Airway assessment is occasionally difficult and challenging in neurosurgical situations,
such as in unconscious and uncooperative patients, patients with a spinal fracture
on traction, and patients with stereotactic frames in situ. An incomplete assessment
may bring a surprise during laryngoscopy and intubation. Here, we present a case of
posterior fossa space-occupying lesion (SOL) with hoarseness of voice where intubation
of trachea became extremely challenging.
We report a case of 56 years old male with no known comorbidities who presented with
chief complaints of swaying to the left side during walking for the past 3 months
and headache for 1 month. His medical history was otherwise unremarkable. He was conscious
but disoriented to time, place, and person and moved all limbs equally on examination.
Gag and cough reflexes were weak, while other cranial nerve functions were intact.
The patient had bradycardia (heart rate—56/min) and hypertension (blood pressure—170/100
mm Hg). Preoperative investigations including electrocardiography, chest radiograph,
hemogram, random blood sugar (132 mg/dL), serum electrolytes (sodium—142 mmol/L, potassium—3.8
mmol/L), and renal functions (urea—28 mg/dL, creatinine—0.9 mg/dL) were within normal
range.
Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was suggestive of large, relatively well-defined
heterogeneously enhancing, hemorrhagic intra-axial SOL in left cerebellum and vermis
extending to the right side with mild surrounding perifocal edema, mass effect, and
obstructive hydrocephalus ([Fig. 1A]). The provisional differential diagnosis included metastasis, hemangioblastoma,
and glioblastoma.
Fig. 1 (A) Axial section of post-contrast, T1-weighted, magnetic resonance imaging of brain
showing heterogeneously enhancing space occupying lesion in the posterior fossa with
mild perilesional edema and complete obliteration of the fourth ventricle. (B) Endoscopic view of vocal cords showing proliferative growth on left vocal cord involving
the anterior commissure and causing narrowing the glottic opening.
The patient was posted for excision of the tumor. On preanesthetic examination, hoarseness
of voice was noticed that was presumed to be due to the involvement of lower cranial
nerves. As the patient was disoriented so, no further evaluation was done for hoarseness
of voice. In the operation theater, standard anesthesia monitors were attached, and
vitals were stable. Anesthesia was induced using morphine 7.5 mg and titrated doses
of propofol (80 mg). Inj vecuronium (7mg) was given to facilitate the intubation of
trachea. On direct laryngoscopy, an ulceroproliferative growth was observed on the
left vocal cord with restricted mobility. An urgent consultation from an otolaryngorhinologist
was sought, and a sample for biopsy was taken from the vocal cord growth ([Fig. 1B]). Tracheal intubation was done using a smaller size endotracheal tube (6.5 mm) as
presence of the growth precluded negotiation of a larger sized tube. The histopathological
examination of the brain tumor sample revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma. The vocal
cord lesion was found to be moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Tracheal
extubation was done on postoperative day 1, and the patient was discharged home on
day 7 after complete evaluation for localizing the primary tumor.
After all investigations, we found that the patient had two different malignancies:
adenocarcinoma metastasizing to the brain and squamous cell carcinoma at the vocal
cord.
Brain metastases are more frequently encountered than primary brain tumors, occurring
in ~20 to 40% of advanced-stage cancers. Lung, breast, melanoma (skin cancer), colon,
and kidney cancers commonly spread to the brain.[1]
[2] Hoarseness of voice is a usual patient complaint having a wide range of differential
diagnosis, some benign and others quite advanced with significant morbidity.[3] Broadly, the causes of hoarseness may be classified into neurological or non-neurological.
Non-neurological causes include acute and chronic laryngitis, misuse or overuse of
the voice, gastroesophageal reflux, vocal nodules, polyps and cysts, vocal fold hemorrhage,
vocal fold paralysis, physiological aging, or psychogenic factors.[3]
[4]
Neurological causes of hoarseness include vocal cord paralysis, multiple sclerosis,
myasthenia gravis, Parkinson’s disease, spasmodic dysphonia, essential tremor, muscle
tension dysphonia, and vagus nerve injuries.[3]
[4]
[5] Lesions of the vagus nerve may present with hoarseness alone due to paralysis of
the vocal fold.[5] Most of these etiologies of hoarseness of voice can be picked up using indirect
laryngoscopy (IDL) and flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, which are noninvasive and
handy tools.
Preanesthetic checkup of the patient in the preoperative period remains the cornerstone
of safe anesthesia practice.[6] Vocal cord malignancies usually do not metastasize to the brain. In this case, hoarseness
of voice was due to vocal cord malignancy. However, it was overlooked as we presumed
it to be due to lower cranial nerves involvement secondary to posterior fossa SOL.
Hence, we would like to emphasize that symptoms like mild hoarseness of voice should
not be overlooked in the preoperative period and should be thoroughly evaluated using
IDL or flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. As we do not have time for further evaluation
in emergency scenarios, we must consider these patients as having difficult intubation
and should be prepared accordingly. Another unique point about this case was the existence
of two histopathologically distinct tumors at a different anatomical location in the
same patient.
