Respiratorisches Versagen: Innovationen zur Diagnostik und Therapie

Zusammenfassung

Die akute oder chronische respiratorische Insuffizienz hat eine große Bedeutung sowohl in der präklinischen als auch innerklinischen Versorgung. Sie zählt zu den häufigsten Gründen für stationäre Aufnahmen. Dieser Beitrag fasst aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Diagnostik und Therapie des Krankheitsbildes zusammen. Darüber hinaus gibt er einen Ausblick, wie sich die Behandlung in den kommenden Jahren weiterentwickeln könnte.

Abstract

Acute and chronic respiratory failures require immediate diagnosis and preferably individualized ventilation therapy. If possible, non-invasive ventilation should be considered to avoid complications of invasive mechanical ventilation. Especially in patients with ARDS and moderate to severe cases, non-invasive ventilation may not be suitable and should not be used uncritically.

Invasive mechanical ventilation parameters should be adjusted individually. In the future, additional parameters such as transpulmonary pressure, monitoring of regional ventilation using electrical impedance tomography could help to individualize ventilator settings. Problems include the lack of wide distribution of these techniques and automatic tools for data analyses are missing.

So for today the best thing is to implement the current evidence consequently. This includes lung-protective ventilation with an adequate PEEP and a tidal volume between 6 and 8 ml/kg IBW and a limitation of peak pressure or driving pressure. According to this early mobilization and positioning including prone-position is important, same as a score-based sedation regime and an individualized volume therapy.

Schlüsselwörter

respiratorische Insuffizienz - nichtinvasive Beatmung - Computertomografie - elektrische Impedanztomografie - Bauchlagerung

Key words

respiratory failure - non-invasive ventilation - computed tomography - electrical impedance tomography - prone position

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