment. Figure 1 Medically-refractory tremor decision points for advanced therapies.

Furthermore, DBS allows for individualized programming adjustments over time, enabling clinicians to optimize symptom control as the disease progresses. In contrast, HIFU's effects are static, which may limit adaptability in cases of symptom fluctuations.

However, we must bear in mind that DBS is a much older technique, and it has been improved with time; in the same fashion, results with HIFU also tend to improve.[9] Improvements in target selection (e.g., diffusion-weighted imaging tractography) and refinements in staged bilateral procedures may further enhance its safety and efficacy.


Patient's intrinsic characteristics: age, surgical risk, cognition and skull density ratio

The surgical complexity of DBS is unquestionably greater than that of HIFU: the medical training required to achieve good results is lengthier, the procedure is longer, with longer hospitalization required, and the risk of infection and bleeding should not be dismissed.[10] Therefore, patients with lower preoperative cognitive ability and more severe clinical comorbidities could be better suited with HIFU ([Figure 1]). Regarding age, although a number of studies suggest no increased risk of complications in older patients,[11] it is customary to favor HIFU when advising patients over 75-years-old ([Figure 1]). Its main intrinsic limitation is skull density ratio, that should be ≥ 0.4 and might prevent some patients from being eligible[12] ([Figure 1]).


Geographic and sociodemographic concerns

Considering device and surgical costs and the need for constant programming visits, DBS cannot be considered an easy access therapy. Even when overlooking the costs, if a patient cannot maintain a proper follow up after surgery, they will not have the expected improvement in quality of life. Therefore, if a patient resides far from the DBS center, particularly considering individuals with mobility issues, then other approaches should be prioritized ([Figure 1]).

The cost-effectiveness of HIFU seems to be better than DBS, which could be a tilting point for underdeveloped healthcare systems, although access remains a challenge in certain regions due to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) availability and specialized training requirements ([Figure 1]).[12]


Patient preferences

In an era of widespread medical knowledge, patients tend to form their opinions before proper medical guidance, and “self-indicate” the kind of treatment they consider more suitable for their needs. While respecting patients' wishes and personal views, it is the clinician's role to make a stance regarding what treatment should best fit a particular patient, considering scientific evidence.

It is common for patients to dread invasive procedures, and the initial notion that HIFU is noninvasive might have helped to increase its appeal. However, it is important to highlight this is an incisionless procedure, but not a noninvasive one, since there is irreversible brain lesion.[7] On the other hand, continuous infusion therapiy (CIT) could be considered a less invasive option, as although it involves a breach of skin barrier, it does not require direct intervention in the central nervous system ([Figure 1]).

Another point of division in favor of HIFU is the need for programming sessions after DBS. Is it unquestionably easier to undergo a procedure and leave the hospital with the best possible benefit, rather than enduring multiple programming sessions to achieve improvement ([Figure 1]). Nonetheless, it is precisely the malleability of DBS that makes it unlikely that its results could be matched by a simple lesion.

In conclusion, when managing a heterogeneous group of patients, it is essential to carefully consider each patients' individual characteristics in order to provide the most personalized and effective advice. The availability of both DBS and HIFU depends on several factors. We also need to keep in mind that these treatments could be used on the same patient, depending on their demand at the time. Therefore, it is crucial for any physician treating tremor patients to be well-versed in advanced techniques, ensuring that they receive the best possible care.



Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Authors' Contributions

Project administration: RGC; Writing – original draft: CF; Writing – review & editing: CF, RGC.


Editor-in-Chief: Hélio A. G. Teive 0000-0003-2305-1073.


Associate Editor: Carlos Henrique Ferreira Camargo 0000-0002-3533-0347.


Guest Editor: Rubens Gisbert Cury (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6305-3327)


This article is part of a debate series on Movement Disorders (Essential Tremor Non-Pharmacological Treatment). Check out the other points of view: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0045-1808087 and https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0045-1809660.


  • References

  • 1 Mahlknecht P, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Poewe W. How Does Deep Brain Stimulation Change the Course of Parkinson's Disease?. Mov Disord 2022; 37 (08) 1581-1592
  • 2 Cury RG, Fraix V, Castrioto A, Fernández MAP, Krack P, Chabardes S. et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor in Parkinson disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. Neurology 2017; 89 (13) 1416-1423
  • 3 Bove F, Mulas D, Cavallieri F, Castrioto A, Chabardès S, Meoni S. et al. Long-term Outcomes (15 Years) After Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients With Parkinson Disease. Neurology 2021; 97 (03) e254-e262
  • 4 Scantlebury N, Rohringer CR, Rabin JS, Yunusova Y, Huang Y, Jones RM. et al. Safety of Bilateral Staged Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10 (10) 1559-1561
  • 5 Boutet A, Loh A, Germann J, Machnowska M, Scantlebury N, Vetkas A. et al. A Cautionary Tale of Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy-Induced White Matter Lesions. Mov Disord 2022; 37 (09) 1953-1955
  • 6 Aubignat M. Evaluating the Scope and Safety of Bilateral MRgFUS Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor: A Critical Analysis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024; 11 (03) 318-319
  • 7 Sheth SA, Ostrem JL, Hariz M. Bilateral Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Tremor-Is It Really Safe?. JAMA Neurol 2024; 81 (09) 914-915
  • 8 Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Martínez-Fernández R, Lipsman N, Horisawa S, Moro E. Bilateral Lesions in Parkinson's Disease: Gaps and Controversies. Mov Disord 2025; 40 (02) 231-240
  • 9 Giordano M, Caccavella VM, Zaed I, Manzillo LF, Montano N, Olivi A, Polli FM. Comparison between deep brain stimulation and magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound in the treatment of essential tremor: a systematic review and pooled analysis of functional outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91 (12) 1270-1278
  • 10 Olson MC, Shill H, Ponce F, Aslam S. Deep brain stimulation in PD: risk of complications, morbidity, and hospitalizations: a systematic review. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15: 1258190
  • 11 DeLong MR, Huang KT, Gallis J, Lokhnygina Y, Parente B, Hickey P. et al. Effect of advancing age on outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71 (10) 1290-1295
  • 12 Fernandez-Garcia C, Alonso-Frech F, Monje MHG, Matias-Guiu J. Role of deep brain stimulation therapy in the magnetic resonance-guided high-frequency focused ultrasound era: current situation and future prospects. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20 (01) 7-21

Address for correspondence

Rubens Gisbert Cury

Publication History

Received: 19 January 2025

Accepted: 27 February 2025

Article published online:
01 July 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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Bibliographical Record
Carina França, Rubens Gisbert Cury. The best of both worlds: deep brain stimulation or high-frequency focused ultrasound for tremor refractory syndromes. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2025; 83: s00451808084.
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1808084
  • References

  • 1 Mahlknecht P, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Poewe W. How Does Deep Brain Stimulation Change the Course of Parkinson's Disease?. Mov Disord 2022; 37 (08) 1581-1592
  • 2 Cury RG, Fraix V, Castrioto A, Fernández MAP, Krack P, Chabardes S. et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor in Parkinson disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. Neurology 2017; 89 (13) 1416-1423
  • 3 Bove F, Mulas D, Cavallieri F, Castrioto A, Chabardès S, Meoni S. et al. Long-term Outcomes (15 Years) After Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients With Parkinson Disease. Neurology 2021; 97 (03) e254-e262
  • 4 Scantlebury N, Rohringer CR, Rabin JS, Yunusova Y, Huang Y, Jones RM. et al. Safety of Bilateral Staged Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10 (10) 1559-1561
  • 5 Boutet A, Loh A, Germann J, Machnowska M, Scantlebury N, Vetkas A. et al. A Cautionary Tale of Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy-Induced White Matter Lesions. Mov Disord 2022; 37 (09) 1953-1955
  • 6 Aubignat M. Evaluating the Scope and Safety of Bilateral MRgFUS Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor: A Critical Analysis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024; 11 (03) 318-319
  • 7 Sheth SA, Ostrem JL, Hariz M. Bilateral Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Tremor-Is It Really Safe?. JAMA Neurol 2024; 81 (09) 914-915
  • 8 Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Martínez-Fernández R, Lipsman N, Horisawa S, Moro E. Bilateral Lesions in Parkinson's Disease: Gaps and Controversies. Mov Disord 2025; 40 (02) 231-240
  • 9 Giordano M, Caccavella VM, Zaed I, Manzillo LF, Montano N, Olivi A, Polli FM. Comparison between deep brain stimulation and magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound in the treatment of essential tremor: a systematic review and pooled analysis of functional outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91 (12) 1270-1278
  • 10 Olson MC, Shill H, Ponce F, Aslam S. Deep brain stimulation in PD: risk of complications, morbidity, and hospitalizations: a systematic review. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15: 1258190
  • 11 DeLong MR, Huang KT, Gallis J, Lokhnygina Y, Parente B, Hickey P. et al. Effect of advancing age on outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71 (10) 1290-1295
  • 12 Fernandez-Garcia C, Alonso-Frech F, Monje MHG, Matias-Guiu J. Role of deep brain stimulation therapy in the magnetic resonance-guided high-frequency focused ultrasound era: current situation and future prospects. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20 (01) 7-21

Zoom
Abbreviations: CIT, continuous infusion therapy; DBS, deep brain stimulation; HIFU, high-frequency focused ultrasound; MCI, mild cognitive impairment. Figure 1 Medically-refractory tremor decision points for advanced therapies.