Keywords Oral cancer - awareness - knowledge - tribal population - Narikuravar tribe
Sivaramakrishnan Muthanandam
Introduction
Oral cancer indices and mortality show major differences worldwide, but the highest
rates of incidence and prevalence are noted in India and neighboring countries, where
it ranks among the top three types of cancer.[1 ] The real challenge in the control of oral cancer lies in early diagnosis and prevention.
Widening inequities in oral health status and treatment needs exist among different
social groupings.[2 ] Some ethnic groups live in isolation, even today, either geographically or socially
with their traditional values and beliefs. They are commonly referred to as tribal
population and considered to be the autochthonous people of the land. The Narikuravar
tribal community is indigenous to Tamil Nadu state. They face common but consequential
issues like poverty, illiteracy, communication problems, poor health care, and social
discrimination.[3 ]
An earlier study on oral health status and awareness about the oral hygiene measures
of Narikuravar tribal population found that their oral health knowledge and status
was very poor and needed greater attention of the dentists.[4 ] This population also does not avail of oral health services as needed and tend to
follow the traditional indigenous way of cure. One study reported that Narikuravar
women had low rates of allopathic health care utilization, as they face stigma and
discrimination while accessing health care.[5 ]
There was also wide long-term use of smokeless tobacco among both the genders. Considering
this, the prevalence of cancerous or, at the least, precancerous lesions are expected
to be high is this group. To our knowledge, only a few studies have assessed the oral
health status of Narikuravar population in Tamil Nadu. In addition, there was poor
knowledge and lack of awareness about oral health among the Narikuravar population
in Tamil Nadu.[4 ]
[6 ] However, these studies focused on oral hygiene and periodontal status and not the
prevalence of oral cancer or knowledge of it. Thus, no studies are available on the
prevalence of cancerous and precancerous lesions in the Narikuravar population. In
lieu of the above, we proposed a study to explore a model for oral cancer screening
and prevention among Narikuravar population in Pondicherry, and this research was
supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). This paper presents a
part of the findings from the first phase of the research project. This paper aims
to assess the knowledge, awareness, and attitude of this population toward oral precancer
and cancer.
Materials and Methods
This questionnaire survey is a part of a larger research project, Model for Oral Cancer
Eradication, conducted among the Narikuravar population in Pondicherry. Prior permission
from the local governing authority was also obtained for implementation of the research
project. This research was approved by the institutional ethical committee. The Narikuravar
population residing in the Narikuravar colony at Lawspet, Pondicherry, was considered
for this study. This is the largest Narikuravar settlement in Pondicherry state.
A total of 153 participants in the settlement were recruited for the survey. Both
male and female participants of age ranging between 15 to 70 years were selected randomly.
Demographic details of the population is described in [Table 1 ]. A prevalidated questionnaire was used for the survey. The questionnaire comprised
items with a dichotomous response. The first question was: Do you know about oral
cancer? Those who answered yes were taken through the rest of the survey. After completion
of this survey in the initial phase, an awareness program regarding oral precancer
and cancer was conducted for the population at their settlement. Informed consent
was obtained from the participants of the study subjects after explaining to them
about the aim of the study and methods employed. The entire survey was conducted by
two trained dental specialists and a research assistant trained for the aforementioned
project.
Table 1
Demographic detail of the population
Gender
Male
154
46.8
Female
175
53.2
Age
18–30
97
29.4
31–60
129
39.2
61 and above
103
31.4
Educational status
Uneducated
300
91
Completed primary school
24
8.3
Completed middle school
2
0.6
Completed high school
0
0
Basic degree
3
0.1
The willingness to participate was very less, and they had to be explained in detail
about the importance and usefulness of the project. It took a lot of time to convince
the people. In the initial phase, inauguration of the project was conducted and information
regarding the project was provided; also doubts of the people were cleared by the
principal investigator (S.M.).
Although their native language is Vargiboli, as they have long settled in Tamil Nadu,
most of them are well versed in Tamil (the language of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry).[7 ] Hence, the survey was conducted in Tamil and their response was marked by the investigators.
Only a few old people had difficulty in understanding the language, and we had a translator
to facilitate the survey.
Results
Out of the 153 people included in the survey, 84 were men and 69 were women. Out of
this, only 72 (47%) answered positively for the first question. It indicated that
only 47% of participants are aware of oral cancer. These participants were taken through
the rest of the survey. With regard to the question on cause oral cancer or precancer,
49 (32%) participants answered that smoking causes cancer, 45 (29.4%) participants
attributed it to chewing tobacco, and only 21 (13.7%) participants reported that consumption
of alcohol causes oral cancer. For the question what they thought might be oral cancer,
32 (20.9%) participants answered that it is the growth of tissue, 23 (15%) participants
thought that ulcer might be cancer, and only one participant opined that red color
change in the mouth is oral cancer. No one reported that white color change, or reduced
mouth opening could be a sign of oral cancer or precancer. Only 15 (9.8%) participants
agreed that oral cancer could kill. Only 12 (7.8%) participants thought that oral
cancer is preventable and 45 (29.4%) participants, who were aware of oral cancer,
possessed no knowledge on prevention. Further probing was carried out to determine
whether they knew oral cancer treatment is possible if detected early. Only 22 (14.4%)
answered positively with regard to treatment, and the remaining participants did not
even know that oral cancer is treatable if it is detected early. Of the total participants,
27 (17.6%) participants thought medicines would cure oral cancer, 12 (7.8%) participants
thought surgery is needed, and 4 (2.6%) participants thought both are necessary as
a treatment modality for oral cancer. Further, the participants were asked whether
they liked to know more about oral cancer, and all participants expressed that they
are willing ([Table 2 ]).
Table 2
Frequency distribution of the responses for the items in the questionnaire
Yes
No
Do you know about oral cancer/precancer?
72 (47.05 %)
81 (52.9 %)
Which of the following do you think causes oral cancer/precancer?
Smoking
49 (68.05%)
23 (31.9%)
Chewing tobacco
45 (62.5 %)
27 (37.5%)
Alcohol
21 (29.15%)
51 (70.83%)
Which of the following do you think is oral cancer/precancer?
Yes
No
Don’t know
Growth of tissue
32 (44.44%)
34 (47.22%)
12 (16.67 %)
Ulcer
23 (31.94 %)
7 (9.72 %)
42 (58.33 %)
Red color change
1 (1.39 %)
71 (98.61 %)
0 (0 %)
White color change
0 (0 %)
72 (100 %)
0 (0 %)
Reduced mouth opening
0 (0 %)
72 (100 %)
0 (0 %)
What do you think about the following statements?
Oral cancer can kill
15 (20.84 %)
19 (26.39 %)
38 (52.78 %)
Oral cancer prevention is possible
12 (16.67 %)
45 (62.5 %)
15 (20.84 %)
Oral cancer treatment is possible if detected early
22 (30.56 %)
12 (16.67 %)
38 (52.78 %)
Which of the following do you think are the treatment for oral cancer?
Medicines
27 (37.5 %)
4 (5.56 %)
41 (56.94 %)
Surgery
12 (16.67 %)
14 (19.45%)
46 (63.89 %)
Both
4 (5.56 %)
5 (6.94 %)
63 (87.5 %)
Do you like to know more about oral cancer?
153 (100 %)
0 (0 %)
Discussion
In India, 104 million tribal people reside, constituting 8.6% of the total Indian
population. It is estimated that about 30,000 Narikuravars live in Tamil Nadu, and
some live in the neighboring Pondicherry state. The main occupation of the tribe involves
hunting small animals for living. However, a ban is imposed on the same by the government.
Hence, they have taken to other occupations such as selling beads, toys, etc. in markets,
bus stands, fairs, etc., and leading a nomadic lifestyle where their children never
get the opportunity to be educated.[8 ] But the population selected for this study lives in a settlement allotted to them
by the government of Pondicherry. Although they tend to stay away from home for few
days by engaging themselves in selling things, they eventually come back to the settlement.
The major issues pressing this society are illiteracy, poverty, and social discrimination.
Most of them live in extreme exteriors of civilization and very difficult to locate.[9 ] The population in our study also lives in a settlement that is located 15 kilometers
outside the city limits. Poor socioeconomic status, geographical isolation, and their
discernment prevent the people from availing health care services. This led them to
depend on indigenous self-health care practices. Most of them do not avail allopathic
services to address chronic or nonserious illnesses.[10 ] It was also found that they lack sufficient knowledge of the medical system, access
to facilities and medical staff and appropriate health insurance scheme that would
alleviate the financial burden of health care.[8 ] But another study on women of this tribe revealed that women preferred allopathic
care to traditional practices for pregnancy and related issues.[11 ]
Studies assessing their oral health, awareness, and practices are very less.[4 ]
[6 ] Selvakumar assessed the oral health status of the Narikuravar tribe in Tirunelveli
district of Tamil Nadu.[4 ] He observed poor knowledge and lack of awareness about oral health among these people.
Dhivya et al evaluated the accessibility and barriers to oral health and the oral
health status of the Narikuravar population in Chennai. They found an increased prevalence
of dental caries and periodontal problem in the population, and the population tended
to markedly neglect oral health.[6 ]
Another important issue is that about 60% of the population used tobacco products.[6 ] Prabhu et al reported that 57% of the study population use either smoking or smokeless
tobacco. Consuming packaged tobacco prepared by using tobacco leaves, areca nut, and
slaked lime was the most prevalent practice in the study area. The study also revealed
their willingness to quit the habit which was not successful without professional
assistance.[12 ] Considering these facts, prevalence of oral cancerous and precancerous lesions are
expected to be high in this population. The literature revealed no data regarding
the knowledge, attitude, and prevalence of oral precancer and cancer among this population.
In lieu of the abovementioned facts, in that the population is discriminated against
when it comes to availing of regular health services, neglects oral health, and consumes
tobacco at a high rate, a project to design a model to screen and prevent oral cancer
was initiated with the support of the ICMR. The current survey is the baseline on
people’s knowledge, awareness, and attitude toward oral precancer and cancer. The
present study reveals that only 47% knew what is oral precancer and cancer. The rest
of the population is unaware of oral cancer. This shows that the population is highly
unaware of the disease. This is in accordance with results revealed by Selvakumar
and Dhivya et al, in which they concluded that the Narikuravar population lacked knowledge
about oral health.[4 ]
[6 ] Out of the population who was aware of oral cancer, 62% knew that chewing tobacco
causes oral cancer, but still most of them were chewing tobacco. Only 44% thought
that the growth of tissue in the mouth could be a sign of oral cancer, and 31% thought
that an ulcer might be a sign of oral cancer. Almost 100% did not think that the presence
of a red lesion, white lesion, or limitation of mouth opening could be a sign of cancer
or precancer. In a study done by Prabhu et al, 86.2% knew about the oral hazards of
tobacco, but only 16.9% were particularly aware that chewing tobacco products could
cause oral cancer.[12 ]
A small proportion of participants were aware that oral cancer can kill, and oral
cancer prevention is possible. Thus, majority of the participants possessed poor knowledge
on oral cancer, its signs, causes, treatment and prevention. The National Programme
for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke
(NPCDCS) identified the gaps in the knowledge of the people, and awareness generation
and promotion of healthy lifestyle is one of the program’s strategies.[13 ] Awareness generation about warning signs of cancer is one of the health promotion
activities of the NPCDCS. Studies of this kind are very useful in identifying high-risk
populations who possess poor awareness of cancers.
Conclusion
From the findings of this study, it is clear that awareness about oral cancer and
precancer is inadequate among the Narikuravar tribal population of Pondicherry. Majority
of the participants are not aware of the risks, signs or treatment options of oral
precancer and cancer. Given their habits and their poor knowledge about oral cancer
and precancer, a targeted and community-based approach is very essential to change
the knowledge, attitude, and behaviour of these people. The study has implications
with reference to NPCDCS.
