Keywords
high perianal fistula - anal sphincteroplasty - fecal incontinence
Introduction
Perianal fistula is a common disorder, estimated to occur in 12.3 per 100,000 men
and 8.6 per 100,000 women.[1] The ideal management of perianal fistulae is based on control sepsis, closure of
the fistula, and maintenance of continence.
The best treatment option for high fistula has not been identified yet. However, technical
procedures in the treatment of anal fistulae include placement of a seton, fibrin
glues, platelet-rich plasma, plugs, and an endorectal flap are used.[2]
[3]
In 1985, Parkash et al.[4] published their results on primary closure and reconstruction after fistulotomy,
an approach intended mainly to reduce the healing time and to prevent postoperative
anal deformity. Since then, fistulotomy with primary sphincteroplasty has been adopted
also for complex anal fistulas, to obtain low recurrence rates without compromising
continence as the lay-open technique does. Recently, the interest in fistulotomy with
primary sphincteroplasty has been increasing gradually.[5]
Perianal fistula is termed complex when the track crosses more than 30 to 50% of the
external anal sphincter (high-transsphincteric, suprasphincteric, and extrasphincteric),
when it is anterior in a female, recurrent, has multiple tracks, is caused by local
irradiation or the patient has preexisting incontinence, or Crohn disease.[6]
The present study aimed to assess the outcomes of fistulotomy with immediate sphincteric
reconstruction as regard fistula recurrence, incontinence, and patient satisfaction.
Patients and Methods
A case series study was conducted on 24 patients with high transsphincteric perianal
fistula. This study was performed at the GIT surgical unit of the General Surgery
Department at Zagazig University Hospital in the period from July 2018 to December
2019.
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the study was approved
by the ethical committee of the Faculty of Medicine at Zagazig University.
The inclusion criteria were: 1) All patients with a diagnosis of high transsphincteric
perianal fistula; 2) Gender: both male and female; 3) Ages from 16 to 70.
The exclusion criteria were 1) Patient refusal; 2) Patients with low perianal fistula;
3) Preoperative continence impairment; 4) Patients with perianal fistula secondary
to Crohn disease; 5) Patients with age > 70 or < 16; 6) Patients with active perianal
infection.
Preoperative investigation of all patients included complete blood count (CBC), prothrombin
time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), international normalized ratio (INR),
liver and kidney functions, hepatitis B, C viral markers, and random blood sugar.
Besides, magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) was done for 8 patients (7 patients with
recurrent fistula, and 1 female patient with anterior perianal fistula). Magnetic
resonance imaging was not done if the anatomy of the perianal fistual (internal opening,
external opening and the track) could be identified by clinical examination.
All patients received preoperative oral metronidazole 500 mg, 3 times per day, 5 days
before the operation. patients were instructed to eat low residual diet a day before
surgery and to shave and do an enema on the morning of the day of surgery.
Surgical procedure: The procedure was performed under spinal or general anesthesia,
with the patient in lithotomy position. Complete digital rectal examination was conducted
to identify the external opening and the fistulous tract. The identification of the
internal opening was performed by irrigating the fistulous tact with diluted methylene
blue through the external opening and observing the dye come out of the internal opening,
while a proctoscope was inserted through the anus. After probing of the fistulous
tract, the fistula tract was laid open over the probe placed in the tract. The anal
sphincter over the fistulous tract was cut. After the fistula tract had been laid
open, the tract was curetted and examined for secondary extensions. Any granulation
tissue at the floor of the fistula was removed by curettage with copious irrigation
with hydrogen peroxide and saline.
Immediate sphincteric reconstruction: the anal sphincter was sutured from the floor
of the fistula to the submucosa of the anal canal including the internal and external
sphincters by transverse mattress stitches using polydioxanone suture (PDS) 3/0. The
repair was constructed so as not to leave a dead space in the depth of the wound.
The skin and subcutaneous tissue, as well as the anoderm, were kept open to allow
drainage.
Follow Up
All patients were followed up for a total duration of 6 months during the postoperative
period at the outpatient clinic. Patients were followed up at weekly intervals for
the initial 6 weeks and at 2-week intervals for another 6 weeks and, then, monthly
for 3 months. During each follow-up visit, patients were assessed for postoperative
pain, wound infection, recurrence, and anal incontinence.
Statistical Analysis
All patients' data were collected, checked, and analyzed by using the IBM SPSS Statistics
for Windows, Version 19.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Data were expressed as mean ± standard
deviation (SD) and frequency with (%) according to the type of variable.
Results
A case series study was conducted on 24 patients with high transsphicteric perianal
fistula. All patients underwent fistulotomy and immediate sphincteric reconstruction,
The age of our patients ranged from 18 to 65 years, with a mean age of 42.16 ± 13.2
years. Eighteen (75%) patients were male and 6 (25%) were female ([Table 1]).
Table 1
Age and gender distribution among the studied patients
|
Age
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
42.16 ± 13.2
|
|
Median (range)
|
42.0 (18–65)
|
|
N
|
%
|
|
Sex
|
Male
|
18
|
75.0
|
|
Female
|
6
|
25.0
|
|
Total
|
24
|
100.0
|
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
Fourteen patients (58.3%) had a history of perianal abscess. Seven patients (29.2%)
gave a history of a recurrent anal fistula or recurrent abscess. Five patients (20%)
had diabetes mellitus, 4 (16.6%) were hypertensive, and 8 (33.3%) were smokers ([Table 2]).
Table 2
Associated comorbidities among the patients in the study
|
History
|
N (%)
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
5 (20.8%)
|
|
Hypertension
|
4 (16.6%)
|
|
Smoking
|
8 (33.3%)
|
|
History of perianal abscess
|
14 (58.3%)
|
|
History of ano-rectal surgery (recurrent abscess or recurrent fistula)
|
7 (29.2%)
|
The operative time was 34.66 ± 9.93, with minimum and maximum duration of 26 minutes
and 60 minutes, respectively ([Table 3]).
Table 3
Operative time distribution in minutes among the studied patients
|
Operative time
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Minimum
|
Maximum
|
|
34.67
|
9.93
|
26
|
60
|
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
Regarding wound healing, 29.1% had complete wound healing in 3 weeks, 6 patients (25%)
had complete healing in the 4th week, 3 (12.5%) had complete wound healing in the 5th week, 2 (8.3%) had complete wound healing in the 6th week, and another 2 (8.3%) had delayed wound healing, taking longer than 6 weeks.
Four patients (16.6%) hadfailure of complete wound healing for 6 months, which was
considered persistent anal fistula ([Table 4]).
Table 4
Time until complete wound healing
|
Items
|
N = 24
|
|
Complete wound healing week1
|
0
|
|
Complete wound healing week2
|
0
|
|
Complete wound healing week3
|
7 (29.1%)
|
|
Complete wound healing week4
|
6 (25%)
|
|
Complete wound healing week5
|
3 (12.5%)
|
|
Complete wound healing week6
|
2 (8.3%)
|
|
Complete wound healing ˃ 6 weeks
|
2 (8.3%)
|
|
wound unhealing
|
4 (16.6%)
|
The major complication was infection (4/2;4 16.7%) followed by dehiscence and incontinence
to flatus (8.3%; 2 cases each), and incontinence to loose stool in just 1 case (4.2%).
There were no cases of incontinence to hard stool reported. The overall number of
complicated cases was 8/24 (33.3%) ([Table 5]).
Table 5
Shows complication distribution among studied patients
|
Nr.
|
Percentage
|
|
Infection
|
4
|
16.7
|
|
Dehiscence
|
2
|
8.3
|
|
Incontinence to flatus
|
2
|
8.3
|
|
Incontinence to loose stool
|
1
|
4.2
|
|
Incontinence to hard stool
|
0
|
0
|
|
Recurrence
|
4
|
16.7
|
Discussion
Perianal fistula is a benign anorectal condition, but it is considered a major problem
for surgeons to cure. Fistula-in-ano usually results from an anorectal abscess that
bursts spontaneously or after inadequate drainage. Acute infection of the anal crypt
leads to an anorectal abscess, and fistula-in-ano represents the chronic form of this
infection.[7]
In the present study, the history of perianal abscess was 14/24 patients (58.3%).
In the study of Ratto et al., in 2013,[1] the history of perianal abscess in 72 patients with perianal fistula was 8 (12%),
while Litta et al., in 2019, reported a history of perianal abscess drainage in 56/203
(28%).[2]
Our study showed that 7 patients (29.2%) had history of previous anorectal surgery
(recurrent fistula or recurrent abscess drainage). In a study by Perez et al.,[8] they reported 6 /16 patients (∼ 37.5%).
In the present study, two patients had branching tract. The first was recurrent fistula,
which was diagnosed preoperatively by MRI, and the second case was diagnosed intraoperatively.
The patient with recurrent complex fistula (recurrent fistula with multiple tracks)
had developed recurrent fistula, but the other did not.
The incidence of postoperative wound infection in the current study was 4/24 (16.6%).
It was manifested by perianal pain, purulent discharge, and constitutional manifestations.
It was managed by a broad-spectrum antibiotic (oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg, twice daily)
and oral metronidazole 500 mg 3 times daily. Then, the proper antibiotic was chosen
according to culture and sensitivity as well as clinical response. In two of these
patients, the infection subsided with complete healing; however, the other two patients
developed wound dehiscence. Riog et al., in 2010,[5] found that only 1 patient from 31 cases developed wound infection. The risk of wound
infection in our study was relatively higher, and this may be due to associated comorbidity,
such as diabetes mellitus; 5 patients were diabetic in this study, 2 of whom developed
postoperative wound infection.
Our study showed that 2 patients developed incontinence to flatus ∼ 8.3%, and only
1 patient developed incontinence to loose stool (4.2%). None of our patients developed
incontinence to hard stool. These results were nearly similar to those in most of
the published papers, such as the one by Litta et al., who, in 2019,[2] reported an overall postoperative continence impairment of ∼ 13%, with 10% being
incontinence to flatus, for 6% being incontinence to loose stool, and 2% incontinence
to hard stool. Kraemer and Picke, in 2011,[9] published that the overall postoperative success rate was 97.4%, and only 2.6% of
their patients showed variable degrees of fecal incontinence.
In the present study, 4 (16.7%) patients had a recurrent fistula. Kraemer and Picke,
in 2011,[9] reported that 7/38 patients (∼ 18.4% ) had recurrent fistula , and Perez et al.,
in 2006,[8] showed that 9/30 patients (∼ 32.1%) had recurrent fistula.
In the current study, patients who had previous anal surgery (recurrent fistula or
recurrent perianal abscess) were at risk to develop postoperative complications. They
had an elevated incidence of complications, as 3 patients developed postoperative
infection and 3 patients developed recurrence, 1 of whom developed incontinence to
loose stool. Finally, the overall complications in this group were 6/8 patients (∼
75%).
The first study published on this technique was by Parkash et al., in 1985.[4] One hundred and twenty patients were involved in this study, and the overall success
rate was 97.5%, with an incidence of impaired fecal continence of 3.7%. Lux and Athanasiadis,
in 1991,[10] conducted a study on 46 patients, whose success rate was 100% and the incidence
of impaired fecal continence was 21.7%. Then, Roig et al., in 1999,[11] reported a success rate of 90.3% and variable degrees of fecal incontinence in 20%
of the patients. Perez et al., in 2006,[8] had a success rate of 92.9%, and an incidence of impaired fecal continence of 17.4%.
Roig et al., in 2010,[5] published a success rate of 89% and overall fecal incontinence of 18.3%. Kraemer
and Picke, in 2011,[9] in a study conducted on 38 patients, found a success rate of 97.3%, and fecal incontinence
occurred in 9.4% of the patients. Ratto et al., in 2013,[1] reported a success rate of 95.7%, and overall fecal incontinence occurred in 11.6%.
Litta et al., in 2019,[2] conducted a study on 203 patients with a success rate of 95%, and overall fecal
incontinence of 13%.
Comparing fistulotomy and immediate sphincteric reconstruction to other techniques
in the treatment of high perianal fistula according to recurrence rate and continence
impairment and healing rate, Mushaya et al., in 2012,[12] reported that the success rates for fistula healing in ligation of fistula tract
(LIFT) ranged from 82.2 to 94.4%, and the recurrence rate was 8%, while success rate
in anorectal advancement flap was 86%, with a recurrence rate of 7%.
Ommer et al., in 2011,[13] reported in a systematic review that cutting setons were identified in 35 observational
studies, most of them retrospectively, and healing rates were reported between 80
and 100%, while impaired continence rates were between 0 and 60%.
The guidelines in the treatment of cryptoglandular anal fistula in the German Society
for General and Visceral Surgery, in 2011, demonstrated that fistulotomy or fistulectomy
with the primary reconstruction of the anal sphincter is an established technique
with healing rates between 60 and 80%, (recommendation grade: A; consensus strength:
strong consensus, as more than 95% of participants agree).[13]
Conclusion
Fistulotomy with immediate sphincteric reconstruction is a good alternative surgical
option for complex perianal fistulas, but more comparative studies with other techniques
are needed.
Recommendations
-
1 - We recommend using this surgical technique (fistulotomy and immediate sphincteric
reconstruction) in the treatment of high perianal fistula.
-
2 - We recommend other studies involving larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups
to assess postoperative complications, especially continence impairment and recurrence
in long-term follow-up.
