Keywords
melissa officinalis l. - citalopram - menopause - quality of life - sleep disturbance
Introduction
Menopause is a physiologic phase characterized by the permanent cessation of ovulation.[1] During this transitional period, women experience quite a lot of physical, psychological,
and social symptoms such as hot flashes, mood variability, and sleep disturbance that
may last for years.[2]
Sleep duration and quality in menopause may be degraded when compared with premenopausal
women, which is presumably due to declines in the sex hormones.[3] The symptoms can range from slight discomfort to intensive and debilitating marks
such as insomnia and intermittent sleep.[2] Insomnia appears to be due to night sweats caused by the hormonal changes and lead
to an increase in awakening.[4]
Sleep disturbance can impact negatively on the quality of life and it seems that vasomotor
symptoms are a key component of sleep disruption.[5]
It is indicated that hormone replacement therapy can minimize estrogen deficiency,
which may lead to an improvement in quality of life in the physical, emotional, and
sexual aspects of life.[6] However, due to its known side effects and sometimes the contraindications, using
alternative botanical therapies may be beneficial in this group of women.[7]
The extract of lemon balm and fennel as Melissa Officinalis L. is an Iranian herbal extract with an anxiolytic effect and has a positive impression
on sleep disturbance.[8]
[9]
[10] Phytochemical investigations revealed that this plant contains volatile compounds,
triterpenoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids and effects on mood, cognition and memory.[11] The present study was conducted to determine the effects of this herbal ingredient
in improving postmenopausal women's sleep disturbance and quality of life compared
with citalopram and placebo.
Methods
Trial Registration
The present study was registered under the name “Comparison of the efficacy of citalopram
and compound of Asperugo procumbent and foeniculum vulgare in treatment of menopausal disorders” with the code IRCT2013072714174N1 in the Iranian
Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT).
Ethics Statements
The protocol of the present study was approved by the ethical committee of the Tehran
University of Medical Sciences with the code 89746. The participants subsequently
submitted a written consent form to participate in the trial. The present trial was
conducted according to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
Study Overview
The present randomized double-blind placebo clinical trial was performed from April
2017 to November 2019 among 60 postmenopausal women who were referred to the Women
Hospital (a university hospital affiliated to the Tehran University of Medical Sciences)
due to sleeping disturbance. The inclusion criteria were all postmenopausal women
(at least 1 year without menstrual cycle) along with confirming tests of menopause
(follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) > 40 m IU/mL, and estradiol < 20pg/mL) who were
poor sleepers according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (global score ≥ 5).
The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire in
Iran were approved via the study by Nazifi et al.[12] The exclusion criteria were a history of hormone replacement therapy in the 6 weeks
before the study, malignancies, thyroid disorders, cardiovascular diseases, lipid
abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, and active psychiatric diseases. Indeed, we excluded
the women who took the sleeping pills as well as other medications in the last 3 months,
which may influence their sleep habits. Within 8 weeks of the assessment, an independent
clinician, who was unaware of the allocated groups, performed the assessments. After
the enrolment was completed, randomization was done with an allocation sequence generated
by block randomization by the trial statistician. The participants were divided into
3 equal groups given a block size of 20. The groups received citalopram (30 mg), an
equal combinatorial capsule of lemon balm leaf and fennel fruit named as M. Officinalis L. (500 mg) or placebo capsule (containing 500 mg starch) every day for 8 weeks. The
pharmaceutical products were packed into similar envelopes and with the same appearance.
The capsules were built in the faculty of Tehran Traditional Pharmacy. Participants
and providers were blind to the treatment. In the first visit after confirming their
sleep disturbance, the participants were evaluated by asking their history, and physical
examination was conducted for each subject. Then, they were asked to complete the
Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire and the demographic checklist including
age, the age of menarche, marital age, menopausal age, parity, and body mass index
(BMI). Then the providers asked the participants to administer 1 capsule daily for
8 weeks. There were no special requirements or lifestyle recommendations during this
course. In the follow-up period, the participants were tracked for the incidence of
any side effects. In their last follow-up visit after 8 weeks, they were requested
to refill the questionnaire and report any probable side effects of the drugs.
Assessments Tool
The data were collected using a demographic checklist in the first visit and the Menopause-Specific
Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) in the first and last follow up. The MENQOL
was self-administered and was used to investigate the women's quality of life during
the last month. This questionnaire contained 29 items in the Likert form, including
vasomotor (items 1–3), psychosocial (items 4–10), physical (items 11–26), and sexual
(items 27–29) scales. Each question was scored from zero (not annoying at all) to
6 (very annoying). Means were computed by dividing the sum of the domain item by the
number of items within the domain.[13] A higher score indicated better quality of life. This questionnaire had good internal
consistency in the Persian language in vasomotor, physical and psychosocial domains,
but not in the sexual domain.[14] The data were collected and analyzed in a secure framework.
Statistics
The treatment groups were initially compared on baseline demographic variables with
chi-squared tests and independent samples t-tests. The one-sample Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normal distribution
of the data. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to compare the mean score of
the variables before and after the interventions, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was
applied for comparing the variables among the three groups. Data were analyzed using
Stata software version 12 (Statacorp, College Station, TX, USA). P-values < 0.05 were
considered statistically significant.
Results
In the present study, 60 postmenopausal women were recruited, and no participants
left or withdrawed before the termination of the study. There was no significant difference
between the mean of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores between the 3
groups (p = 0.835). The average age was 51.9 years old (minimum 43, maximum 60 years old).
[Table 1] compares the mean of age, age of menarche, marital age and menopausal age as well
as BMI and parity between the three groups of the study. There was no significant
difference between the demographic characteristics of the participants.
Table 1
Baseline demographic characteristics by three allocated groups of the participants
|
Melissa Officinalis L.[**]
|
Citalopram
|
Placebo
|
Total
|
p-value
|
|
Age
|
51.7 ± 3.3
|
52.6 ± 3.5
|
51.4 ± 3.3
|
51.9 ± 3.4
|
0567
|
|
Age at menarche
|
13.2 ± 2.4
|
12.8 ± 2.6
|
12.9 ± 2.5
|
12.9 ± 2.3
|
0.890
|
|
Marital age
|
21.2 ± 4.2
|
20.2 ± 3.9
|
22.5 ± 4.1
|
21.3 ± 4.1
|
0.232
|
|
Menopausal age
|
50.6 ± 1.4
|
49.2 ± 1.7
|
50 ± 1.5
|
49.9 ± 1.6
|
0.154
|
|
Bdoy mass index
|
25.6 ± 1.1
|
25.1 ± 1.3
|
26.2 ± 1.1
|
25.6 ± 1.2
|
0.456
|
|
Parity
|
4.5 ± 1.4
|
4.9 ± 1.4
|
4.4 ± 1.3
|
4.6 ± 1.3
|
0.546
|
** Mean ± standard deviation.
[Table 2] indicates the baseline mean values score of MENQOL domains including vasomotor,
psychomotor-social, physical and sexual domais, before the intervention. Difficulty
in sleeping had a worse score in all groups. Hot flashes with mean ± SD = 7.03 ± 06.08
from the vasomotor domain were the second worst and facial hair from the physical
domain had the best score (1.68 ± 1.15). The total score of quality of life by MENQOL
between groups was not significantly different before the intervention.
Table 2
Mean baseline score of MENQOL domains in participants of the three groups before intervention[*]
|
Melissa Officinalis L.
|
Citalopram
|
Placebo
|
p-value
|
|
Vasomotor
|
5.83 ± 1.3[**]
|
5.85 ± 1.3
|
5.95 ± 1.2
|
0.749
|
|
Psychomotor-Social
|
3.84 ± 1.5
|
3.96 ± 1.6
|
3.93 ± 1.4
|
0.661
|
|
Physical
|
3.06 ± 1.0
|
3.52 ± 1.1
|
3.08 ± 0.9
|
0.760
|
|
Sexual
|
6.56 ± 1.0
|
5.61 ± 1.6
|
5.91 ± 1.3
|
0.812
|
* Higher index indicates worse quality of life.
** Mean ± standard deviation.
The total score of MENQOL in the 3 groups got better compared with baseline (p ≤ 0.001). [Table 3] indicates the mean and percentage of improving the score of MENQOL domains in participants
of the three groups after the intervention. As shown in [Table 3], improving the score of quality of life in the M. Officinalis L. group was significant (p < 0.001) compared with the other groups, and its highest effect was on the vasomotor
domain, with a mean of 2.2 ± 0.8. The citalopram group was also more effective than
placebo in improving various domains of quality of life (p < 0.001). In the present study, two participants in the citalopram group reported
nausea and one case reported headache, all of which were self-controlled. No adverse
effect was reported in the M. Officinalis L. and placebo groups.
Table 3
Mean ± standard deviation change and percentage change of MENQOL domains after 8 weeks
of intervention
|
Melissa Officinalis L.
|
Citalopram
|
Placebo
|
p-value
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
Percentage change (%)
|
Mean ± SD
|
Percentage change (%)
|
Mean ± SD
|
Percentage change (%)
|
|
|
Vasomotor
|
2.2 ± 0.8
|
-38.0
|
0.56 ± 0.5
|
-11.4
|
0.36 ± 0.5
|
-5.7
|
< 0.001
|
|
Psychomotor-Social
|
1.02 ± 0.6
|
-23.8
|
0.28 ± 0.2
|
-6.8
|
0.17 ± 0.1
|
-4.1
|
< 0.001
|
|
Physical
|
0.76 ± 0.4
|
-23.6
|
0.25 ± 0.1
|
-7.1
|
0.11 ± 0.1
|
-4.0
|
< 0.001
|
|
Sexual
|
2.3 ± 1.0
|
-34.5
|
0.35 ± 0.5
|
-7.6
|
0.41 ± 0.5
|
-6.4
|
< 0.001
|
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
Discussion
Sleep disturbance is one of the critical symptoms in menopause that influences quality
of life.[15] The main pathology of sleep disruption may be vasomotor symptoms specially in the
transitional period.[5] The result of the present study showed that M. Officinalis L. is more effective than citalopram and placebo in improving the quality of life of
the participants. The vasomotor symptoms as well as the physical, psychomotor-social,
and sexual domains of quality of life in the participants improved more in the M.Officinalis L. compared with other groups.
The average age of the participants with sleep disturbance was near 52 years old,
which may be due to the severity of this problem in the transitional stage and early
menopause.[5]
It seems that citalopram compared with placebo may decrease insomnia symptoms and
improve sleep quality[16]; but in some reviews, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or citalopram
for the treatment of major depression and anxiety disorders have noted that insomnia
is a commonly reported adverse event.[17]
[18] This conflict in effects of specific SSRIs on self-reported sleep in women may be
due to several reasons including differences in the pharmacologic properties of specific
drugs, study populations, choice of sleep outcome measures, and reporting of adverse
events.[16]
The global trend shows that the number of people preferring to use herbal ingredients
instead of chemicals is growing.[7]
[19]
M. Officinalis L., as a botanical substance, has anxiolytic effects and improves sleep quality in humans.[20]
[21] It is also recommended in sleep disturbance in menopause.[22] Indeed, this extract had been tested on animal models to decrease anxiety and as
an antioxidant.[20]
[23]
[24] The mechanism of action may be due to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) elevation on
the brain,[22]
[25] because it is assumed that GABAergic neurotransmission has been associated with
reductions in anxiety,[20] but the extent of its therapeutic effects and amounts of various constituents in
the extract is unknown.[18]
M. Officinalis L. is a safe and well-tolerated ingredient, and no adverse event was reported due to
the administration of 500 mg of M. Officinalis L. in humans.[26] In our study, no participant reported adverse events or complications during the
trial,
The strength of our study may be due to the recommendation of M. Officinalis L. to improve the quality of life of menopausal women, which naturally declines in
middle age.[27] Besides, this ingredient did not have the same potential side effects as citalopram.[28]
It seems that the placebo effect on health-related quality of life is meaningful.[29] In our study, we experienced a placebo effect on quality of life. On the other hand,
women who received placebo obtained a better score in MENQOL compared with baseline
scores.
Our limitation was the small sample size and short duration of the study. Indeed,
based on Ghazanfarpour et al.,[30] we did not omit the “Vaginal dryness during intercourse” and “weight gain” items
from MENQOL due to missing the consistency of the scores.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrates that M. Officinalis L. may improve the quality of life in menopausal women with sleep disorders. Furthermore,
no adverse effects were reported. It is recommended that further research will be
undertaken in this field with a larger sample size, longer follow-up, and different
racial populations.
