A 60-year-old male presented with a history of anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric
pain, and generalized weakness for 2 weeks. He was a known case of nephrotic syndrome,
diagnosed 3 months back. Since then he was on prednisolone, started at 50 mg daily
and then tapered to 20 mg/day. On presentation, he was hemodynamically stable, but
malnourished with a body mass index of 17.5 kg/m2. On evaluation, he was found to have dyselectrolytemia (serum sodium: 121 mEq/L,
magnesium: 1.5 mg/dL), severe hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin: 1.7 g/dL), and raised
C-reactive protein (93 mg/dL). Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy revealed diffuse
ulcerations in the entire stomach and duodenum ([Fig. 1]). A biopsy was taken from stomach for histopathological examination. The biopsy
showed increased inflammatory cells along with infiltration of the larval forms of
Strongyloides stercoralis into the lumen of gastric mucosal glands ([Fig. 2]). The patient was treated with oral ivermectin for 2 weeks. On follow-up, the patient
had resolution of his GI symptoms as well as healing of gastroduodenal ulcers.
Fig. 1 Duodenal mucosa showing diffuse ulcerations.
Fig. 2 High-power view (40X) of gastric mucosa showing infiltration by chronic inflammatory
cells and larval forms of Strongyloides stercoralis in the lumen of gastric glands.
The spectrum of Strongyloides infection can range from asymptomatic subclinical disease to life-threatening hyperinfection
syndrome and disseminated disease.[1] In hyperinfection syndrome, the GI tract and the lungs are usually involved. Disseminated
strongyloidiasis usually occurs in immunocompromised hosts, and can involve multiple
organs. Both hyperinfection and disseminated disease have a high mortality in untreated
cases (up to 90%).[2] Endoscopic findings include erythema, nodules, exudates, erosion, and ulcers. Although
endoscopic findings are not diagnostic, histopathological demonstration of larval
forms in biopsy specimen can clinch the diagnosis. Our patient was an immunocompromised
patient on immunosuppressant. He developed a hyperinfection syndrome that could be
managed with timely diagnosis and treatment.
