Microsurgical Anatomy of the Hypoglossal Nerve in the Lateral Approaches to the Craniovertebral Junction: A Study on Fresh Non-Formalin-Fixed Human Specimens

Abstract

The aim of this anatomical study is to describe the anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve (HN) from its origin to the extracranial portion as it appears by performing a combined posterolateral and anterolateral approach to the craniovertebral junction (CVJ). Twelve fresh, non-formalin-fixed adult cadaveric heads (24 sides) were analyzed for the simulation of the combined lateral approach to the CVJ. The HN is divided into three main parts: cisternal, intracanalicular, and extracranial The anatomical relationships between the HN and other nerves, muscles, arteries and veins were carefully recorded, and some measurements were made between the HN and related structures. Thus, various landmarks were determined for the easy identification of the HN. Understanding the detailed anatomy of the HN and its relationships with the surrounding structures is crucial to prevent some complications during CVJ surgery.

Keywords

hypoglossal canal - hypoglossal nerve - craniovertebral junction - foramen magnum - microsurgical anatomy

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Publication History

Received: 15 November 2020

Accepted: 23 April 2021

Article published online:
06 January 2022

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