The EGCG and α-Mangosteen Stimulate SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37 Metabolite Concentration

Abstract

Objective Stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) metabolites are secreted molecules from SHED, namely cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. The metabolite can be used in various regenerative therapy based on cell-free immunomodulatory potential effects, like interleukin 10 (IL-10) and LL37. This molecule can stimulate with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and α-mangosteen and has been proven to have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. This study aimed to identify the effect of EGCG and α-mangosteen to SHED metabolite, called SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37, from six passages to obtain the optimum stimulation and able to use as periodontitis regeneration treatment.

Materials and Methods The six different passages of SHED were prepared in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium and added with EGCG 80% (10 μM), EGCG 95% (10 μM), or α-mangosteen (10 μM). After a 24 hours incubation, each passage was measured with the metabolite concentration, SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37, with human IL-10 and LL37 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Each different concentration was then analyzed statistically.

Results The addition of EGCG 95% is able to stimulate the SHED-IL10 optimum concentration in passage 1 (p < 0.01). But, in the different conditions, the addition of EGCG 80%, EGCG 95%, and α-mangosteen was able to stimulate the SHED-LL37 optimum concentration in passage 2 (p < 0.001).

Conclusion The addition of EGCG and α-mangosteen can stimulate the SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37 concentrations. These two metabolites are promising as regenerative therapy through anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

Keywords

SHED - metabolite - EGCG - α-mangosteen - medicine

Introduction

Stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with high differentiation potential, self-regeneration ability, and ease of obtaining. SHED is a source of stem cells and secreted various growth factors, cytokines and exosomes, known as metabolites and can be detected in stem cell culture media.[1] [2] These secreted growth factors function as paracrine mediators for immunoregulation and tissue regeneration. Studies have revealed that the success of SHED-based therapy is likely to occur via a paracrine secretory mechanism. Important paracrine mediators include exosomes containing bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, signaling molecules, and mRNAs. Exosomes can act as nanocarriers to transfer bioactive molecules from stem cells to recipient cells and modulate recipient cell functions by secreting materials into target cells as communication signals via ligand or receptor molecules on the surface or by fusion of exosomes with cell membranes.[3] [4]

The epicatechin gallate (EGCG), the main component of polyphenols in green tea, plays an essential role as an antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Several studies of EGCG stimulate the differentiation of stem cells in bone mesenchymal tissue and increase the formation of the periodontal ligament.[5] However, EGCG possesses protection properties for bone health, reducing bone resorption through the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, suppressing osteoclastogenesis, and osteoimmunological effects. The EGCG has anti-inflammatory properties through its ability to scavenge nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, cyclooxygenase, interleukins (ILs), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in activated macrophages.[6] [7] [8] Not only the EGCC, but some of the plants also contain an active substance that possesses antioxidant, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, and antiviral properties called α-mangosteen. By these properties, the α-mangosteen can inhibit prostaglandin E2 synthesis, IL synthesis, and TNF-α, like an EGCG.[9]

The previous study of the EGCG and α-mangosteen in periodontitis has developed. The finding showed that EGCG inhibits the process of alveolar bone damage through RANKL,[10] TNF-α,[11] and increases osteoprotegerin (OPG),[10] RANK,[10] [11] and IL-10.[11] [12] The effect is similar to α-mangosteen, which is able to stimulate some growth factors like tumor growth factor-β,[13] and TRAP5b[14] and also inhibit the growth of etiological bacteria[15] [16] and RUNX2.[14]

Periodontitis is a disease of the periodontal tissues that is characterized by damage to the ligaments and surrounding alveolar bone. This disease can be caused by several bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, and in severe periodontitis, it can cause tooth loss.[17] Periodontitis therapy is focused on inhibiting bone resorption by stimulating the anti-inflammatory mediator, such as IL-10, that inhibits bone resorption.[18] The other antimicrobial protein that is needed is LL37, which has antimicrobial properties through autophagy of Porphyromonas gingivalis as the etiology of periodontitis[19] and can suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines.[20] Due to the various properties of EGCG and α-mangosteen, especially the anti-inflammatory properties, this study aimed to identify the effect of EGCG and α-mangosteen to SHED metabolite, called SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37, from six passages to obtain the optimum stimulation and able to use as periodontitis regeneration treatment.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

The study design is a valid analytical, experimental laboratory; the protocol was approved by the Ethical Health Committee of the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, with number 834/HRECC.FODM/XI/2022.

SHED Metabolites

SHED metabolites are purified from the SHED provided by the Research Centre Faculty of Dental Medicine Universitas Airlangga. The SHED was cultured from passages 1 to 6 in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium. SHED culture medium was purified using the dialysis method to remove waste products of metabolism that were not useful, resulting in beneficial results of metabolites that contained several cytokines, growth factors, and exosomes.

EGCG and α-Mangosteen

The EGCG used in this experiment was two different types: EGCG 98% (epigallocatechin-gallate, Chamfaces, Wuhan, China) and EGCG 80% (Medi tea, Dharma Putra Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia). The α-mangosteen concentration 98% (M3824, Sigma Aldrich, Merck, Germany).

SHED-IL-6 and LL37 Concentration

The SHED-IL10 and LL37 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay during passages one and six. Before the measurement, each well-contained SHED metabolite was added by 10 μM EGCG 98%, 10 μM EGCG 80%, or 10 μM α-mangosteen and incubated for 24 hours. The antibody used was human IL-10 (human IL-10, BT Laboratory, Shanghai, China) and human LL37 (human LL317, IL-10, BT Laboratory, Shanghai, China). The SHED-IL10 and LL37 were immediately measured (three replication) by the optical density value of each well using a microplate reader set to 450 nm.

Statistical Analysis

The differences in SHED-IL10 and LL37 concentration in each passage were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and posthoc test Tukey HSD. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 29.0 for Mac (IBM Corporation, Chicago, Illinois, United States) was used to analyze the data.

Results

SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37 Concentration

The SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37 concentrations are presented in [Fig. 1]. The highest SHED-IL10 concentration on the basic condition was observed in passage 5, while the SHED-LL37 concentration was observed in passage 4.

Fig. 1 The SHED-IL10 (A) and SHED-LL37 (B) concentration on the basic condition.

The Addition of EGCG or α-Mangosteen on SHED-IL10 Concentration

The addition of EGCG 80% and α-mangosteen did not show a SHED-IL10 concentration in the different passages ([Fig. 2A–C]). On the other hand, the addition of EGCG 95% showed a higher SHED-IL10 concentration in passage 1 than in passage 3 (p < 0.001; [Fig. 2B]).

Fig. 2 The SHED-IL10 (A–C) and SHED-LL37 (E–F) concentrations by two different epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentrations and α-mangosteen. ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.

The Addition of EGCG or α-Mangosteen on SHED-LL37 Concentration

The addition of EGCG 80%, EGCG 95%, and α-mangosteen showed a difference in SHED-LL37 concentration in every passage. The addition of EGCG 80% showed a higher SHED-LL37 in passage 2 than in passage 1, passage 4 and passage 6 (p < 0.0001; [Fig. 2D]). A similar condition is also observed in the addition of EGCG 95%. The higher SHED-LL37 was observed in passage 2 than in passage 3 until 6 (p < 0.0001; [Fig. 2E]). The addition of α-mangosteen showed a higher SHED-LL37 concentration in passage two than in passage 1 (p < 0.001) and passage 6 (p < 0.0001; [Fig. 2F]).

Discussion

Stem cell metabolites must be validated before use. The validation process includes an assessment of potential, which shows the ability of stem cells to differentiate, and purity to prove that these cells are actual stem cells. Stem cell metabolites are also characterized in vitro and in vivo before finally being applied to humans, not the exception of SHED.[21] [22] [23] [24]

In this study, the addition of EGCG 80%, EGCG 95%, and α-mangosteen was able to stimulate the SHED metabolite called SHED-IL10. The stimulation is probably due to the decreased expression of inflammatory genes. Another study showed that the addition of α-mangosteen increased the number of IL-10-producing T cells and IL-10 gene expression in 7F2 osteoblast cell culture with osteogenic media. It is suspected that α-mangosteen is an immunomodulator by stabilizing or directly exerting anti- or proinflammatory activity. IL-10, a cytokine with pleiotropic immunosuppressive function, is also a founding member of the IL-10 cytokine family. IL-10 is an early feature of the picture as an inhibitory factor for the synthesis of secreted cytokines produced by T helper (Th) 2 cell clones with the ability to inhibit Th1 cytokine production. Subsequently, IL-10 was reported to be expressed by various cell types in the immune system's innate and adaptive arms.[25] [26] IL-10 mainly targets antigen-presenting cells, such as monocytes and macrophages, and inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6,[27] [28] granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.[12] [26] [29] The IL-10 has an important role in periodontitis,[30] which is able to control the number of bacteria,[31] regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine, and increase OPG and osteoclastogenesis.[32] The previous study by Aljunaid et al and Lashari et al also showed that the EGCG is able to stimulate the IL-10 expression[11] [12] and exhibit the RANKL as an osteoclast marker.[10] As previously mentioned, IL-10 suppresses several key proinflammatory cytokines that are clinically validated to participate in the pathogenesis of any disease of the oral mucosa, especially periodontitis.[12]

Not only stimulated the SHED-IL10, but the addition of EGCD and α-mangosteen also stimulated the SHED-LL37 concentration. LL37, a class of antimicrobial peptides, is the sole member of the human cathelicidin family, produced by many cell types, including macrophages, natural killer cells, skin epithelial cells, airways, mucosal, ocular surface, and intestine.[33] This peptide piqued the research community's interest because it carries numerous immune systems modulating and antimicrobial properties.[34] The antimicrobial properties through pore formation in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and neutralize LPS.[35] [36] And by that, the LL37 is able to express receptors that to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, cooperate with human-β-defensin-2,[33] [34] and actively promote leukocyte recruitment to the area of infection.[37] [38] In monocytes, LL37 significantly inhibited the expression of NF-kB, TNF-α, and NO produced by LPS and macrophages.[28] [37] [38] The role of LL37 in periodontitis is related to its antimicrobial properties,[39] inhibits osteoblast apoptosis,[40] and modulates gingival fibroblast proliferation.[41] The same result was also found in Li et al study regarding human adipose-derived mesenchyme stem cells (hADSCs) which showed that LL37 could increase osteogenic differentiation in vitro as well as antibacterial properties which play a role in the process of tissue regeneration in periodontal.[42]

This study attempted to analyze the expression of IL-10 and LL37 on SHED. There have been no previous studies that have analyzed both markers. However, other studies have shown that stem cells are a source for producing or expressing IL-10, such as in MSCs.[43] [44] With the important role of IL-10 and LL37 in periodontitis treatment or periodontal regeneration, it is essential to develop and increase the production through the tissue engineering process by SHED. This study showed that the addition of EGCG and α-mangosteen stimulated the optimum SHED-LL37 concentration in passage 2. But, the SHED-IL10 was able to obtain a maximum concentration in any passage. Future research needs to perform to calibrate this finding into tissue engineering models in animal and human studies.

Conclusion

The result of this study provides evidence that the addition of EGCG and α-mangosteen can stimulate the SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37 concentrations. These two metabolites are promising as regenerative therapy through anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. A future study needs to be performed to analyze this SHED metabolite's most significant anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties in a different passage.

Conflict of Interests

None declared.

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank The Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education Culture, Research and Technology, Indonesia and also Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya.

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Publication History

Article published online:
14 April 2023