Download PDF
Semin Neurol 2021; 41(04): 422-436
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726284
Review Article

Brain Injury in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Giovanni Chiarini
1   Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
2   Division of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Spedali Civili University, Affiliated Hospital of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
,
Sung-Min Cho
3   Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
,
Glenn Whitman
4   Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
,
Frank Rasulo
2   Division of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Spedali Civili University, Affiliated Hospital of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
,
Roberto Lorusso
1   Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
5   Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) represents an established technique to provide temporary cardiac and/or pulmonary support. ECMO, in veno-venous, veno-arterial or in extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal modality, is associated with a high rate of brain injuries. These complications have been reported in 7 to 15% of adults and 20% of neonates, and are associated with poor survival. Thromboembolic events, loss of cerebral autoregulation, alteration of the blood–brain barrier, and hemorrhage related to anticoagulation represent the main causes of severe brain injury during ECMO. The most frequent forms of acute neurological injuries in ECMO patients are intracranial hemorrhage (2–21%), ischemic stroke (2–10%), seizures (2–6%), and hypoxic–ischemic brain injury; brain death may also occur in this population. Other frequent complications are infarction (1–8%) and cerebral edema (2–10%), as well as neuropsychological and psychiatric sequelae, including posttraumatic stress disorder.

Keywords

brain damage - neurologic prognostication - ECMO - extracorporeal life support - neuromonitoring


Publication History

Article published online:
13 April 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Pagani FD, Aaronson KD, Swaniker F, Barlett RH. The use of extracorporeal life support in adult patients with primary cardiac failure as a bridge to implantable left ventricular assist device. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71(3 Suppl):S77–S81, discussion S82–S85
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Tipograf Y, Salna M, Minko E. et al. Outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 107 (05) 1456-1463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Extracorporeal Life Support Registry Report international summary. ELSO Group 2019
    PubMed
  • 4 Combes A, Hajage D, Capellier G. et al; EOLIA Trial Group, REVA, and ECMONet. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2018; 378 (21) 1965-1975
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Munshi L, Walkey A, Goligher E, Pham T, Uleryk EM, Fan E. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2019; 7 (02) 163-172
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Boyle AJ, Sklar MC, McNamee JJ. et al. Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal for lowering the risk of mechanical ventilation: research questions and clinical potential for the future. Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6 (11) 874-884
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Rao P, Khalpey Z, Smith R, Burkhoff D, Kociol RD. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. Circ Heart Fail 2018; 11 (09) e004905
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Richardson ASC, Schmidt M, Bailey M, Pellegrino VA, Rycus PT, Pilcher DV. ECMO cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), trends in survival from an international multicentre cohort study over 12-years. Resuscitation 2017; 112: 34-40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Cho SM, Farrokh S, Whitman G, Bleck TP, Geocadin RG. Neurocritical care for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (12) 1773-1781
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Lorusso R, Barili F, Mauro MD. et al. In-hospital neurologic complications in adult patients undergoing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: results from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (10) e964-e972
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Lorusso R, Gelsomino S, Parise O. et al. Neurologic injury in adults supported with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure: findings from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization database. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (08) 1389-1397
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Nasr DM, Rabinstein AA. Neurologic complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Clin Neurol 2015; 11 (04) 383-389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Mehta A, Ibsen LM. Neurologic complications and neurodevelopmental outcome with extracorporeal life support. World J Crit Care Med 2013; 2 (04) 40-47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Mateen FJ, Muralidharan R, Shinohara RT, Parisi JE, Schears GJ, Wijdicks EF. Neurological injury in adults treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Arch Neurol 2011; 68 (12) 1543-1549
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Xie A, Lo P, Yan TD, Forrest P. Neurologic complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 31 (05) 1836-1846
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Lorusso R, Gelsomino S, Parise O. et al. Neurologic injury in adults supported with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure: findings from the extracorporeal life support organization database. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (08) 1389-1397
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Sutter R, Tisljar K, Marsch S. Acute neurologic complications during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (09) 1506-1513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Lockie CJA, Gillon SA, Barrett NA. et al. Severe respiratory failure, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and intracranial hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (10) 1642-1649
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Fletcher-Sandersjöö A, Bartek Jr J, Thelin EP. et al. Predictors of intracranial hemorrhage in adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an observational cohort study. J Intensive Care 2017; 5: 27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Kasirajan V, Smedira NG, McCarthy JF, Casselman F, Boparai N, McCarthy PM. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in adults on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999; 15 (04) 508-514
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Mazzeffi M, Kon Z, Menaker J. et al. Large dual-lumen extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulas are associated with more intracranial hemorrhage. ASAIO J 2019; 65 (07) 674-677
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Omar HR, Mirsaeidi M, Mangar D, Camporesi EM. Duration of ECMO is an independent predictor of intracranial hemorrhage occurring during ECMO support. ASAIO J 2016; 62 (05) 634-636
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Kalbhenn J, Schmidt R, Nakamura L, Schelling J, Rosenfelder S, Zieger B. Early diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) is elementary for clinical practice in patients treated with ECMO therapy. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22 (03) 265-271
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Zotzmann V, Rilinger J, Lang CN. et al. Early full-body computed tomography in patients after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR). Resuscitation 2020; 146: 149-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Mazzeffi M, Kon Z, Sanchez P, Herr D. Impact of acute liver failure on mortality during adult ECLS. Intensive Care Med 2016; 42 (02) 299-300
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Chow FC, Edlow BL, Frosch MP, Copen WA, Greer DM. Outcome in patients with H1N1 influenza and cerebrovascular injury treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Neurocrit Care 2011; 15 (01) 156-160
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Lie SA, Hwang NC. Challenges of brain death and apnea testing in adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-a review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33 (08) 2266-2272
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Hemphill III JC, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS. et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2015; 46 (07) 2032-2060
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Frontera JA, Lewin III JJ, Rabinstein AA. et al. Guideline for reversal of antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and Society of Critical Care Medicine. Neurocrit Care 2016; 24 (01) 6-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Cho SM, Moazami N, Katz S, Starling R, Frontera JA. Reversal and resumption of antithrombotic therapy in LVAD-associated intracranial hemorrhage. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 108 (01) 52-58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Ryu KM, Chang SW. Heparin-free extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with severe pulmonary contusions and bronchial disruption. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2018; 5 (03) 204-207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Muellenbach RM, Kredel M, Kunze E. et al. Prolonged heparin-free extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in multiple injured acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72 (05) 1444-1447
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Biscotti M, Gannon WD, Abrams D. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use in patients with traumatic brain injury. Perfusion 2015; 30 (05) 407-409
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Fletcher-Sandersjöö A, Thelin EP, Bartek Jr J, Elmi-Terander A, Broman M, Bellander BM. Management of intracranial hemorrhage in adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): an observational cohort study. PLoS One 2017; 12 (12) e0190365
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Liotta EM, Prabhakaran S. Warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage is increasing in prevalence in the United States. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 22 (07) 1151-1155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Zangrillo A, Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai G. et al. A meta-analysis of complications and mortality of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care Resusc 2013; 15 (03) 172-178
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Cheng R, Hachamovitch R, Kittleson M. et al. Complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treatment of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of 1,866 adult patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 97 (02) 610-616
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Muralidharan R, Mateen FJ, Shinohara RT, Schears GJ, Wijdicks EF. The challenges with brain death determination in adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Neurocrit Care 2011; 14 (03) 423-426
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Migdady I, Scott SR, Carrie P, Glenn W, Romergryko G, Sung-Ming C. 768: determination of brain death in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2020; 48 (01) 30640-30641
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Omar HR, Mirsaeidi M, Shumac J, Enten G, Mangar D, Camporesi EM. Incidence and predictors of ischemic cerebrovascular stroke among patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. J Crit Care 2016; 32: 48-51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Le Guennec L, Cholet C, Huang F. et al. Ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injury during venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Intensive Care 2018; 8 (01) 129
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Alhussein M, Osten M, Horlick E. et al. Percutaneous left atrial decompression in adults with refractory cardiogenic shock supported with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Card Surg 2017; 32 (06) 396-401
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Floerchinger B, Philipp A, Camboni D. et al. NSE serum levels in extracorporeal life support patients - Relevance for neurological outcome?. Resuscitation 2017; 121: 166-171
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Aubin H, Petrov G, Dalyanoglu H. et al. A suprainstitutional network for remote extracorporeal life support: a retrospective cohort study. JACC Heart Fail 2016; 4 (09) 698-708
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Kon ZN, Bittle GJ, Pasrija C. et al. Venovenous versus venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring precannulation hemodynamic support: a review of the ELSO Registry. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 104 (02) 645-649
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Pozzebon S, Blandino Ortiz A, Franchi F. et al. Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy in adult patients undergoing veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Neurocrit Care 2018; 29 (01) 94-104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Pozzi M, Koffel C, Armoiry X. et al. Extracorporeal life support for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Should we still fight for? A single-centre, 5-year experience. Int J Cardiol 2016; 204: 70-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Unai S, Nguyen ML, Tanaka D. et al. Clinical significance of spontaneous echo contrast on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 103 (03) 773-778
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Cavayas YA, Del Sorbo L, Fan E. Intracranial hemorrhage in adults on ECMO. Perfusion 2018; 33 (1, Suppl): 42-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Hastings SM, Ku DN, Wagoner S, Maher KO, Deshpande S. Sources of circuit thrombosis in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J 2017; 63 (01) 86-92
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Dalton HJ, Reeder R, Garcia-Filion P. et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. Factors associated with bleeding and thrombosis in children receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196 (06) 762-771
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 de Waha S, Schoene K, Fuernau G. et al. Prognostic impact of atrial fibrillation in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: a substudy of the IABP-SHOCK II trial. Clin Res Cardiol 2018; 107 (03) 233-240
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Omar HR, Mirsaeidi M, Socias S. et al. Plasma free hemoglobin is an independent predictor of mortality among patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. PLoS One 2015; 10 (04) e0124034
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Neal JR, Quintana E, Pike RB, Hoyer JD, Joyce LD, Schears G. Using daily plasma-free hemoglobin levels for diagnosis of critical pump thrombus in patients undergoing ECMO or VAD support. J Extra Corpor Technol 2015; 47 (02) 103-108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Rice CJ, Cho SM, Zhang LQ, Hassett C, Starling RC, Uchino K. The management of acute ischemic strokes and the prevalence of large vessel occlusion in left ventricular assist device. Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 46 (5-6): 213-217
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Johnson TP, Nath A. Neurological syndromes driven by postinfectious processes or unrecognized persistent infections. Curr Opin Neurol 2018; 31 (03) 318-324
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Cho SM, Rice C, Marquardt RJ. et al; Infective Endocarditis Strokes and Imaging Characteristics (IESIC) group. Magnetic resonance imaging susceptibility-weighted imaging lesion and contrast enhancement may represent infectious intracranial aneurysm in infective endocarditis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 44 (3-4): 210-216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Ruttmann E, Willeit J, Ulmer H. et al. Neurological outcome of septic cardioembolic stroke after infective endocarditis. Stroke 2006; 37 (08) 2094-2099
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Frontera JA, Starling R, Cho SM. et al. Risk factors, mortality, and timing of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke with left ventricular assist devices. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017; 36 (06) 673-683
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Aggarwal A, Gupta A, Kumar S. et al. Are blood stream infections associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke in patients with a left ventricular assist device?. ASAIO J 2012; 58 (05) 509-513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Trachtenberg BH, Cordero-Reyes AM, Aldeiri M. et al. Persistent blood stream infection in patients supported with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device is associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular accidents. J Card Fail 2015; 21 (02) 119-125
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Yoshioka D, Sakaniwa R, Toda K. et al. Relationship between bacteremia and hemorrhagic stroke in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Circ J 2018; 82 (02) 448-456
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Cho SM, Moazami N, Katz S, Bhimraj A, Shrestha NK, Frontera JA. Stroke risk following infection in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Neurocrit Care 2019; 31 (01) 72-80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Cho S-M, Hassett C, Rice CJ, Starling R, Katzan I, Uchino K. What causes LVAD-associated ischemic stroke? Surgery, pump thrombosis, antithrombotics, and infection. ASAIO J 2019; 65 (08) 775-780
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Tanaka D, Shimada S, Mullin M, Kreitler K, Cavarocchi N, Hirose H. What Is the optimal blood pressure on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation? Impact of mean arterial pressure on survival. ASAIO J 2019; 65 (04) 336-341
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T. et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council. 2018 Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2018; 49 (03) e46-e110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Falocci N. et al. Early recurrence and cerebral bleeding in patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: effect of anticoagulation and its timing: the RAF study. Stroke 2015; 46 (08) 2175-2182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Seiffge DJ, Werring DJ, Paciaroni M. et al. Timing of anticoagulation after recent ischaemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18 (01) 117-126
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Hong KS, Kwon SU, Lee SH. et al; Phase 2 Exploratory Clinical Study to Assess the Effects of Xarelto (Rivaroxaban) Versus Warfarin on Ischemia, Bleeding, and Hospital Stay in Acute Cerebral Infarction Patients With Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation (Triple AXEL) Study Group. Rivaroxaban vs warfarin sodium in the ultra-early period after atrial fibrillation–related mild ischemic stroke: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74 (10) 1206-1215
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Ahmad Y, Howard JP, Arnold A. et al. Patent foramen ovale closure vs. medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J 2018; 39 (18) 1638-1649
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Timpa JG, O'Meara C, McILwain RB, Dabal RJ, Alten JA. Massive systemic air embolism during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support of a neonate with acute respiratory distress syndrome after cardiac surgery. J Extra Corpor Technol 2011; 43 (02) 86-88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Pinho J, Amorim JM, Araújo JM. et al. Cerebral gas embolism associated with central venous catheter: systematic review. J Neurol Sci 2016; 362: 160-164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Born F, Khaladj N, Pichlmaier M, Schramm R, Hagl C, Guenther SP. Potential impact of oxygenators with venous air trap on air embolism in veno-arterial extracorporeal life support. Technol Health Care 2017; 25 (01) 111-121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ELSO Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Extracorporeal Life Support. Ann Arbor: Version 1.7. 2017
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual V. 5th ed. Accessed September 30, 2020 at: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Marhong JD, DeBacker J, Viau-Lapointe J. et al. Sedation and mobilization during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory failure: an international survey. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (11) 1893-1899
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Dubois MJ, Bergeron N, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y. Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27 (08) 1297-1304
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Salluh JIF, Wang H, Schneider EB. et al. Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2015; 350: 2538
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Bateman RM. et al. 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine : Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016. Crit Care 2016; 20 (Suppl. 02) 94
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Patel AK, Biagas KV, Clark EC, Traube C. Delirium in the pediatric cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patient population: a case series. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18 (12) e621-e624
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Traube C, Silver G, Kearney J. et al. Cornell assessment of pediatric delirium: a valid, rapid, observational tool for screening delirium in the PICU*. Crit Care Med 2014; 42 (03) 656-663
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Lemaitre F, Hasni N, Leprince P. et al. Propofol, midazolam, vancomycin and cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits primed with whole human blood. Crit Care 2015; 19: 40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Hayes K, Holland AE, Pellegrino VA, Mathur S, Hodgson CL. Acute skeletal muscle wasting and relation to physical function in patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). J Crit Care 2018; 48: 1-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Piva S, Fagoni N, Latronico N. Intensive care unit–acquired weakness: unanswered questions and targets for future research. F1000Res 2019; 8 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17376.1.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Patel AK, Biagas KV, Clarke EC. et al. Delirium in children after cardiac bypass surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18 (02) 165-171
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Silver G, Traube C, Gerber LM. et al. Pediatric delirium and associated risk factors: a single-center prospective observational study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (04) 303-309
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Traube C, Silver G, Gerber LM. et al. Delirium and mortality in critically ill children: Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric delirium. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (05) 891-898
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Risnes I, Wagner K, Nome T. et al. Psychiatric outcome after severe cardio-respiratory failure treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case-series. Psychosomatics 2013; 54 (05) 418-427
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Lee EY, Lee HL, Kim HT, Lee HD, Park JA. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of pediatric acute fulminant myocarditis in a single center. Korean J Pediatr 2014; 57 (11) 489-495
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Fligor BJ, Neault MW, Mullen CH, Feldman HA, Jones DT. Factors associated with sensorineural hearing loss among survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy. Pediatrics 2005; 115 (06) 1519-1528
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Tian F, Tarumi T, Liu H, Zhang R, Chalak L. Wavelet coherence analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 11: 124-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Lorusso R, Vizzardi E, Pinelli L, Gelsomino S. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a patient submitted to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute fulminant myocarditis. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172 (02) e329-e330
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Chesnut RM, Temkin N, Carney N. et al; Global Neurotrauma Research Group. A trial of intracranial-pressure monitoring in traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (26) 2471-2481
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Koenig MA, Bryan M, Lewin III JL, Mirski MA, Geocadin RG, Stevens RD. Reversal of transtentorial herniation with hypertonic saline. Neurology 2008; 70 (13) 1023-1029
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Farrokh S, Cho SM, Suarez JI. Fluids and hyperosmolar agents in neurocritical care: an update. Curr Opin Crit Care 2019; 25 (02) 105-109
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Shekar K, Roberts JA, Mcdonald CI. et al. Sequestration of drugs in the circuit may lead to therapeutic failure during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care 2012; 16 (05) R194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Shekar K, Roberts JA, Mcdonald CI. et al. Protein-bound drugs are prone to sequestration in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit: results from an ex vivo study. Crit Care 2015; 19: 164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Dzierba AL, Abrams D, Brodie D. Medicating patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the evidence is building. Crit Care 2017; 21 (01) 66
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Nei SD, Wittwer ED, Kashani KB, Frazee EN. Levetiracetam pharmacokinetics in a patient receiving continuous venovenous hemofiltration and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pharmacotherapy 2015; 35 (08) e127-e130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Cho SM, Ziai W, Mayasi Y. et al. Noninvasive neurological monitoring in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J 2020; 66 (04) 388-393
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Marinoni M, Cianchi G, Trapani S. et al. Retrospective analysis of transcranial Doppler patterns in veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients: feasibility of cerebral circulatory arrest diagnosis. ASAIO J 2018; 64 (02) 175-182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Wagner D, Pasko D, Phillips K, Waldvogel J, Annich G. In vitro clearance of dexmedetomidine in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Perfusion 2013; 28 (01) 40-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Cho SM, Ziai W, Geocadin R, Choi CW, Whitman G. Arterial-sided oxygenator clot and transcranial Doppler ultrasound emboli in venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 107 (01) 326-327
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Lorusso R, Taccone FS, Belliato M. et al; Euro-ELSO Working Group on Neurologic Monitoring and Outcome. Brain monitoring in adult and pediatric ECMO patients: the importance of early and late assessments. Minerva Anestesiol 2017; 83 (10) 1061-1074
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Kavi T, Esch M, Rinsky B, Rosengart A, Lahiri S, Lyden PD. Transcranial Doppler changes in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25 (12) 2882-2885
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Belohlavek J, Skalicka H, Boucek T. et al. Feasibility of cerebral blood flow and oxygenation monitoring by continuous transcranial Doppler combined with cerebral oximetry in a patient with refractory cardiac arrest treated by extracorporeal life support. Perfusion 2014; 29 (06) 534-538
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Yoshitani K, Kawaguchi M, Iwata M. et al. Comparison of changes in jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation and cerebral oxygen saturation during variations of haemoglobin concentration under propofol and sevoflurane anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2005; 94 (03) 341-346
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Ejike JC, Schenkman KA, Seidel K, Ramamoorthy C, Roberts JS. Cerebral oxygenation in neonatal and pediatric patients during veno-arterial extracorporeal life support. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006; 7 (02) 154-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Wong JK, Smith TN, Pitcher HT, Hirose H, Cavarocchi NC. Cerebral and lower limb near-infrared spectroscopy in adults on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Artif Organs 2012; 36 (08) 659-667
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Liem KD, Hopman JC, Oeseburg B, Haan AFd, Festen C, Kollée LA. Cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics during induction of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as investigated by near infrared spectrophotometry. Pediatrics 1995; 95 (04) 555-561
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Rivera-Lara L, Geocadin R, Zorrilla-Vaca A. et al. Validation of near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring cerebral autoregulation in comatose patients. Neurocrit Care 2017; 27 (03) 362-369
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Taccone FS, Fagnoul D, Rondelet B, Vincent JL, de Backer D. Cerebral oximetry during extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care 2013; 17 (01) 409
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Parnia S, Yang J, Nguyen R. et al. Cerebral oximetry during cardiac arrest: a multicenter study of neurologic outcomes and survival. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (09) 1663-1674
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Frisch A, Suffoletto BP, Frank R, Martin-Gill C, Menegazzi JJ. Potential utility of near-infrared spectroscopy in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an illustrative case series. Prehosp Emerg Care 2012; 16 (04) 564-570
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Prosen G, Strnad M, Doniger SJ. et al. Cerebral tissue oximetry levels during prehospital management of cardiac arrest - a prospective observational study. Resuscitation 2018; 129: 141-145
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Cournoyer A, Iseppon M, Chauny JM, Denault A, Cossette S, Notebaert É. Near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring during cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 2016; 23 (08) 851-862
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Genbrugge C, De Deyne C, Eertmans W. et al. Cerebral saturation in cardiac arrest patients measured with near-infrared technology during pre-hospital advanced life support. Results from Copernicus I cohort study. Resuscitation 2018; 129: 107-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Nishiyama K, Ito N, Orita T. et al; J-POP Registry Investigators. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring for predicting interventional outcomes in patients following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac cause: a prospective, observational, multicentre study. Resuscitation 2015; 96: 135-141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Nishiyama K, Ito N, Orita T. et al. Characteristics of regional cerebral oxygen saturation levels in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with or without return of spontaneous circulation: a prospective observational multicentre study. Resuscitation 2015; 96: 16-22
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Graziani LJ, Gringlas M, Baumgart S. Cerebrovascular complications and neurodevelopmental sequelae of neonatal ECMO. Clin Perinatol 1997; 24 (03) 655-675
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Papademetriou MD, Tachtsidis I, Banaji M, Elliott MJ, Hoskote A, Elwell CE. Regional cerebral oxygenation measured by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (optical topography) in an infant supported on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 141 (05) e31-e33
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Papademetriou MD, Tachtsidis I, Elliot MJ, Hoskote A, Elwell CE. Multichannel near infrared spectroscopy indicates regional variations in cerebral autoregulation in infants supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17 (06) 067008
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Risnes I, Wagner K, Nome T. et al. Cerebral outcome in adult patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81 (04) 1401-1406
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Lidegran MK, Ringertz HG, Frenckner BP, Lindén VB. Chest and abdominal CT during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: clinical benefits in diagnosis and treatment. Acad Radiol 2005; 12 (03) 276-285
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Bulas D, Glass P. Neonatal ECMO: neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental outcome. Semin Perinatol 2005; 29: 58-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 van Wezel-Meijler G, Steggerda SJ, Leijser LM. Cranial ultrasonography in neonates: role and limitations. Semin Perinatol 2010; 34 (01) 28-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Khan AM, Shabarek FM, Zwischenberger JB. et al. Utility of daily head ultrasonography for infants on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 1998; 33 (08) 1229-1232
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Van Heijst A, Liem D, Hopman J, Van Der Staak F, Sengers R. Oxygenation and hemodynamics in left and right cerebral hemispheres during induction of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr 2004; 144 (02) 223-228
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 LaRovere KL, Brett MS, Tasker RC, Strauss KJ, Burns JP. Pediatric Critical Nervous System Program. Head computed tomography scanning during pediatric neurocritical care: diagnostic yield and the utility of portable studies. Neurocrit Care 2012; 16 (02) 251-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Wien MA, Whitehead MT, Bulas D. et al. Patterns of brain injury in newborns treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38 (04) 820-826
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Shekar K, Fraser JF, Smith MT, Roberts JA. Pharmacokinetic changes in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Crit Care 2012; 27 (06) 741.e9-741.e18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Aubron C, Cheng AC, Pilcher D. et al. Factors associated with outcomes of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: a 5-year cohort study. Crit Care 2013; 17 (02) R73
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 de Waha S, Graf T, Desch S. et al. Outcome of elderly undergoing extracorporeal life support in refractory cardiogenic shock. Clin Res Cardiol 2017; 106 (05) 379-385
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Rowley AB, Payne SJ, Tachtsidis I. et al. Synchronization between arterial blood pressure and cerebral oxyhaemoglobin concentration investigated by wavelet cross-correlation. Physiol Meas 2007; 28 (02) 161-173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Nguyen DN, Huyghens L, Wellens F, Schiettecatte J, Smitz J, Vincent JL. Serum S100B protein could help to detect cerebral complications associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Neurocrit Care 2014; 20 (03) 367-374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Kochanek PM, Berger RP, Fink EL. et al. The potential for bio-mediators and biomarkers in pediatric traumatic brain injury and neurocritical care. Front Neurol 2013; 4: 40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Bembea MM, Savage W, Strouse JJ. et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a brain injury biomarker in children undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 12 (05) 572-579
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Gazzolo D, Masetti P, Meli M, Grutzfeld D, Michetti F. Elevated S100B protein as an early indicator of intracranial haemorrhage in infants subjected to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Acta Paediatr 2002; 91: 218-221
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Westhall E, Rossetti AO, van Rootselaar AF. et al; TTM-trial investigators. Standardized EEG interpretation accurately predicts prognosis after cardiac arrest. Neurology 2016; 86 (16) 1482-1490
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Madl C, Kramer L, Domanovits H. et al. Improved outcome prediction in unconscious cardiac arrest survivors with sensory evoked potentials compared with clinical assessment. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28 (03) 721-726
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Backman S, Cronberg T, Friberg H. et al. Highly malignant routine EEG predicts poor prognosis after cardiac arrest in the Target Temperature Management trial. Resuscitation 2018; 131: 24-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Azabou E, Navarro V, Kubis N. et al. Value and mechanisms of EEG reactivity in the prognosis of patients with impaired consciousness: a systematic review. Crit Care 2018; 22 (01) 184
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Carter BG, Butt WW. Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in children receiving ECMO. Pediatr Neurol 1995; 12 (01) 42-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Daltrozzo J, Wioland N, Mutschler V, Kotchoubey B. Predicting coma and other low responsive patients outcome using event-related brain potentials: a meta-analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118 (03) 606-614
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Gannon CM, Kornhauser MS, Gross GW. et al. When combined, early bedside head ultrasound and electroencephalography predict abnormal computerized tomography or magnetic resonance brain images obtained after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment. J Perinatol 2001; 21 (07) 451-455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Streletz LJ, Bej MD, Graziani LJ. et al. Utility of serial EEGs in neonates during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Neurol 1992; 8 (03) 190-196
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 Herman ST, Abend NS, Susan T. et al. Consensus statement on continuous EEG in critically ill adults and children, Part I: Indications. J Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 32 (02) 87-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 148 Herman ST, Abend NS, Bleck TP. et al. Consensus statement on continuous EEG in critically ill adults and children, Part II: Personnel, technical specifications, and clinical practice. J Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 32 (02) 96-108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Cho S-M, Choi CW, Whitman G. et al. Neurophysiological findings and brain injury pattern in patients on ECMO. Clin EEG Neurosci 2019; ; (epub ahead of print). DOI: 10.1177/1550059419892757.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Pappas A, Shankaran S, Stockmann PT, Bara R. Changes in amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a pilot study. J Pediatr 2006; 148 (01) 125-127
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 151 Bertuetti R, Gritti P, Pelosi P, Robba C. How to use cerebral ultrasound in the ICU. Minerva Anestesiol 2020; 86 (03) 327-340
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Raffiz M, Abdullah JM. Optic nerve sheath diameter measurement: a means of detecting raised ICP in adult traumatic and non-traumatic neurosurgical patients. Am J Emerg Med 2017; 35 (01) 150-153
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 153 Oddo M, Sandroni C, Citerio G. et al. Quantitative versus standard pupillary light reflex for early prognostication in comatose cardiac arrest patients: an international prospective multicenter double-blinded study. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44 (12) 2102-2111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 154 Obling L, Hassager C, Illum C. et al. Prognostic value of automated pupillometry: an unselected cohort from a cardiac intensive care unit. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2019; 9 (07) 779-787
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 155 Riker RR, Sawyer ME, Fischman VG. et al. Neurological pupil index and pupillary light reflex by pupillometry predict outcome early after cardiac arrest. Neurocrit Care 2020; 32 (01) 152-161
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 156 Tamura T, Namiki J, Sugawara Y. et al. Quantitative assessment of pupillary light reflex for early prediction of outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a multicentre prospective observational study. Resuscitation 2018; 131: 108-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 157 Ryu J-A, Chung CR, Cho YH. et al. The association of findings on brain computed tomography with neurologic outcomes following extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care 2017; 21: 15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 158 Choi JH, Kim SW, Kim YU. et al. Application of veno-arterial-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in differential hypoxia. Multidiscip Respir Med 2014; 9 (01) 55
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 159 Biscotti M, Vail E, Cook KE, Kachulis B, Rosenzweig EB, Bacchetta M. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with subclavian artery cannulation in awake patients with pulmonary hypertension. ASAIO J 2014; 60 (06) 748-750
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 160 Chan-Dominy ACF, Anders M, Millar J. et al. Extracorporeal membrane modality conversions. Perfusion 2015; 30 (04) 291-294
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 161 Javidfar J, Brodie D, Costa J. et al. Subclavian artery cannulation for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J 2012; 58 (05) 494-498
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 162 Moravec R, Neitzel T, Stiller M. et al. First experiences with a combined usage of veno-arterial and veno-venous ECMO in therapy-refractory cardiogenic shock patients with cerebral hypoxemia. Perfusion 2014; 29 (03) 200-209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 163 Navia JL, Atik FA, Beyer EA, Ruda Vega P. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with right axillary artery perfusion. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 79 (06) 2163-2165
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 164 Umei N, Ichiba S, Ujike Y, Tsukahara K. Successful application of venoarterial-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the reversal of severe cardiorespiratory failure. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015: bcr2015209901
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 165 Polderman KH. Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia. Crit Care Med 2009; 37 (7, Suppl): S186-S202
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 166 Jacquot A, Lepage X, Merckle L, Girerd N, Levy B. Protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial evaluating the effects of moderate hypothermia versus normothermia on mortality in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock rescued by venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) (HYPO-ECMO study). BMJ Open 2019; 9 (10) e031697
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 167 Rolfes C, Muellenbach RM, Lepper PM. et al. Targeted temperature management in patients undergoing extracorporeal life support after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an EURO-ELSO 2018 annual conference survey. Perfusion 2019; 34 (08) 714-716
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 168 Jacobson J. Nitric oxide: platelet protectant properties during cardiopulmonary bypass/ECMO. J Extra Corpor Technol 2002; 34 (02) 144-147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 169 Bennett M, Thuys C, Augustin S. et al. The safe addition of nitric oxide into the sweep gas of the extracorporeal circuit during cardiopulmonary bypass and extracorporeal life support. J Extra Corpor Technol 2018; 50 (04) 260-264
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 170 Checchia PA, Bronicki RA, Muenzer JT. et al. Nitric oxide delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces postoperative morbidity in children--a randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 146 (03) 530-536
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 171 James C, Millar J, Horton S, Brizard C, Molesworth C, Butt W. Nitric oxide administration during paediatric cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2016; 42 (11) 1744-1752
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 172 Chiletti R, Horton S, Bednarz A, Barlett R, Butt W. Safety of nitric oxide added to the ECMO circuit: a pilot study in children. Perfusion 2017; 33: 74-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 173 Toomasian JM, Jeakle MMP, Langley MW. et al. Nitric oxide attenuates the inflammatory effects of air during extracorporeal circulation. ASAIO J 2020; 66 (07) 818-824
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 174 Cole AR, Perry DA, Raza A. et al. Perioperatively inhaled hydrogen gas diminishes neurologic injury following experimental circulatory arrest in swine. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4 (02) 176-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 175 Huang L, Applegate II RL, Applegate PM, Boling W, Zhang JH. Inhalation of high concentration hydrogen gas improves short-term outcomes in a rat model of asphyxia induced-cardiac arrest. Med Gas Res 2018; 8 (03) 73-78
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 176 Sano M, Suzuki M, Homma K. et al. Promising novel therapy with hydrogen gas for emergency and critical care medicine. Acute Med Surg 2017; 5 (02) 113-118
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 177 Hayashida K, Sano M, Kamimura N. et al. Hydrogen inhalation during normoxic resuscitation improves neurological outcome in a rat model of cardiac arrest independently of targeted temperature management. Circulation 2014; 130 (24) 2173-2180
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 178 Tamura T, Hayashida K, Sano M, Onuki S, Suzuki M. Efficacy of inhaled HYdrogen on neurological outcome following BRain Ischemia During post-cardiac arrest care (HYBRID II trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18 (01) 488
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 179 Fritz C, Kimmoun A, Vanhuyse F. et al. high versus low blood-pressure target in experimental ischemic prolonged cardiac arrest treated with extra corporeal life support. Shock 2017; 47 (06) 759-764
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 180 Luo Y, Fritz C, Hammache N. et al. Low versus standard-blood-flow reperfusion strategy in a pig model of refractory cardiac arrest resuscitated with extra corporeal membrane oxygenation. Resuscitation 2018; 133: 12-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar