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DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1806861
Instagram and Traumatic Spine Injury: An Analysis of Social Media Altmetrics
Funding None.
Abstract
Objective
With social media's increasing prevalence, platforms like Instagram have emerged as key sources of altmetrics. This study aimed to analyze the posts shared on Instagram referencing traumatic spine injury in terms of account type, languages, geographical distribution, content analysis, and audience engagement.
Materials and Methods
Public Instagram posts were isolated and evaluated using the hashtags “#spinetrauma,” “#spinefracture,” “#spinetraumasurgeries,” “#spinalcordinjuryrecovery,” “#spinetraumasurvivor,” and “#spinalcordinjury.” The authors analyzed the top 1,000 posts for the variables: account type, languages, geographical distribution, content analysis, and audience engagement. In total, 345 posts were included for analysis using SPSS (version 26).
Results
Of the 345 Instagram posts and reels (Ps and Rs) that met our eligibility requirements, 183 (53%) were written in English. Surgeons' and physicians' accounts contributed 210 Ps/Rs (60.8%), while patients' accounts amounted to 63 Ps/Rs (18.3%). Out of 263 Ps/Rs with a known country of origin, the United States had the highest number with 56 Ps/Rs (16.2%). Content analysis revealed 114 Ps/Rs (33%) focused on pathology and 118 Ps/Rs (34.2%) posted radiological images. Regarding audience engagement, the survivor stories had the highest mean likes and comments per post, 126.5 (p = 0.107) and 8.7 (p = 0.018), respectively. It was followed by pathology-related content (mean likes/posts: 117.4 [p = 0.015], mean comments/post: 6.9 [p = 0.003]).
Conclusion
Reported traumatic spine injury-related content has not been evaluated through social media avenues. This analysis demonstrates the leading role of surgeons in posting and educating the audience regarding traumatic spine injury, with the highest audience interest in survivor stories and pathologies. Our findings advance our knowledge of how social media portrays spine trauma, highlighting opportunities for future research and emphasizing the need for careful consideration of ethical and methodological challenges in social media studies related to medicine.
Introduction
With the advent of social media and the Internet, the medical field has been evolving rapidly, making it challenging to stay up-to-date with the latest research. In the current era of emerging social media and new modes of disseminating knowledge, research evaluation is taking on a new dimension. Traditional bibliometrics alone can no longer fully gauge the impact of research. In the contemporary digital landscape, the importance of altmetrics has surged significantly. Altmetrics measure engagement with scholarly articles across online platforms, including social media posts, likes, comments, and shares.[1]
Social media has also seen an upward trend in discussing specific health issues. A study reported that 8 out of 10 Internet users have searched online for health information at least once.[2] With over a billion active users, Instagram is a leading social media platform that has become a powerful tool for sharing diverse content, from personal experiences to professional insights. Its visually driven interface and widespread popularity across demographics make it an ideal platform for disseminating medical information. Hashtags are commonly employed by users as a means to engage with the accounts that align with their interests. This makes Instagram integral for exploring health care-related content, particularly regarding traumatic spine injuries.[3]
Social media platforms are progressively evolving into essential educational tools, serving not only medical students but also a broader audience comprising patients, their families, and friends.[4] [5] A significant number of individuals utilize these platforms to gain insights into the progression of various medical conditions. Specifically, individuals may seek information online in response to a persistent medical condition, a recent diagnosis, the prescription of a new drug or treatment, or feeling inadequately informed despite consulting a physician.[6]
Recently, Instagram has become a key platform for patients and survivors of traumatic spine injuries to share updates about their well-being, recovery, and prognosis over weeks to months. Similarly, health care practitioners, including neurologists, and organizations supporting individuals affected by spine trauma use Instagram to educate the public about neurological conditions caused by spine injuries and methods of prevention. Due to the growing focus on traumatic spine injuries on Instagram, it is crucial to evaluate the content related to spine trauma on this public social platform.
Traumatic spine injuries are associated not only with severe physical morbidity but also with significant psychological consequences. Analyzing the representation of these injuries on Instagram is not only relevant from a health care standpoint but also from a societal perspective. As social media increasingly influences public behavior, the way medical conditions are depicted on it can profoundly influence awareness, perceptions, attitudes, and health care-seeking practices.[7]
Although Instagram offers an abundance of medical information regarding spine injuries, the quality, accuracy, and scientific reliability of this content remain uncertain.[8] [9] Given the potential implications for patient education, clinical practice, and public health, it is essential to evaluate spine trauma-related content on Instagram. This study utilizes various hashtags to assess the type of content being posted about spine injuries by different types of accounts. By employing altmetrics to evaluate the reach and influence of this content, we aim to assess the information available on spine injuries, the level of public awareness about spine trauma, and potential gaps in the dissemination of medical information on Instagram.
Materials and Methods
A search of Instagram was conducted by three reviewers using hashtags “#spinetrauma,” “#spinefracture,” “#spinetraumasurgeries,” “#spinalcordinjuryrecovery,” “#spinetraumasurvivor,” and “#spinalcordinjury.” These hashtags were divided among the reviewers and each reviewer independently reviewed posts and reels. No third-party application was employed to conduct a search on Instagram for pertinent posts. The top 1,000 posts and reels were reviewed on Instagram for each hashtag. In the final analysis, 345 posts and reels were included. Before statistical analysis, a consensus on the selected posts was reached among the authors. Any discrepancies between reviewers were ultimately addressed through formal discussions involving all authors of the study. Since the posts were publicly available, ethical approval was deemed unnecessary, and no personally identifiable information was extracted for the study.
The study divided the posts and reels found on Instagram under specified hashtags into four account categories; surgeons/physicians' accounts, patients' accounts, advertisement accounts, and medical education platforms. Both English and non-English posts and reels were included and they were mentioned separately in the spreadsheet and results section. Each post was subjected to an evaluation of various variables, including a description of pathology, a quiz, survivor stories, or educational content. Posts and reels were also evaluated under the headings of country, likes, and comments.
The data was subjected to analysis, encompassing the mentioned variables. The analysis was done using the SPSS version 26. Raw data was extracted and used as numeric inputs and accordingly scaled, nominated, or ordinated. The frequencies, mean, median, and quartiles were analyzed. The significance of the results on the likes and comments was calculated using the chi-square test in the cross tables and statistical significance was determined by assessing p-values, with significance typically defined as p < 0.05.
Results
There was a total of 345 Instagram posts/reels (Ps/Rs) that fulfilled our eligibility criteria, with 183 Ps/Rs (53%) composed in English, while 162 Ps/Rs (47%) were in non-English ([Fig. 1]).
Account Type
A total of 210 Ps/Rs (60.8%) were written by surgeons/physicians' accounts, 63 Ps/Rs (18.3%) were written by patients' accounts, 49 Ps/Rs (14.2%) were written by advertisement accounts, and 23 Ps/Rs (6.7%) by medical education platforms ([Fig. 2]).
Country Origin
Out of 263 Ps/Rs with known country of origin, 56 Ps/Rs (16.2%) were published from the United States, 38 (11%) from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), 34 (9.9%) from India, 29 (8.4%) from Brazil, and 27 (7.8%) from Russia ([Fig. 3]).
Content Type
Note that 114 Ps/Rs (33%) focused on pathology, 118 Ps/Rs (34.2%) posted radiological images, and 83 Ps/Rs (24.1%) described postmanagement images. A total of 114 Ps/Rs (33%) mentioned the management delivered and 32 Ps/Rs (9.3%) talked about the findings in the follow-up periods. Sixty-six Ps/Rs (19.1%) were discussing a survivor story, while only 3 Ps/Rs were published as quizzes ([Fig. 4]). Note that 144 Ps/Rs (41.7%) talked about fractures, 14 (4.1%) talked about back pain, 11 (3.2%) were in the category of awareness or motivational, and a similar group discussed the surgical experience, with 9 Ps/Rs (2.6%) about spondylosis and spondylolisthesis. Disc herniations, spine deformity, and promotions each were mentioned in 6 Ps/Rs (1.7%). Pathological fractures and stenosis each were mentioned in 5 Ps/Rs (1.4%). Out of the available 83 Ps/Rs mentioning the affected spine region, 36 Ps/Rs (36/83, 43.4%) were about the lumbar region, 17 (17/83, 20.5%) were about the cervical region, 13 (13/83, 15.7%) thoracic region, and 9 (9/83, 10.8%) were about the craniocervical region ([Fig. 5]).
Audience Interaction
We studied the audience interaction and engagement for the content by analyzing the number of followers for each account type, and the number of likes and comments regarding each content type. [Fig. 6] illustrates that medical platforms tend to attract a substantial following, with over 10k followers (k represents 1,000), whereas patient accounts, focused on personal experiences, typically have fewer than 1k followers. Physician accounts had a follower range of 2k to 4k. These findings were statistically significant, with a p-value of < 0.05, indicating a meaningful impact. The mean likes per Ps/Rs were 114 (standard deviation [SD] = 263), and the mean number of comments per post was 6 (SD = 2). The survivor stories had the highest mean likes and comments per post, 126.5 (p = 0.107) and 8.7 (p = 0.018), respectively. It was followed by pathology-related content (mean likes/post: 117.4 [p = 0.015], mean comments/post: 6.9 [p = 0.003]) and educational content (mean likes/post: 99.2 [p = 0.021], mean comments/post: 2.4 [p = 0.038]). Quiz-related content had the least likes and comments [mean likes/post: 62.3 (p = 0.595), mean comments/post: 8.3 [p = 0.181]) ([Table 1]).
Note: * indicated that the value mentioned is statistically significant (p- Value is less than 0.05).
Discussion
In our study, several hashtags were used to analyze Instagram posts and reels, evaluating the content related to spinal cord injury. Accounts were categorized into four main groups: surgeon/physician accounts, patient accounts, advertisement accounts, and medical education platforms. Posts were analyzed based on their content, which included pathology, management, and radiological images, as well as educational content, quizzes, and survivor stories.
Instagram over Other Platforms
Instagram stands out as a platform for online information dissemination due to its visually driven interface and engagement tools, such as reels, posts, and stories, which allow users to interact dynamically. The platform's wide demographic reach and use of hashtags make it easier to connect users with specific topics. Compared to other platforms like Facebook or Twitter, Instagram's focus on visuals enhances the accessibility of complex medical content, such as imaging studies or infographics.[10] Additionally, Instagram's reel and story features promote real-time sharing, increasing the immediacy of knowledge dissemination.[11]
Geographic Analysis
Our findings revealed that the majority of spinal cord injury-related content originated from the United States, followed by the UAE and India. This higher proportion of content from the United States could be attributed to its high literacy rate, greater public awareness, and more prevalent use of social media for professional and educational purposes.[12] Moreover, health care professionals and patients in the United States may feel more empowered to share their experiences online, driven by a culture of openness and community engagement.[13]
Account Ownership
Most accounts posting content about spinal cord injuries were owned by surgeons and physicians, followed by patients, advertisement accounts, and medical education platforms.[14] Surgeons/physicians use Instagram to share cases and insights for several reasons. Social media platforms like Instagram allow them to educate peers and the public, showcase their expertise, and build professional credibility. Sharing educational content, including medical advancements and case studies, helps establish themselves as thought leaders while contributing to public health awareness. Additionally, Instagram offers a visual medium to effectively explain complex medical concepts, which appeals to professionals and the general public, both. Moreover, surgeons use Instagram to foster patient education by providing accurate information about conditions, treatments, and preventive care. This effort can reduce misinformation, empower patients, and enhance doctor–patient communication. It also creates a professional online presence that can improve their reputation and attract more patients.[15] [16] Patients post about their journeys to share their experiences, provide hope, and connect with others who have faced similar challenges. These stories often humanize medical conditions and foster a sense of community.[14] Medical education platforms use these accounts to disseminate reliable and accessible medical knowledge, using Instagram as a medium to reach medical students, health care professionals, and the general public.[17] Advertisement accounts use these accounts to typically market products or services, including assistive devices or therapeutic options, targeting individuals with spinal injuries.[14]
Engagement and Interactions
Among the different types of posts analyzed, those sharing patients' personal stories garnered the highest number of likes and interactions. This could be attributed to the emotional connection and empathy they evoke, making them more relatable to a broader audience. Posts focused on pathology followed in engagement levels, likely because they satisfy the audience's curiosity about the medical details, such as underlying causes and mechanisms of diseases. Educational posts ranked next, offering informative content that appeals to those seeking to learn. Lastly, quiz posts had the lowest interaction rates. However, this might be due to the limited number of quiz posts included in the data set (only three), making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about their engagement potential. Content that garners high engagement on social media, particularly on platforms like Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn, often reflects the perceived authority and emotional resonance of the content. Surgeons and physicians consistently generate strong interaction with their posts due to their expertise and the educational value they bring to their audiences. This can include tutorials, explanations of medical procedures, or insights into the latest research, which resonate particularly well with medical professionals and students. On the other hand, posts from patients or individuals sharing personal stories of medical experiences tend to engage audiences emotionally. These posts humanize medical conditions, offering inspiration, support, and connection, making them particularly compelling for followers who are seeking comfort or relatability in their own journeys.[17] The number of followers symbolizes popularity and social influence. Surgeons and physicians are increasingly gaining traction on social media by engaging in more interactive content formats such as reels, posts, and videos. These professionals are not just sharing information but also showcasing their work, engaging in self-promotion, and positioning themselves as thought leaders in their fields. This rise in popularity is not limited to Instagram; Twitter and LinkedIn also reflect a growing presence of health care professionals who use these platforms to share insights, network with peers, and engage in broader conversations about health care and innovation.[17] When it comes to likes and comments, these interactions signify responsiveness and engagement. Likes indicate that the content resonates with the audience, while comments show a deeper level of engagement, where people feel compelled to contribute their thoughts, ask questions, or share experiences.[10]
Language Usage
The dominance of English content on Instagram and other social media platforms can be attributed to its global reach. English serves as the international language for communication, enabling content creators to connect with audiences across borders. This global appeal is why English-language posts make up the majority of content on platforms like Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn. However, non-English content also plays an important role, catering to regional audiences and reflecting the linguistic diversity of users. While English content is universal, platforms like Instagram allow for posts in other languages such as Portuguese, Hindi, and Spanish, especially when creators want to engage specific communities. This multilingual approach enhances engagement by speaking to users in their native languages, which can increase interaction and customer loyalty, particularly in regions with large populations of non-English speakers.[18]
Content Themes and Regional Analysis
The posts focused primarily on pathology, survivor stories, quizzes, and educational purposes. The majority of Ps/Rs on Instagram discussed fractures while only a low proportion of Ps/Rs talked about spondylosis and spondylolisthesis. Pathological fractures and stenosis were also discussed in several Ps/Rs, although they form a very minor proportion of the overall content. Among the posts discussing pathology, the lumbar spine was the most frequently mentioned, followed by the cervical spine and thoracic spine. The cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar regions were the least frequently discussed. Lumbar spine: as the longest and most mobile region of the spine, the lumbar spine is particularly susceptible to trauma and degenerative conditions.[19] Cervical spine: its flexibility and proximity to vital neurological structures make it a critical area of focus. Thoracic spine: though less mobile than the cervical or lumbar regions, it may still be affected by specific types of trauma.[20] Cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar regions: these transitional areas are less commonly reported due to their relatively lower incidence of isolated injuries. However, when injured, these regions often involve complex cases requiring specialized management.
Limitations
Our study has a few limitations, the most notable being the choice of Instagram as the platform for analysis, as certain demographics and communities may be more active on Instagram than others. The subjective nature of evaluating posts also presents a limitation. When contrasting posts were found, they were discussed among the team, and a unanimous decision was reached regarding their content. Additionally, the use of specific hashtags could limit the scope of the study. To mitigate this, we employed several hashtags to capture a broader range of posts and reels. Another limitation is that findings from Instagram may not be fully generalizable, as the platform's user base does not represent the entire population of the demographic regions studied. Content related to spinal trauma was predominantly posted by users from a select number of countries. As a result, we were unable to evaluate content from lower-income countries, where post distribution was significantly lower.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this study explored Instagram posts and reels related to spinal cord injury through diverse account perspectives. While providing valuable insights into the distribution of content types, including pathology, radiological images, as well as educational content and survivor stories, it also helped in evaluating the trends of posts from different countries and users' interaction on the posts. Despite the several inherent limitations and constraints, our findings contribute to the understanding of how spine trauma is portrayed on social media, highlighting opportunities for future research and emphasizing the need for careful consideration of ethical and methodological challenges in social media studies within the medical domain.
Conflict of Interest
None declared.
Authors' Contributions
M.F. contributed to conceptualization, methodology, writing–review and editing, supervision, project administration, and provided the final approval of the manuscript. A.B. was responsible for data retrieval, writing the original draft, and formal analysis. H.S. contributed to writing the original draft and investigation, while M.H.A.K. was involved in writing the original draft and methodology. S.T. and A.A. participated in data retrieval, writing the original draft, and formal analysis. S.G.Z. played a key role in methodology, investigation, writing–review and editing, and final approval of the manuscript. K.U.R. contributed to conceptualization, methodology, writing–review and editing, project administration, and provided the final approval of the manuscript.
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References
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- 2 Stellefson M, Hanik B, Chaney B, Chaney D, Tennant B, Chavarria EA. eHealth literacy among college students: a systematic review with implications for eHealth education. J Med Internet Res 2011; 13 (04) e102
- 3 Rizkalla JM, Holderread B, Hotchkiss W. et al. Instagram and spine fusion: an analysis of social media and its relationship to patient perception of surgery. Global Spine J 2023; 13 (03) 617-620
- 4 Ng JP, Tarazi N, Byrne DP, Baker JF, McCabe JP. Scoliosis and the social media: Facebook as a means of information exchange. Spine Deform 2017; 5 (02) 102-108
- 5 Romanò CL, Drago L, Del Sel H. et al; World Association against Infection in Orthopedics and Trauma (WAIOT) Study Group On Bone And Joint Infection Definitions. Loud and silent epidemics in the third millennium: tuning-up the volume. Int Orthop 2020; 44 (06) 1019-1022
- 6 Agarwal N, Hansberry DR, Singh PL, Heary RF, Goldstein IM. Quality assessment of spinal cord injury patient education resources. Spine 2014; 39 (11) E701-E704
- 7 Budd MA, Gater Jr DR, Channell I. Psychosocial consequences of spinal cord injury: a narrative review. J Pers Med 2022; 12 (07) 1178
- 8 Heisinger S, Huber D, Matzner MP. et al. Online videos as a source of physiotherapy exercise tutorials for patients with lumbar disc herniation-a quality assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18 (11) 5815
- 9 Prvu Bettger J, Resnik LJ. Telerehabilitation in the age of COVID-19: an opportunity for learning health system research. Phys Ther 2020; 100 (11) 1913-1916
- 10 Saenger AK, Berkwits M, Carley S. et al. The power of social media in medicine and medical education: opportunities, risks, and rewards. Clin Chem 2018; 64 (09) 1284-1290
- 11 Graefen B, Shams Hasanli, Araz Jabrayilov. et al. Instagram as a health education tool: evaluating the efficacy and quality of medical content on Instagram in Azerbaijan. medRxiv 2023.12.03.23299316.
- 12 Streed J. Understanding the effects of, and using social media to improve evidence-based practice. Mayo Clinic News Network. Accessed March 10, 2025 at: https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/understanding-the-effects-of-and-using-social-media-to-improve-evidence-based-practice/
- 13 Gottfried J. Americans' social media use. Pew Research Center. Accessed March 10, 2025 at: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2024/01/31/americans-social-media-use/
- 14 Sinha S, Jones BM, Traniello IM. et al. Behavior-related gene regulatory networks: a new level of organization in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117 (38) 23270-23279
- 15 Nguyen BM, Lu E, Bhuyan N, Lin K, Sevilla M. Social media for doctors: taking professional and patient engagement to the next level. Fam Pract Manag 2020; 27 (01) 19-14
- 16 Guidelines for the Ethical Use of Social Media by Surgeons. ACS. Accessed May 13, 2022 at: https://www.facs.org/about-acs/statements/guidelines-for-the-ethical-use-of-social-media-by-surgeons/
- 17 Jeyaraman M, Ramasubramanian S, Kumar S. et al. Multifaceted role of social media in healthcare: opportunities, challenges, and the need for quality control. Cureus 2023; 15 (05) e39111
- 18 Dean B. Instagram demographic statistics: How many people use Instagram in 2024? Backlinko. Accessed March 10, 2025 at: https://backlinko.com/instagram-users
- 19 Thoracolumbar spine trauma - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US. bestpractice.bmj.com Accessed March 10, 2025 at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/820
- 20 Disilvestro K, Daniels A. Classification of Fractures and Dislocations of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine. Accessed March 10, 2025 at: https://docslib.org/doc/5833640/classification-of-fractures-and-dislocations-of-the-thoracic-and-lumbar-spine-kevin-j
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Artikel online veröffentlicht:
25. März 2025
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References
- 1 Ranjha KU, Farooq M, Hoz SS. Commentary: altmetrics versus bibliometrics in neurosurgery—finding a balance. Neurosurgery 2024; 94 (04) e53-e54
- 2 Stellefson M, Hanik B, Chaney B, Chaney D, Tennant B, Chavarria EA. eHealth literacy among college students: a systematic review with implications for eHealth education. J Med Internet Res 2011; 13 (04) e102
- 3 Rizkalla JM, Holderread B, Hotchkiss W. et al. Instagram and spine fusion: an analysis of social media and its relationship to patient perception of surgery. Global Spine J 2023; 13 (03) 617-620
- 4 Ng JP, Tarazi N, Byrne DP, Baker JF, McCabe JP. Scoliosis and the social media: Facebook as a means of information exchange. Spine Deform 2017; 5 (02) 102-108
- 5 Romanò CL, Drago L, Del Sel H. et al; World Association against Infection in Orthopedics and Trauma (WAIOT) Study Group On Bone And Joint Infection Definitions. Loud and silent epidemics in the third millennium: tuning-up the volume. Int Orthop 2020; 44 (06) 1019-1022
- 6 Agarwal N, Hansberry DR, Singh PL, Heary RF, Goldstein IM. Quality assessment of spinal cord injury patient education resources. Spine 2014; 39 (11) E701-E704
- 7 Budd MA, Gater Jr DR, Channell I. Psychosocial consequences of spinal cord injury: a narrative review. J Pers Med 2022; 12 (07) 1178
- 8 Heisinger S, Huber D, Matzner MP. et al. Online videos as a source of physiotherapy exercise tutorials for patients with lumbar disc herniation-a quality assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18 (11) 5815
- 9 Prvu Bettger J, Resnik LJ. Telerehabilitation in the age of COVID-19: an opportunity for learning health system research. Phys Ther 2020; 100 (11) 1913-1916
- 10 Saenger AK, Berkwits M, Carley S. et al. The power of social media in medicine and medical education: opportunities, risks, and rewards. Clin Chem 2018; 64 (09) 1284-1290
- 11 Graefen B, Shams Hasanli, Araz Jabrayilov. et al. Instagram as a health education tool: evaluating the efficacy and quality of medical content on Instagram in Azerbaijan. medRxiv 2023.12.03.23299316.
- 12 Streed J. Understanding the effects of, and using social media to improve evidence-based practice. Mayo Clinic News Network. Accessed March 10, 2025 at: https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/understanding-the-effects-of-and-using-social-media-to-improve-evidence-based-practice/
- 13 Gottfried J. Americans' social media use. Pew Research Center. Accessed March 10, 2025 at: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2024/01/31/americans-social-media-use/
- 14 Sinha S, Jones BM, Traniello IM. et al. Behavior-related gene regulatory networks: a new level of organization in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117 (38) 23270-23279
- 15 Nguyen BM, Lu E, Bhuyan N, Lin K, Sevilla M. Social media for doctors: taking professional and patient engagement to the next level. Fam Pract Manag 2020; 27 (01) 19-14
- 16 Guidelines for the Ethical Use of Social Media by Surgeons. ACS. Accessed May 13, 2022 at: https://www.facs.org/about-acs/statements/guidelines-for-the-ethical-use-of-social-media-by-surgeons/
- 17 Jeyaraman M, Ramasubramanian S, Kumar S. et al. Multifaceted role of social media in healthcare: opportunities, challenges, and the need for quality control. Cureus 2023; 15 (05) e39111
- 18 Dean B. Instagram demographic statistics: How many people use Instagram in 2024? Backlinko. Accessed March 10, 2025 at: https://backlinko.com/instagram-users
- 19 Thoracolumbar spine trauma - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US. bestpractice.bmj.com Accessed March 10, 2025 at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/820
- 20 Disilvestro K, Daniels A. Classification of Fractures and Dislocations of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine. Accessed March 10, 2025 at: https://docslib.org/doc/5833640/classification-of-fractures-and-dislocations-of-the-thoracic-and-lumbar-spine-kevin-j