Keywords
Bow–Hunter syndrome - vertebral artery - intravascular ultrasound - osteophytes -
vertebral instability
Introduction
Bow–Hunter syndrome (BHS) is a rare condition in which head rotation causes vertebral
artery (VA) flow disturbance at the atlantoaxial level, leading to vertebrobasilar
insufficiency.[1] Due to its anatomical course through the transverse foramen, the second segment
of the VA can be compressed by abnormal bones such as osteophytes, leading to cerebral
ischemia or embolism.[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8] Additionally, the VA can be stenosed or occluded due to vertebral instability, further
complicating the diagnosis and treatment. However, to our knowledge, there have been
no reported cases in which vertebral instability and osteophytes separately compress
the VA at different sites, leading to stroke.
We encountered a rare case in which two abnormalities overlapped, leading to a stroke
attributed to BHS. Specifically, these abnormalities included thrombosis formation
due to intimal injury of the VA at the C3/4 osteophyte and cervical instability causing
VA occlusion at C4/5.
Case Description
A 72-year-old male presented to our hospital with persistent rotational vertigo and
vomiting upon awakening. He had a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and left
internal carotid artery stenosis, and was taking statins, aspirin, and antihypertensive
medications. He had a smoking history of 20 to 40 cigarettes per day for > 30 years.
On admission, his consciousness level was assessed as 15 on the Glasgow Coma Scale,
with saccadic eye movements and horizontal gaze nystagmus. The patient presented with
dysarthria, mild dysmetria, and mild decomposition. His National Institutes of Health
Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 3, with left upper- and lower-limb ataxia and speech
disorders. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed acute cerebellar infarction ([Fig. 1A]).
Fig. 1 (A) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging on admission showing an acute cerebellar
infarction on the left side. (B) Cerebral angiography (CAG), lateral view, showing a severe stenosis at the vertebral
artery (VA) with luminal thrombus at the C3/4 level. (C) CAG, neutral head position, post-percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), lateral
view, showing improvement of the severe stenosis. (D) Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) of the stenotic site (C3/4 level) of the left VA,
post-PTA, showing that the site is surrounded with the calcified lesion. (E) CAG, left rotation of the head, post-PTA, anteroposterior (A-P) view, showing that
the left VA was occluded at C4/5 level. (F) CAG, with head flexion, post-PTA, lateral view, left VA was occluded at the C4/5
level. (G) Computed tomography angiography (CTA), axial bone image at C3/4 level, showing that
the stenotic site at VA was surrounded by abnormal bone structures (* and †). The
white arrows indicate the stenotic left VA. (H) A reconstructed three-dimensional CTA showing that the VA is sandwiched by abnormal
structures from the front (*) and back (†). The white arrow indicates that of the
stenotic site (C3/4 level) of the left VA.
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed severe stenosis with an intra-arterial
thrombus in the left VA ([Fig. 1B]). After 2 weeks of heparinization, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was
performed to treat the symptomatic left VA stenosis using Shiden 3.0 × 20 mm (Kaneka,
Osaka, Japan) at 6 atm/2 minute and Genity 3.0 × 25 mm (Kaneka) at 6 atm/2 minute,
resulting in stenosis improvement, with good blood flow in the neutral and right rotation
head positions ([Fig. 1C]). However, intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) using the VOLCANO system (Volcano
Japan Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and an IVUS catheter (Eagle Eye Platinum; Volcano Japan
Corp.) indicated compression of the left VA by the osteophytes ([Fig. 1D]). Furthermore, with the head in flexion and left rotation, left VA occlusion at
the C4/5 was confirmed ([Fig. 1E, F]). Considering the risk of stent breakage due to osteophytes, a stent was not placed,
and the procedure was ended only when PTA was performed.
We diagnosed symptomatic VA stenosis occurring as a result of the simultaneous occurrence
of two abnormalities: intimal damage due to compression at the left C3/4 osteophytes
and VA occlusion due to vertebral instability of C4/5 ([Fig. 1G, H]). The anterolateral approach was used to decompress the VA for osteophyte removal.
The patient's head was rotated to the right while confirming the left VA blood flow
with ultrasound ([Fig. 2A]). Exposure of the osteophytes and the C3/4 anterior tubercle revealed compression
of the VA ([Fig. 2B]), and osteophytes were removed. In addition, the base of the C3/4 anterior tubercle
was drilled to expose the VA. Further, we removed the hypertrophic osteophyte that
arose from the intervertebral foramen of C4, as it compressed the VA from behind ([Fig. 2C]). Finally, the relief of tension on the VA was confirmed ([Fig. 2D]). Postoperatively, computed tomography angiography confirmed the removal of the
C3/4 osteophyte and complete decompression of the VA ([Fig. 2E]).
Fig. 2 (A) The intraoperative ultrasound flow study of the patient's left vertebral artery
(VA) before operative procedure; the observation of blood flow in the VA during the
diastolic period confirmed that the VA was not obstructed. (B) Intraoperative photograph showings that the abnormal osteophytes which present in
front of the VA (*) are compressing the artery (white arrows). (C) Intraoperative photograph showing that the VA was transported anteriorly, while
the osteophyte (†) which is located posterior to the VA was drilled. (D) Intraoperative photograph showing that the VA (white arrows) was completely decompressed.
(E) Postoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA), axial image, bone image of
C3/4 level, showing effective decompression of the VA (paired arrows) due to the removal
of surrounding abnormal osteophytes. (F) Cerebral angiography (CAG), postdecompression procedure, neutral head position,
showing good blood flow in the left vertebral artery (VA) at the C3/4 and C4/5 levels.
(G) CAG, left rotation of the head, postdecompression, showing that the VA was still
stenotic and the blood flow was delayed, but with no arterial occlusion. (H) CAG, flex of the head, postdecompression, showing no occlusion of the VA.
DSA obtained on the 7th postoperative day revealed no significant stenosis at C3/4
or C4/5 in the neutral position ([Fig. 2F]). However, residual severe stenosis of the left VA with delayed flow in left head
rotation was observed ([Fig. 2G]). Minimal stenosis at C3/4 was observed in head flexion compared with the neutral
position, but no VA occlusion occurred at C4/5 ([Fig. 2H]). The patient was discharged on postoperative day 10 with a modified Rankin Scale
score of 0 and an NIHSS score of 0. The patient has remained recurrence-free for 2
years.
Discussion
Herein, we presented a case of BHS in which the left VA was compressed by osteophytes
between the C3 and C4 intervertebral foramen, causing intimal damage and stenosis
of the VA. Additionally, vertebral instability at the C4/5 level was resulting in
an abnormal VA course, causing occlusion of the left VA during left rotation or extension
of the head. These abnormalities caused thrombosis at the C3/4 level, leading to cerebellar
infarction when the thrombus was scattered. In the present case, we aimed to prevent
recurrent stroke by removing the obvious thrombotic causes of the osteophytes. Although
the lesions occurred at separate sites at the C3/4 and C4/5 levels due to overlapping
causes of osteophyte and vertebral instability, resection of the osteophyte led to
a favorable outcome.
This case report has several clinical implications. First, this experience shows that
VA cryptogenic occlusion due to vertebral instability, VA latent stenosis, and/or
intimal damage caused by osteophytes at different sites can cause cerebellar infarction
when these two events occur simultaneously. To the best of our knowledge, no similar
cases have been reported thus far.
In the present case, we determined that the osteophytes at the C3/4 directly caused
compression of the VA and led to occlusion during rotation. Furthermore, we inferred
from preoperative DSA imaging that the presence of vertebral instability caused occlusion
of the VA at C4/5 during extension. Additionally, we hypothesized that the formation
of these abnormal osteophytes demonstrates vertebral instability.
There are no specific treatment guidelines for BHS, which leads to difficulty in determining
the treatment approach. Approximately half of all patients treated with antiplatelet
agents experience recurrence within several months to years, suggesting that some
form of surgical intervention is recommended.[9] In cases presenting with abnormalities at two sites, such as ours, it is essential
to clearly understand the pathogenesis of cerebellar infarction as two separate entities.
Although most individuals with vertebral instability remain asymptomatic due to dynamic
effects, the addition of other pathological factors can lead to cerebellar infarction.
Therefore, personalized treatment approaches are required. In our case, we aimed to
remove the pathological factor of intimal damage by decompressing the osteophyte,
thereby limiting the impact to only dynamic effects.
In addition, BHS can occur at the lower cervical spine, although it is typically associated
with VA occlusion of the upper cervical spine (C1/2) during head rotation. Reports
of BHS in the lower cervical spine are rare; however, when they do occur, they are
often associated with osteophytes.[2]
[4]
[5]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13] Prior case reports of vertebral instability have shown that the upper vertebral
body on the affected intervertebral segment slides backward on the side where it has
rotated, while the VA in the transverse foramen is subjected to overstretching, leading
to compression of the VA. Furthermore, in the presence of osteophytes, the VA is more
strongly compressed and prone to occlusion.[3] Therefore, when a BHS is found at the lower cervical spine, it is necessary to actively
check for vertebral instability to make an accurate diagnosis and decide on an appropriate
treatment strategy.
Finally, IVUS can provide clues for the diagnosis of BHS. In this case, we used IVUS
to confirm the presence or absence of VA dissection or thrombus, the measurement of
the vessel diameter, and the nature of the VA stenosis, finding that the osteophyte
surrounding the VA caused arterial compression. To the best of our knowledge, which
is similar to our case, only one reported case has shown that IVUS is useful for diagnosing
BHS.[14]
Conclusion
BHS may occur in the lower cervical spine. Further, this phenomenon can be caused
by two coinciding factors: vertebral instability and intimal damage due to osteophyte
at a different site.
