Parkinson-Erkrankung und Neuroinflammation – Zelluläre Pathologie, Mechanismen und therapeutische Optionen

Zusammenfassung

Durch verfeinerte Untersuchungstechniken in der Neuropathologie, der präzisierten molekularen Charakterisierung von Biomaterialien und nuklearmedizinische Untersuchungen des ZNS bei Parkinson-Patienten sind sowohl in post mortem Analysen aber auch intravital zahlreiche Belege für eine relevante Beteiligung der Neuroinflammation zu finden. Nach Evaluation immer größerer und besser definierter Patienten-Kohorten hat sich zudem gezeigt, dass unterschiedliche neuroinflammatorische zelluläre Akteure involviert sind. Diese Zelltypen und ihre Funktionen wurden zum Verständnis der pathogenetischen Mechanismen der Parkinson-Erkrankung in Zellkultur- und Tiermodellen detailliert untersucht und bilden eine Grundlage für die Entwicklung translationaler therapeutischer Ansätze. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird der derzeitige Wissensstand über die Bedeutung der Neuroinflammation bei der Parkinson-Erkrankung mit Fokus auf die zelluläre Pathologie von Astrozyten, Mikroglia und T-Lymphozyten differenziert in Modellsystemen und beim Menschen dargestellt. Sich daraus ableitende therapeutische Optionen, deren humane Anwendbarkeit sowie das Potential zur Verlaufsbeeinflussung der Parkinson-Erkrankung sind enorm und werden abschließend diskutiert.

Abstract

Refined examination techniques in neuropathology, more precise molecular characterization of biomaterials, and nuclear medicine studies of the CNS in Parkinson's disease provide ample evidence for relevant involvement of neuroinflammation in both post-mortem and intravital analyses. By evaluating ever larger and better-defined patient cohorts, it has also been shown that different neuroinflammatory cellular actors are involved. These cell types and their functions have been extensively studied in cell culture and animal models to understand the pathogenetic mechanisms of Parkinson's disease and form a basis for the development of translational therapeutic approaches. This review presents the current state of knowledge on the importance of neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease with a focus on the cellular pathology of astrocytes, microglia and T lymphocytes in model systems and in humans. The resulting therapeutic options, their human applicability and the potential for influencing the course of Parkinson's disease are enormous and will be discussed.

Schlüsselwörter

Parkinson-Erkrankung - M. Parkinson - Neurodegeneration - Neuroinflammation - Gliazellen - Mikroglia

Key words

Parkinson’s disease - neurodegeneration - neuroinflammation - glial cells - microglia

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