Keywords
Covid-19 - mucormycosis - sinusitis
Introduction
Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is an infection caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the first case was discovered, in December
2019 in Wuhan, China, there have been various changes in terms of pathophysiology,
diagnosis, treatment and arising complications.[1]
The association between Covid-19 and invasive fungal sinusitis was noticed by Song
et al.[2] in April 2020, and they concluded that many patients affected by or whi had recovered
from Covid-19 are at an increased risk of developing invasive fungal sinusitis.
There are many overlapping factors that lead to secondary infection that are increasingly
being recognized due to their influence on morbidity and mortality, such as diabetes
mellitus (DM), immunosuppressive therapy, any prior respiratory disease, and sources
of nosocomial infections.[3] Also, systemic immune changes due to Covid-19 infection itself play a role as the
infected patients exhibit impaired cell-mediated immunity with decreased cluster of
differentiation (CD) 4 and 8 positive T-helper (CD4+ T and CD8+ T) cell counts, making
them more susceptible to fungal infections.[4]
Mucormycosis is an angioinvasive fungal infection caused by saprophytic aerobic fungi,
transmitted environmentally via the inhalation of spores. The spores then colonize
the nose or sinus mucosa, and, in immunocompetent individuals, phagocytes destroy
the spores of inhaled fungi, but the spores may act as opportunistic pathogens in
those with impaired immunity. In diabetic patients, the elevated blood sugar level
facilitates germination and the formation of hyphae, followed by vascular invasion
with local tissue proliferation.[5] The most common type of Mucorales is Rhizopus oryzae, which is responsible for approximately 60% of the cases of mucormycosis cases in
humans, and for 90% of the cases that present on the rhinocerebral form.[6]
Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis is the most common presentation of the disease.
Some of its symptoms are non-ophthalmic, such as fever, headache, facial swelling,
facial pain, nasal discharge, nasal and palatal eschar, toothache, and facial numbness
and/or facial nerve palsy. The ophthalmic signs and symptoms, developed by direct
extension of the disease from the paranasal sinuses, include eye pain, decreased vision,
ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, chemosis, ptosis, orbital cellulitis, periorbital discoloration,
and necrosis.[7] Various neurological signs and symptoms may present if intracranial extension is
developed.[8]
Aim
The aim of the present study is to discuss the different epidemiological, risk factors,
clinical presentations and outcomes of the noticeable Covid-19-related acute invasive
fungal sinusitis.
Patients and Methods
The present cross-sectional cohort study was conducted at a tertiary-level university
hospital from April to July 2021. The study was approved by the local ethics committee
under number RC3.4.2021. Signed written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
We enrolled 22 adult patients presented with symptoms and signs of acute invasive
fungal sinusitis which were related to recent Covid-19 infection. Patients were included
as they presented with or developed acute invasive fungal sinusitis either while their
Covid-19 infection was still active or after their recovery. The diagnosis of Covid-19
infection was based on a throat swab specimen with a positive result after real-time
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).
Patients who refused to participate in the study were excluded, and we also excluded
those patients who needed transfer to other medical facilities and had unknown outcomes.
The complete medical history of all pastients was taken, including; age, gender, duration
and severity of the Covid-19, and place of isolation during COVID-19 illness. We also
recorded the risk factors, such as DM, hypertension (HTN), and renal failure, and
if the patient had received systemic steroids or immunomodulatory medications during
the treatment course. Moreover, we recorded the probable risk factors, such as oxygen
therapy and mechanical ventilation during the treatment for Covid-19. Essential clinical
assessment and examination with appropriate protective measures were performed for
all participants. All participants were subjected to full otorhinolaryngologic, head
and neck examinations, including endoscopic endonasal examination by 4-mm zero-degree
rigid endoscope. Phisicians of different specialties were sought when needed, such
as an ophthalmologist, a neurologist, and an internist.
All patients were subjected to axial and coronal computed tomography (CT) scans of
the paranasal sinuses and orbits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were performed
for those with suspected intracranial complications.
The patients were managed according to our institutional guidelines with medical treatment
including systemic antifungal (liposomal amphotericin B) medication, unless contraindicated,
and surgical debridement, either through the endoscopic, or combined open and endoscopic
approaches. The diagnosis of acute invasive fungal sinusitis was confirmed by histopathological
biopsy showing evidence of mucosal and angioinvasion. The surviving patients were
followed regularly for one month postoperatively.
All data, including demographics, risk factors, clinical symptoms, and clinical examination
findings on admission, were obtained. Hematological, laboratory and pathological data
were also recorded. Different lines of treatment with the outcomes of all participants
were recorded and analyzed.
Data management and statistical analysis were performed using the Statistical Package
for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US)
software, version 25.0. Quantitative data were assessed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk
test and direct data visualization methods. According to the normality testing, numerical
data were expressed as means and standard deviations or medians and ranges. Categorical
data were expressed as numbers and percentages.
Results
The study included 22 patients; their mean age was 59 ± 8 years. As shown in [Table 1], there was a female predominance; more than half of the patients were female (54.5%).
About one-third (36.4%) of the sample reported history of intensive care unit (ICU)
admission, and none of the patients reported history of mechanical ventilation. All
patients had DM (100%), and more than two thirds (68.2%) had hypertension. Renal failure,
cardiac affection, and the hepatitis C virus were found in 2 (9.1%), 9 (40.9%), and
10 (45.5%) of the patients respectively.
Table 1
General characteristics of the studied patients
|
General characteristics
|
|
|
|
Age (years)
|
Mean ± SD
|
59 ± 8
|
|
Gender
|
Female
|
12 (54.5)
|
|
Male
|
10 (45.5)
|
|
Covid-19 positive at time of onset
|
n (%)
|
4 (18.2)
|
|
History of ICU admission
|
n (%)
|
8 (36.4)
|
|
History of mechanical ventilation
|
n (%)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
n (%)
|
22 (100)
|
|
Hypertension
|
n (%)
|
15 (68.2)
|
|
Renal failure
|
n (%)
|
2 (9.1)
|
|
Cardiac
|
n (%)
|
9 (40.9)
|
|
Hepatitis C virus
|
n (%)
|
10 (45.5)
|
Abbreviations: Covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ICU, intensive care unit; SD, standard
deviation.
Regarding the probable risk factors and the clinical and histopathological findings
of the studied patients, [Table 2] shows that only 9.1% had received tocilizumab (an antagonist of the interleukin-6
receptor) during the course of their Covid-19 treatment, and about three quarters,
17 patients (77.3%), had received systemic steroids. The median duration of the Covid-19
was of 14 days, ranging from 10 to 28 days. Upon admission, the mean random blood
sugar (RBS) was of 420 mg/dL, and the median total leucocite count (TLC) was of 5.5 × 109/L, ranging from 2.2 × 109/L to 24.0 × 109/L. Only 13.6% of the patients had leucopenia. The median serum creatinine level was
of 1 mg/dl, ranging from 1 mg/dl to 7 mg/dl. All patients (100%) had unilateral sinonasal
disease affecting the ethmoids and maxillary sinuses. Other clinical manifestations
included facial numbness in 14 patients (63.6%), facial palsy in 7 patients (31.8%),
palatal affection in 6 patients (27.3%), and intracranial affection in 10 patients
(45.5%). The histopathological examination of the biopsies revealed non-septated or
pauci-septated broad branching hyphae and spores in 19 out of 22 biopsies (86.4%).
A total of 3 biopsies (13.6%) showed thin septated hyphae.
Table 2
Clinical and histopathological findings of the studied patients
|
Clinical findings
|
|
|
|
Received tocilizumab
|
n (%)
|
2 (9.1)
|
|
Received systemic steroids
|
n (%)
|
17 (77.3)
|
|
Duration of Covid-19 (days)
|
Median (range)
|
14 (10–28)
|
|
RBS on admission (mg/dL)
|
Mean ± SD
|
420 ± 100
|
|
TLC on admission (×109/L)
|
Median (range)
|
5.5 (2.2–24.0)
|
|
Leukopenia
|
n (%)
|
3 (13.6)
|
|
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)
|
Median (range)
|
1 (1–7)
|
|
Fever
|
n (%)
|
19 (86.4)
|
|
Palatal affection
|
n (%)
|
6 (27.3)
|
|
Facial palsy
|
n (%)
|
7 (31.8)
|
|
Facial numbness
|
n (%)
|
14 (63.6)
|
|
Intracranial affection
|
n (%)
|
10 (45.5)
|
|
Histopathological findings
|
|
|
|
Septated hyphae
|
n (%)
|
3 (13.6)
|
|
Non-septated hyphae
|
n (%)
|
19 (86.4)
|
Abbreviations: Covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019; RBS, random blood sugar; SD, standard
deviation; TLC, total leucocite count.
Regarding orbital symptoms, which were unilateral in all patients, proptosis was the
most frequent, and was found in 15 patients (68.2%). Ophthalmoplegia was found in
12 patients (54.5%), and loss of vision in one eye and subperiorbital abscess were
observed in 10 (45.5%) and 2 (18.2%) of the patients respectively.
Most patients, 20 out of 22 patients (90.9%), received liposomal amphotericin B and/or
underwent surgery 18 out of 22 patients (81.8%). In total 4 patients did not undergo
surgical treatment because they died within the first 24 hours after admission to
the ICU due to late presentation: 2 of them took only one dose of amphotericin B,
and the other 2 (9.1%) patients did not received any.
Surgical debridement was performed in 18 patients. The median duration between the
onset of the disease and surgery was of 7 days, ranging from 2 to 18 days. Regarding
the type of surgery, most patients underwent endoscopic surgery 16 out of 18 patients
(88.9%), and only 2 out of 18 patients (11.1%) underwent combined open and endoscopic
surgery. Regarding orbital management, half of the patients (50.0%) underwent decompression.
Regarding the outcome, 10 out of 22 patients (45.5%) improved, 6 patients (27.3%)
died, and 6 patients (27.3%) showed morbidity in the form of ophthalmoplegia and loss
of vision ([Table 3]).
Table 3
Management and outcomes of the studied patients
|
Management and outcome
|
|
|
|
|
Amphotericin B
|
n (%)
|
|
20 (90.9)
|
|
Surgical treatment
|
n (%)
|
|
18 (81.8)
|
|
Days between onset and surgery
|
Median (range)
|
|
7 (2–18)
|
|
Type of surgery*
|
Endoscopic
|
n (%)
|
16 (88.9)
|
|
Open and endoscopic
|
n (%)
|
2 (11.1)
|
|
Orbital management
|
Decompression
|
n (%)
|
11 (50.0)
|
|
No
|
n (%)
|
11 (50.0)
|
|
Outcome
|
Died
|
n (%)
|
6 (27.3)
|
|
Improved
|
n (%)
|
10 (45.5)
|
|
Morbidity
|
n (%)
|
6 (27.3)
|
Note: *The percentages were calculated based on the total of 18 patients who underwent
surgery.
Discussion
Cases ofCovid-19 may be associated with and complicated by different bacterial and
fungal infections due to associated impaired immunity.[9] Mucormycosis is a potentially lethal fungal infection affecting the nose and paranasal
sinuses, with the most common form being the rhino-orbito-cerebral presentation.[10]
Despite its low incidence rate, varying from 0.005 to 1.7 per million inhabitants,
many cases have been seen recently, and it is noticeable that this significant increase
in incidence coincides with the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.[11]
The steady increase in the number of cases of acute invasive fungal sinusitis and
their clear firm association with Covid-19 must be studied in terms of the different
epidemiological factors, risk factors, clinical presentations and outcomes.
The present cross-sectional cohort study was conducted at a tertiary-level university
hospital, and it included 22 patients with acute invasive fungal sinusitis complicating
previous diagnoses of Covid-19. Regarding the demographics of the sample, their ages
ranged from 45 to 70 years (mean: 59 ± 8 years), and the male-to-female ratio was
of 10/12; these findings are in line with the longitudinal prospective study by El-Kholy
et al.,[12] in which the mean age of the 36 patients was f 52.92 ± 11.3 years and the male-to-female
ratio was of 19/17. Regarding the gender distribution, our results slightly differ
from those of Sharma et al.,[13] who reported a male predominance among 23 patients: 15 were male and 8 were female.
In the present study, less than one quarter of the patients (18.2% – 4 patients) were
Covid-19 positive at the time of the onset of mucormycosis; this coincides with the
study by Sharma et al.,[13] who found that 4 out of 23 patients (17.9%) were Covid-19 positive, which means
that mucormycosis occured after the recovery from Covid-19 and during its active course
as well.
The common predisposing factors found in patients with mucormycosis include DM with
or without diabetic ketoacidosis, malignancies, being a transplant recipient, prolonged
neutropenia, and immunosuppressive and corticosteroid therapies.[14] Hemochromatosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), intravenous drug abuse,
malnutrition and open wound following trauma are also predisposing factors.[15]
In the present study, all patients had DM (100%), either previously diagnosed or recently
discovered, and about three quarters (77.3%) 17 patients reported history of treatment
with systemic steroids. These findings are consistent with those of Singh et al.,[16] whose sample comprised 80% of cases of DM, with more than two thirds (76.3%) of
the patients receiving a course of corticosteroids. Our results also match those of
the systematic review by John et al.,[17] who reported the findings of 41 confirmed cases of mucormycosis cases in people
with Covid-19, and DM in 93% of the cases, while 88% were receiving corticosteroids.
Our results regarding DM and treatment with systemic corticosteroids as predisposing
factors go in line with those of the study by Sharma et al.,[13] who found that 21 out of 23 patients (91.3%) were diabetic, and all of the 23 patients
(100%) had received systemic steroids.
In the present study, all patients (100%) had unilateral sinonasal disease affecting
the ethmoids and maxillary sinuses, intracranial affection in 10 patients (45.5%),
facial nerve palsy in 7 patients (31.8%), palatal affection in 6 patients (27.3%),
and this matches the results of the study by Sharma et al.,[13] who found that the ethmoids were the most common sinuses affected (100%), and palatal
affection was noticed in 39.1% of the sample. But intracranial extension, was only
observed in 8.69% of the patients.
Regarding the clinical presentations, our results nearly match those of the study
by El-Kholy et al.,[12] who stated that the most involved sinonasal sites were the lateral nasal wall (86.1%)
and ethmoid (72.2%); intracranial extension was only observed in 27.8% of the sample,
facial nerve palsy, in 19.4%, and palatal necrosis and ulceration, in 33.3% of the
patients.
Regarding the orbital symptoms, which were unilateral in all patients, proptosis was
the most frequent(15 patients; 68.2%). Ophthalmoplegia was found in 12 patients (54.5%).
Orbital involvement was observed in rates similar to those of previous studies; in
the study by Singh et al.,[16] the rate of orbital involvement was of 56.7%; El-Kholy et al.[12] found rates of ophthalmoplegia of 63.9%; and proptosis of 52.8%, and, in the study
by Sharma et al.,[13] intraorbital extension was seen in 43.47% of the cases cases. The relatively high
incidence of orbital and intracranial extension can be explained by the fact that
the patients presented late, and, in this entity, we can say that hours, not days,
play a big role in the outcome. Due to the late presentation, 4 patients (18.2%) in
our sample did not receive surgical treatment because they died within the first 24 hours
after ICU admission.
The best management for acute invasive fungal sinusitis is presumed to be aggressive
surgical debridement combined with medical treatment and control of the predisposing
factors.[18] Most of the patients, 20 out of 22 (90.9%), in the present study received liposomal
amphotericin B, and 18 out of 22 patients (81.8%) underwent surgery. Regarding the
outcome and mortality, 6 patients (27.3%) died. Our results are in line with a previous
study by Bala et al.,[18] which was conducted in a tertiary hospital in India before the Covid-19 pandemic:
the overall mortality rate in that study was of 23% of the 38 patients treated. Our
results were slightly better than those of Meis and Chakrabarti,[19] in whose study the overall mortality rate was of 45% of 53 patients. In the larges
meta-analysis conducted by Roden et al.,[20] the overall mortality rate was of 46%.
The mortality rate found in the present study matches that of the study by Singh et
al.[16] (30.6%), a systematic review and meta-analysis which included 101 cases of Covid-19-related
mucormycosis.
Limitation
Regarding mortality, six patients died out of 19 patients with non septated type according
to their histopatholoy slides (31.6%) in the present study. No one died between the
3 patients with septated type (0%), but we cannot depend on the statistical significance
due to small number of patients with septated type (only three cases 13.6%).
Conclusion
The incidence of acute invasive fungal sinusitis among Covid-19 patients is still
unknown, but there is a noticeable increase that coincides with the ongoing Covid-19
pandemic. The most common preexisting medical condition associated with Covid-19-related
acute invasive fungal sinusitis is DM, and systemic corticosteroid therapy is considered
a predisposing factor.
To achieve the best treatment results for this potentially-lethal disease, it is necessary
to raise the level of awareness and suspicion to diagnose it, especially in patients
with active Covid-19 infection or those who have recently recovered. Proper diagnosis
and rapid management are crucial to avoid complications, which usually involve the
orbit and intracranial extension.
