CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · European Dental Research and Biomaterials Journal 2021; 2(01): 6-11
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727089
Original Article

Do Orthodontists and Orthodontic Residents Perceive that Work-Life Balance and Work-Family Conflicts Affect Their Organizational Commitment?

1   Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
,
Tope Emmanuel Adeyemi
2   Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Bayero University/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
› Author Affiliations
Funding None.
 

Abstract

Objectives Two of lives’ most important domains may be in conflict with each other. This study investigated the association between perceived work-life balance (WLB), work interference with family (WIF), family interference with work (FIW), and organizational commitment (OC) of Nigerian orthodontists and orthodontic residents.

Materials and Methods Consultant orthodontists (n = 37) as well as orthodontics residents (n = 33) responded to an electronic questionnaire.

Statistical Analysis Multivariate analysis of variance assessed significant differences among demographic and career features on WLB, WIF, and FIW. Spearman’s correlation coefficient and then multiple regression analysis examined relationships among perception of WLB, WIF, FIW, and OC.

Results Perceived WLB and WIF had statistically significant negative correlation with OC among Nigerian orthodontic practitioners. However, the study finds a positive, but not statistically significant correlation of perception of FIW and OC.

Conclusion Perceived WLB and WIF are significant contributors to levels of OC among Nigerian orthodontists and orthodontic residents. Multiple regression analysis identified a model that includes perceived WLB, WIF, and FIW that accounts for 16.7% of the variation in OC.


#

Introduction

Although several studies have reported high job satisfaction among orthodontists,[1] [2] [3] career satisfaction, and balance of work and other facets of life may be negatively impacted by various constraining influences.

The desire to continue the membership of an organization indicate organizational commitment (OC). Commitment to work in an organization has been described as either affective, continuance, or normative. Affective commitment was described as when a worker is emotionally attached to an organization. When a worker stays with an organization based on a perceived price of leaving, it was described as continuance commitment while the moral commitment of a worker to stay with an organization was called normative commitment.[4]

Work-life balance suggests the presence of satisfaction and functionality at work and at home with minimum conflicts between both roles.[5] A conflict between work and domestic spheres can arise.[6] This may either show as WIF, with difficulty to function in a family domain role because of time devoted to a work role,[7] or present as FIW, with interference between household tasks and work domain.[8]

In determining relationships between WLB and OC, it had been shown that commitment to work depends on the capacity to balance work and domestic activities, job satisfaction, and satisfaction with conditions of service.[9]

Although work-family conflicts were reportedly related to gender; however, with increased skill, gender notwithstanding, work-family conflicts declined. This was attributed to accommodations made by work-oriented people to reduce conflicts with career duties while family-oriented workers make accommodations to reduce conflicts with family responsibilities.[10]

Despite orthodontics’ relative longevity as a dental specialty, research into orthodontic specialists’ and trainees’ individual, work, and practice characteristics has been scarce, making this aspect of the orthodontic career largely subjective in evidence. This dearth of methodical data can create barriers to detecting and understanding contributing factors to orthodontist’s individual and professional achievement. Such data could be useful in the selection of new associates as well as assist in the retention of current practitioners.

This study investigated how perceived WLB, WIF, FIW, and OC of Nigerian orthodontists and orthodontic residents interrelate.


#

Materials and Methods

Ethical Consideration

Institutional review board approval was obtained. A consent letter was e-mailed to each study participant.


#

Participants

The target population for this study was orthodontic residents in training and orthodontists working in Nigeria. A current list of all orthodontists and orthodontic residents in Nigeria was obtained from the Nigerian Association of Orthodontists (NAO) database. Individual residency programs were contacted to verify the list of all orthodontic residents.


#

Sampling Method

This was a prospective and questionnaire-based study. A purposive sampling technique was used.


#

Data Collection

An electronic questionnaire was distributed by using Google Forms to Nigeria-based members of NAO, with three follow-up reminders sent at 7-day intervals. Those working outside Nigeria, retired orthodontists and nonspecialists were excluded. There were approximately 97 orthodontists and orthodontic residents practicing in Nigeria who met the criteria. The first posting resulted in 37 responses. The first additional emailing to nonrespondents added 18 questionnaires. The second additional posting returned six responses. The third and last reminder produced nine responses. A 72.2% response rate was attained. Nonresponse error was handled to guarantee external validity by comparing initial and late responders.[11]


#

Research Measures

The questionnaire was piloted with four orthodontists and four orthodontic residents prior to final distribution to verify validity and ease of completion. A final version was developed after modifications were made. Section one had demographic information such as gender, age, marital status, and professional status. Section two had a WLB scale[12] with statements related to WLB ([Table 2]). Higher mean scores of the WLB scale represent increased perception of achievement and belief of WLB.[12]

Table 1

Sociodemographics and career characteristics of respondents

Variable

n

%

Abbreviation: BDS, Bachelor of Dental Surgery.

Gender

Male

21

30

Female

49

70

Total

70

100

Age group (y)

21-30

13

18.6

31-40

19

27.1

41-50

23

32.9

51-60

11

15.7

61-70

4

5.7

Total

70

100

Marital status

Single

4

5.7

Married

64

91.4

Widow/widower

2

2.9

Total

70

100

Ethnicity

Yoruba

52

74.3

Igbo

11

15.7

Other

7

10

Total

70

100

Geographical location

North-West

3

4.3

North-Central

3

4.3

South-South

10

14.3

South-East

1

1.4

South-West

53

75.7

Total

70

100

Career status

Consultant/specialist

37

52.9

Senior registrar

20

28.6

Junior registrar

13

18.6

Total

70

100

Number of years post-BDS graduation

0-10

12

17.1

11-20

37

52.9

21-30

13

18.6

31-40

8

11.4

Total

70

100

Type of practice

Government

42

60

Private

8

11.4

Both

20

28.6

Total

70

100

Sections three and four included scales for the perception of WIF and of FIW respectively ([Table 2]), measured using eight statements.[8] High scores on each measure represents high perception of interference.

The degree of OC is measured by using a portion of commitment index in section five ([Table 2]).[13] It has 11 statements rated for respondent’s belief on OC.


#

Data Analysis

Statistical evaluation was done by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 22.0) software. Assessment of internal consistency using Cronbach’s α showed internal reliability of 0.67 for WLB scale, while WIF and FIW scales had internal reliability of 0.82 and 0.87, respectively. Comparison of early and late responders using t-tests showed no significant difference with the mean difference range of −0.80 to 0.68. Multivariate analysis of variance tested variances among demographic and career features for WLB, WIF, and FIW. Spearman’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis tested for relationships among perception of WLB, WIF, FIW, and OC. A level of 0.05 significance was set.


#
#

Results

The demographics and career features of study participants are presented in [Table 1].

Table 2

The mean and standard deviation (SD) for statements related to each scale

Work life balance scale

Mean

SD

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Allows time balance between work and family

5.66

1.58

Work demands not compromising family tasks

5.50

1.77

Allows fulfilling personal life and adequate work duties

6.34

0.70

Allows successful orthodontic career

5.77

1.58

Helps retention in the orthodontic profession

5.19

1.49

Mean

5.69

0.97

Work interference with family scale

Too tired after work to do things I love to do

5.54

1.35

Work load inhibits my personal interests

4.80

1.59

Family/friends disapprove preoccupation with work while at home

4.01

1.77

Work takes up time that I desire to spend with family/friends

4.80

1.65

Mean

4.79

1.28

Family interference with work scale

Frequently tired at work because of home responsibilities

2.69

1.39

Personal responsibilities take away from my work

2.59

1.62

Friends dislike my preoccupation with personal matters while at work

2.01

1.10

Personal matters uses time that I desire to spend on work

2.10

1.30

Mean

2.35

1.16

Organizational commitment scale

I may perhaps go into a different occupation

2.41

1.72

I foresee being in this profession for several years

6.07

1.18

My selected career is a good choice

2.11

1.53

I am indecisive about the choice of this profession

5.77

1.21

I would still practice this occupation despite not needing money

3.29

1.80

I am occasionally discontented with this profession

3.29

1.80

I do not plan to give up my profession since I love it

5.09

1.73

I was educated for another occupation

1.59

1.11

My profession is ideal for what I want to do in life

5.79

1.02

I wish I am in another profession

2.13

1.44

I am disenchanted with this occupation

1.57

0.96

Mean

3.56

0.49

The relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and perceptions of WLB, WIF, and FIW ([Table 3]) showed a statistically significant relations between gender and work-family conflicts, but revealed no significant relations between gender and WLB. Age was found to have statistically significant relationship with WLB and FIW. Marital status had a statistically significant relationship with WIF, while ethnicity revealed a statistically significant association with WLB and WIF. A statistically significant association between geographical location within the country and perception of WLB, WIF, and FIW was found (p < 0.05).

Table 3

The relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and perceptions of work life balance, work interference with family, and family interference with work

Variable

n

Mean

SD

F

p-Value

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

aSignificant at <0.05 levelbSignificant at <0.01 levelcSignificant at <0.001 level

Perception of work life balance

Gender

70

1.70

0.46

1.616

0.168

Age group

70

2.63

1.13

4.476

0.000c

Marital status

70

2.00

0.42

1.358

0.207

Ethnicity

70

1.46

0.93

2.285

0.017a

Geographical location

70

5.36

1.29

1.795

0.021a

Perception of work interference with family

Gender

70

1.70

0.46

7.657

0.000c

Age group

70

2.63

1.13

1.547

0.104

Marital status

70

2.00

0.42

4.806

0.000c

Ethnicity

70

1.46

0.93

2.675

0.011a

Geographical location

70

5.36

1.29

1.838

0.029a

Perception of family interference with work

Gender

70

1.70

0.46

2.740

0.040a

Age group

70

2.63

1.13

1.956

0.032a

Marital status

70

2.00

0.42

1.817

0.083

Ethnicity

70

1.46

0.93

0.708

0.684

Geographical location

70

5.36

1.29

2.371

0.003b

The relationship between career characteristics and perceptions of WLB, WIF, and FIW, presented in [Table 4], showed a statistically significant relationship between professional status; number of years since graduation as a dentist and type of orthodontic practice; and perception of WLB, WIF, and FIW (p < 0.05).

Table 4

The relationship between career characteristics and perceptions of work life balance, work interference with family, and family interference with work

Variable

n

Mean

SD

F

p-Value

Abbreviations: BDS, Bachelor of Dental Surgery; SD, standard deviation.

aSignificant at <0.05 levelbSignificant at <0.01 levelcSignificant at <0.001 level

Perception of work life balance

Career status

70

1.66

0.78

3.916

0.000c

Post-BDS graduation (years)

70

2.24

0.88

2.836

0.001b

Type of practice

70

1.69

0.89

4.135

0.000c

Perception of work interference with family

Career status

70

1.66

0.78

3.783

0.010a

Post-BDS graduation (years)

70

2.24

0.88

2.708

0.003b

Type of practice

70

1.69

0.89

2.681

0.011a

Perception of family interference with work

Career status

70

1.66

0.78

2.649

0.045a

Post-BDS graduation (years)

70

2.24

0.88

2.075

0.022a

Type of practice

70

1.69

0.89

2.611

0.013a

Perception of WLB and WIF correlated statistically significantly to OC, p < 0.05 ([Table 5]). Regression analysis ([Table 5]) showed that the perception of WLB, WIF, and FIW explains 16.7% of the variability of OC, F (3,66) = 4.407, p < 0.01, R2 = 0.167.

Table 5

Results of correlation between perception of work-life balance, perception of work interference with family, perception of family interference with work, and organizational commitment

Variable

1

2

3

4

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.

aSignificant at p<0.05 level

bSignificant at p<0.01 level

Correlation

1. Organizational Commitment

1

−0.324b

−0.247a

0.072

2. Perceived work life balance

1

0.068

−0.099

3. Perceived work interference with family

1

0.266a

4. Perceived family interference with work

1

Regression analysis

Model

β

SE

β

Significance

Perceived work life balance

−0.148

0.057

−0.295

0.011a

Perceived work interference with family

−0.097

0.044

−0.256

0.032a

Perceived family interference with work

0.047

0.049

0.111

0.347

R2 = 0.167, F (3,66) = 4.407, p < 0.01


#

Discussion

The findings in this study revealed statistically significant relationships between respondents’ demographic/career characteristics and their perception of WLB, WIF, and FIW ([Tables 3] and [4]). Gender showed a statistically significant relationship with WIF and FIW ([Table 3]). Previous studies found that women with household tasks and childcare responsibilities engaging in employments to maintain their skills and source of income contribute to work-family conflicts.[14] [15] It was also suggested that because men characteristically sacrifice time at home for work activities, while women sacrifice time at work for home obligations, WIF happened more than FIW among males.[16] [17] [18]

The present study found that marital status of orthodontists and orthodontic residents has a statistically significant relationship with perception of WIF ([Table 3]), in agreement with previous study which found that married workers gave more importance to families compared with work.[19]

In agreement with a study that reported age as an indicator of work-life conflict,[20] this present study found that age had a statistically significant relationship with WLB and FIW ([Table 3]). This may be related to lower workload enjoyed by older employees, which may lead to greater success with WLB and reduced conflict between work and home responsibilities.[21]

A statistically significant relationship between career characteristics and perceived WLB, WIF, and FIW ([Table 4]) was found in our study, in agreement with previous study which found that individuals in high-status occupation categories reported greater interference than those in low-status occupation categories.[22] It was suggested that higher demands placed on higher occupation status may require taking work home.

Our results found perceived WLB had a statistically significant and negative correlation with OC ([Table 5]), which is however weak with 32.4% correlation. The weak negative relationship between WLB and OC could imply that other influences, for instance, quality of life as orthodontists, the practice involved in orthodontics, level of patient interactions, relationships with other staff and colleagues, and the respect derived from being an orthodontist may influence orthodontists’ job commitment. The present study, however, differs from previous studies that observed a positive significant association between WLB and OC.[23] [24] [25] It was suggested that occupations with busy work calendar often face a struggle to maintain a good WLB, with direct impact on OC.

The link between WLB and OC was described by a theory,[26] which suggests that existing WLB policies encourage workers contribution in an organization in a way that the workers obliged to apply hard work in exchange for such rewards. Therefore, an individual whose personal life constrained by the working environment in an organization is more likely to leave the organization to work where it is possible to balance work and family activities.[27]

The results from the present study showed that perceived WIF had a statistically significant and negative relationship with OC. This study corroborates previous studies that reported WIF negatively correlates with affective commitment.[28] [29] [30] It however contradicts studies that reported WIF positively relates with continuance commitment in which the cost associated with leaving an organization influences commitment.[31]

The present study found a positive association between perception of FIW and OC, which was however not statistically significant. Although there have been reports suggesting negative relations between FIW and affective commitment; [29] others found no association.[31] [32]

Cinamon’s[33] hypothesis which stated that work impacts family life more negatively than family impacts work life was corroborated by the present study. A plausible explanation for this difference may be obtained from the boundary theory which proposed that the domains of WIF and FIW can be separated to create and maintain a mental boundary.[34] [35]

Implications

Results from this study shows the need for the health industry to review the working conditions of orthodontists and orthodontic residents and to plan better human resource policies that are more family friendly knowing that orthodontists and orthodontic residents may experience family-work conflicts that can lead to reduced OC. There is a need for family-friendly policies that allows more flexibility so that orthodontists are able to arrange time for their family, hence reducing the interference brought to work. Human resources department can also plan for onsite facilities such as childcare nurseries to help orthodontists play their family role.


#

Limitations

Limitations that characterized the present study design include the study’s inability to establish causal relationship. This is attributed to use of cross-sectional data which may show associations between studied variables, but cannot establish that such associations were causal. Therefore, prospective studies using in-depth interviews would allow future research to explore further and investigate the causal influences among the relationships found in this study.

The use of questionnaires to obtain data regarding self-perceptions from respondents assumes honesty and no bias from the respondents which creates a limitation on reliability of data.


#
#

Conclusion

This study found that perceived WLB and WIF significantly contributed to the level of OC among Nigerian orthodontists and orthodontic residents.

Regression analysis found a model with perception of WLB, WIF, and FIW that accounts for 16.7% of the variation in OC.


#
#

Conflict of Interest

None declared.

Note

Institutional review board approval was obtained from the ethical review board of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, with approval number NHREC/28/01/2020/AKTH/EC/2874.

  • References

  • 1 Roth SF, Heo G, Varnhagen C, Glover KE, Major PW. Job satisfaction among Canadian orthodontists. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 123 (06) 695-700
  • 2 Bateman LE, Collins JM, Cunningham SJ. A qualitative study of work-life balance amongst specialist orthodontists in the United Kingdom. J Orthod 2016; 43 (04) 288-299
  • 3 Alqahtani ND, Alshehry K, Alateeq S. et al An assessment of job satisfaction: a cross-sectional study among orthodontists of Saudi Arabia. J Orthod Sci 2018; 7 (01) 4
  • 4 Herscovitch L, Meyer JP. Commitment to organizational change: extension of a three-component model. J Appl Psychol 2002; 87 (03) 474-487
  • 5 Clark SC. Work/family border theory: a new theory of work/life balance. Hum Relat 2000; 53 (06) 747-770
  • 6 Carlson DS, Kacmar KM. Work-family conflict in the organization: do life role values make a difference?. J Manage 2000; 26 (05) 1031-1054
  • 7 Weckström S. Working mothers in Finland: a cross-country comparison of work to family interference, work characteristics and satisfaction with life. Finn Yearb Popul Res 2011; 46: 71-94
  • 8 Gutek BA, Searle S, Klepa L. Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. J Appl Psychol 1991; 76 (04) 560-568
  • 9 Beauregard TA, Henry LC. Making the link between work-life balance practices and organisational performance. Hum Resour Manage Rev 2009; 19 (01) 9-22
  • 10 Cinamon RG, Rich Y. Work-family conflict among female teachers. Teach Teach Educ 2005; 21 (04) 365-378
  • 11 Lindner JR, Murphy TH, Briers GE. Handling nonresponse in social science research. J Agric Educ 2001; 42 (04) 43-53
  • Chaney CA. Work-life variables influencing attrition among beginning agriscience teachers of Texas [doctoral dissertation]. Texas Tech University. Available at: https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/5950. Accessed 2007
  • 13 Blau GJ, Paul A, St JohnN. On developing a general index of work commitment. J Vocat Behav 1993; 42 (03) 298-314
  • 14 Porter S, Ayman R. Work flexibility as a mediator of the relationship between work-family conflict and intention to quit. J Manage Organ 2010; 16 (03) 411-424
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  • 18 Geurts SAE, Taris TW, Kompier MAJ. Dikkers JSE, van Hooff MLM, Kinnunen UM. Work-home interaction from a work psychological perspective: development and validation of a new questionnaire, the SWING. Work Stress 2005; 19 (04) 319-339
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Address for correspondence

Tolulase Abosede Yemitan, BDS, FWACS
Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine
Ikeja, Lagos 00176-0000
Nigeria   

Publication History

Article published online:
01 October 2021

© 2021. European Dental Research and Biomaterials Journal. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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  • References

  • 1 Roth SF, Heo G, Varnhagen C, Glover KE, Major PW. Job satisfaction among Canadian orthodontists. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 123 (06) 695-700
  • 2 Bateman LE, Collins JM, Cunningham SJ. A qualitative study of work-life balance amongst specialist orthodontists in the United Kingdom. J Orthod 2016; 43 (04) 288-299
  • 3 Alqahtani ND, Alshehry K, Alateeq S. et al An assessment of job satisfaction: a cross-sectional study among orthodontists of Saudi Arabia. J Orthod Sci 2018; 7 (01) 4
  • 4 Herscovitch L, Meyer JP. Commitment to organizational change: extension of a three-component model. J Appl Psychol 2002; 87 (03) 474-487
  • 5 Clark SC. Work/family border theory: a new theory of work/life balance. Hum Relat 2000; 53 (06) 747-770
  • 6 Carlson DS, Kacmar KM. Work-family conflict in the organization: do life role values make a difference?. J Manage 2000; 26 (05) 1031-1054
  • 7 Weckström S. Working mothers in Finland: a cross-country comparison of work to family interference, work characteristics and satisfaction with life. Finn Yearb Popul Res 2011; 46: 71-94
  • 8 Gutek BA, Searle S, Klepa L. Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. J Appl Psychol 1991; 76 (04) 560-568
  • 9 Beauregard TA, Henry LC. Making the link between work-life balance practices and organisational performance. Hum Resour Manage Rev 2009; 19 (01) 9-22
  • 10 Cinamon RG, Rich Y. Work-family conflict among female teachers. Teach Teach Educ 2005; 21 (04) 365-378
  • 11 Lindner JR, Murphy TH, Briers GE. Handling nonresponse in social science research. J Agric Educ 2001; 42 (04) 43-53
  • Chaney CA. Work-life variables influencing attrition among beginning agriscience teachers of Texas [doctoral dissertation]. Texas Tech University. Available at: https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/5950. Accessed 2007
  • 13 Blau GJ, Paul A, St JohnN. On developing a general index of work commitment. J Vocat Behav 1993; 42 (03) 298-314
  • 14 Porter S, Ayman R. Work flexibility as a mediator of the relationship between work-family conflict and intention to quit. J Manage Organ 2010; 16 (03) 411-424
  • 15 Warren T. Working part-time: achieving a successful ‘work-life’ balance?. Br J Sociol 2004; 55 (01) 99-122
  • 16 Jennings J, McDougald M. Work-family interface experiences and coping strategies: implications for entrepreneurship research and practice. Acad Manage Rev 2007; 32 (03) 747-760
  • 17 Eby LT, Casper WJ, Lockwood A, Bordeaux C, Brinley A. Work and family research in IO/OB: content analysis and review of the literature (1980-2002). J Vocat Behav 2005; 66 (01) 124-197
  • 18 Geurts SAE, Taris TW, Kompier MAJ. Dikkers JSE, van Hooff MLM, Kinnunen UM. Work-home interaction from a work psychological perspective: development and validation of a new questionnaire, the SWING. Work Stress 2005; 19 (04) 319-339
  • 19 Martins LL, Eddleston KA, Veiga JF. Moderators of the relationship between work-family conflict and career satisfaction. Acad Manage J 2002; 45 (02) 399-409
  • 20 Wang P, Lawler J, Shi K. Work-family conflict, self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and gender: evidences from Asia. J Leadersh Organ Stud 2010; 17 (03) 298-308
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