Anti-NMAR-Enzephalitis — Mimikry der schizophrenen Erstmanifestation

Unter den Autoantikörper-vermittelten Enzephalitiden ist das besondere Merkmal der Anti-NMDAR-Enzephalitis, dass vergleichsweise monomorphe „psychiatrische Manifestationen“ mit hoher klinischer Ähnlichkeit zur akuten schizophrenen Episode häufig sind. Dabei hängt die Indikationsstellung für die hochspezifische Therapie von einer korrekten Differenzialdiagnose nach klinischer Abgrenzung primärer gegen sekundäre psychotische Bilder ab.

• Literatur

• 1 Keshavan MS, Kaneko Y. Secondary psychoses: an update. World Psych 2013; 12: 4-15
• 2 Le Guen E, Doukhan R, Hamdani N. et al. Anticorps anti-NR1 dans l’encéphalite N-méthyl-D-aspartate et la schizophrènie. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31 (01) 60-67
• 3 Bodatsch M, Klosterkötter J, Daumann J. Contributions of experimental psychiatry to research on the psychosis prodrome. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4: 170
• 4 Lennox BR, Palmer-Cooper EC, Pollak T. et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of serum neuronal cell surface antibodies in first-episode psychosis: a case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4 (01) 42-48
• 5 DGPPN. (Hrsg). S3-Behandlungsleitlinie Schizophrenie. 2006: XVI
• 6 Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG. et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7 (12) 1091-1098
• 7 Gable MS, Sheriff H, Dalmau J. et al. The frequency of autoimmune N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California encephalitis project. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: 899-804
• 8 Chefdeville A, Honnorat J, Hampe CS. Neuronal central nervous system syndromes probably mediated by autoantibodies. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43 (12) 1535-1552
• 9 Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW. et al. Causes of encephalitis and differences on their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 10 (12) 835-844
• 10 Hughes EG, Peng X, Gleichman AJ. et al. Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 5866-5875
• 11 Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I. et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 157-165
• 12 Barry H, Byrne S, Barrett E. et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: review of clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. B J Psych Bull 2015; 39: 19-23
• 13 Finke C, Kopp UA, Pruss H. et al. Cognitive deficits following anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83: 195-198
• 14 Mann AP, Grebenciucova E, Lukas RV. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor encephalitis: diagnosis, optimal management, and challenges. Ther Clin Risk Manag 1014 10: 517-525
• 15 Viaccoz A, Desestret V, Ducray F. et al. Clinical specifities of adult male patients with NMDA receptor antibodies encephalitis. Neurology 2014; 82: 556-563
• 16 Pollack TA, McCormack R, Peakman M. et al. Prevalence of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NM;DA) antibodies in patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2014; 44: 2475-2487
• 17 Hammer C, Stepniak B, Schneider A. et al. Neuropsychiatric disease relevance of circulating anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies depends on blood-brain barrier integrity. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19: 1143-1149
• 18 Dahm L, Ott C, Steiner J. et al. Seroprevalenve of autoantibodies against brain antigens in health and disease. Ann Neurol 2014; 76 (01) 82-94
• 19 Castillo-Gomez E, Oliveira B, Tapken D. et al. All naturally occurring autoantibodies against the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 have pathogenic potential irrespective of epitope and immunoglobulin class. Mol Psychiatry. 2016 Aug 9; doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.125 (Epub)
• 20 Steiner J, Teegen B, Schlitz K. et al. Prevalence of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor autoantibodies in the peripheral blood: healthy control samples revisited. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71 (07) 838-839
• 21 Masdeu JC, González-Pinto A, Matute C. et al. Serum IgG antibodies against the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor not detected in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169: 1120-1121
• 22 Chapman MR, Hause HE. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: diagnosis, psychiatric presentation, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168 (03) 245-251
• 23 Gough JL, Coebergh J, Chandra B. et al. Electroconvulsive therapy and/or plasmapheresis in autoimmune encephalitis?. World J Clin Cases 2016; 4 (08) 223-228
• 24 Graus F, Dalmau J, Valldeoriola F. et al. Immunological characterization of a neuronal antibody (anti-Tr) associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and Hodgkin’s disease. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 74: 55-61
• 25 Höftberger R, van Sonderen A, Leypoldt F. et al. Encephalitis and AMPA receptor antibodies: novel findings in a case series of 22 patients. Neurology 2015; 84: 2403-2412
• 26 Pettingill P, Kramer HB, Coebergh JA. et al. Antibodies to GABA-A receptor a1 and y2 subunits: clinical and serologic characterization. Neurology 2015; 84: 1233-1241
• 27 Lancaster E, Lai M, Peng X. et al. Antibodies to the GABA-B receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series and characterization of the antigen. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 67-76
• 28 Carvajal-González A, Leite MI, Waters P. Glycine receptor antibodies in PERM and related syndromes: characteristics, clinical features and outcomes. Brain 2014; 137: 2178-2192
• 29 Van Sondern A, Schreurs MW, Wirtz PW. et al. From VGKC to LGI1 and Caspr2 encephalitis: The evolution of a disease entity over time. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15 (10) 970-974