CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Indian Journal of Neurosurgery 2021; 10(02): 114-120
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721627
Original Article

The Immature Granulocyte Count Is a New Predictor of the 30-Day Mortality in Intracerebral Haemorrhage Patients: Preliminary Study

Cihan Bedel
1   Department of Emergency Medicine, Health Science University, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
,
Mustafa Korkut
1   Department of Emergency Medicine, Health Science University, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
,
Fatih Selvi
1   Department of Emergency Medicine, Health Science University, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
,
Ökkeş Zortuk
1   Department of Emergency Medicine, Health Science University, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
› Author Affiliations
Funding None.
 

Abstract

Objectives Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10 to 20% of all types of stroke and is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Neuroinflammation caused by intracerebral blood includes resident microglia activation, infiltration of systemic immune cells, and production of cytokines, chemokines, extracellular proteases, and reactive oxygen species. Despite several findings demonstrating that an immature granulocyte (IG) count can be a prognostic indicator as an inflammatory parameter in many diseases, no studies conducted on ICH patients are available in the literature. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the 30-day mortality rate and the IG count obtained at the time of admission in ICH patients.

Methods Demographic characteristics and laboratory test results of patients, who were diagnosed with ICH and hospitalized accordingly upon arrival at the emergency ward in our tertiary care hospital in the period from January 2019 and December 2019, were recorded. The endpoint of the study was the examination of the relationship between the short-term mortality (within 30 days after hospitalization) and the IG count at admission.

Results Seventy patients, who met the inclusion criteria, were included in the study. Of these patients, 40 (57.1%) were males and the mean age was 68.04 ± 13.08 years. Patients with poor prognosis had higher IG counts (p = 0.001). The 30-day mortality rate was 33.3% (11/33) in the high IG count (≥0.6) group and 5.4% (2/37) in the low IG count (< 0.6) group (p = 0.004). In the regression analysis, we found out a significant relationship of the IG count to the 30-day mortality, with an odds ratio of 5.157(95% CI = 0.914–29.087, p = 0.029).

Conclusion An IG count can be obtained from a simple full blood count, is easy to apply, does not result in extra costs, and is used as a marker to predict the 30-day prognosis.


#

Introduction

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a clinical manifestation of nontraumatic arterial or venous blood escape into the brain tissue. ICH is responsible for 10 to 20% of all stroke types and is associated with high mortality and morbidity.[1] The severity of the clinical picture is associated with the volume of extravasated blood mass; the mass, extent, and the location of the haematoma; age, and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores.[2] Inflammatory processes are increasingly recognized as important players in the pathophysiology of secondary brain injury after ICH.[3] Many studies have recently been reported supporting that inflammatory responses take a significant part in ICH.[4] [5] [6]

Within this scope, the neutrophil count, the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the thrombocyte/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 as inflammatory parameters have been proposed to predict the prognosis of ICH.[7] Recent studies have reported that immature granulocytes (IG) detectable with automated blood cell analyzers in the peripheral blood indicate bone marrow activation in infection and sepsis.[8] A high IG count is a robust prognostic factor in bacteremia, acute appendicitis, and complications of pancreatitis.[9] [10] [11] However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have examined the relationship between IG and prognosis in ICH patients previously. Therefore, in this study, we wished to investigate the relationship between the 30-day mortality and the IG count obtained at admission in ICH patients.


#

Methods

This retrospective observational study included patients, who were diagnosed and hospitalized with acute ICH upon admission at our tertiary emergency room in the period from January 2019 to December 2019. The diagnosis of ICH was made after obtaining the patient's history, making the neurological examination, and detecting the hemorrhagic lesion in the computed tomography (CT). Subtyping of ICH detected by CT (hypertensive bleeding, aneurysmal hemorrhage, amyloid angiopathy hemorrhage and microvascular hemorrhage) applied to our study population. The exclusion criteria of the study were defined as follows: having systemic inflammatory diseases, hematological diseases, malignant diseases, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), evidence of active infection at the time of admission, recent major trauma, and acute poisoning; the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy causing bone marrow suppression, and missing laboratory and imaging findings. Age, gender, medical history, risk factors, vital signs, any surgical procedures, clinical laboratory test results within the first hour after emergency room admission, GCS scores, and CT imaging data were retrieved for all patients.

Of the laboratory parameters, glucose levels; white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet; IG percentages and counts, and CRP levels were recorded. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were calculated. In the CT images; the volume and location (lobar, cerebellar, ganglial) of the bleeding and whether intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) was present were identified and recorded. Confirmed 'ABC/2' or 'ABC/3′ methods in previous studies were used to estimate the hematoma volume for “round and ellipsoid” or “irregular and uniquely shaped” hemorrhages, respectively.[11] [12] The study endpoint was to examine the relationship between short-term mortality (within 30 days after hospitalization) and the IG count measured at the time of admission.

The statistical analysis of all variables was performed by using SPSS version 23.0. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Frequency and percentage (%) were used to define categorical data. Pearson's Chi-square test was used for the evaluation of categorical variables. For comparing the parameters between the good and poor outcome groups and the groups of patients with an IG count of ≥0.6 and IG count of < 0.6 as reference values, the Student t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test were used for normally and non-normally distributed variables, respectively. A multiple logistic regression was applied to identify factors involved in the 30-day mortality. The optimum cutoff value of the IG count to predict the 30-day survival was analyzed with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. In comparisons between groups in the study, a p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.


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Results

Seventy patients, who met the inclusion criteria, were included in the study. Of these patients, 40 (57.1%) were males and the mean age was 68.04 ± 13.08 years. The mean white blood cell (WBC) count of the patients was 10.97 ± 4.04103/ mL, the mean NLR was 6.91 ± 5.86, and the mean IG count was 0.76 ± 0.08. The main clinical features of the patients are detailed in [Table 1]. The patients were divided into two groups as the good outcome and poor outcome groups according to the 30-day mortality status. Of the study patients, 57 (81.4%) were in the good outcome group and 13 (18.6%) were in the poor outcome group. The patients in the poor outcome group had a higher ICH volume in the imaging tests (76.98 ± 20.49 vs. 31.24 ± 5.64). ICH was lobar at a higher percentage in the patients in the poor prognosis group. Of the laboratory parameters, the WBC count (13.50 ± 4.34 vs. 10:39 ± 3.78; p = 0.020), the neutrophil count (10.42 ± 3.51 vs. 7.72 ± 3.67; p = 0.011), NLR (9.11 ± 5.76 vs. 6.41 ± 5.82; p = 0.005), and the IG count (1.24 ± 0.66 vs. 0.65 ± 0.18; p = 0.001) were higher in the poor prognosis group compared with the good prognosis group ([Table 1]).

Table 1

Clinical and demographic characteristics of the study population

Variables

Total

(n = 70)

Good outcome

(n = 57)

Poor outcome (n = 13)

p-Value

Abbreviations: BPM, beats per minute; CRP, C-reactive protein; ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow coma scale; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; IG, immature granulocyte; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet/lymphocyte ratio; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Age (years)

68.04 ± 13.08

66.98 ± 13.30

72.69 ± 11.34

0.155

Male gender n (%)

40 (57.1)

33(82.9)

7 (53.8)

0.514

Clinical history

 Hypertension

49 (70)

39 (68.4)

10 (76.9)

0.406

 Diabetes mellitus

20 (28.6)

15 (26.3)

5 (38.5)

0.498

 Hyperlipidemia

15 (21.4)

13 (22.8)

2 (15.4)

0.720

 Atrial fibrillation

8 (11.4)

7 (12.3)

1 (7.7)

0.539

 Coronary artery disease

23 (32.9)

18 (31.6)

5 (38.5)

0.746

 Prior stroke/TIA

9 (13)

7 (12.3)

2 (16.7)

0.650

Vital signs at ED presentation

 Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

165.17 ± 36.63

168.17 ± 31.54

149.00 ± 58.46

0.581

 Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

94.31 ± 21.39

96.06 ± 18.70

84.90 ± 32.04

0.550

 Heart rate (BPM)

63.31 ± 14.56

65.11 ± 12.79

53.60 ± 19.95

0.135

 GCS

11 (3–15)

12 (3–15)

9 (3–15)

0.003

Prestroke medications

 Antiplatelet agents

35 (50)

29 (50.9)

6 (46.2)

0.500

 Oral anticoagulants

8 (11.4)

7 (12.3)

1 (7.7)

0.539

 Statins

15 (21.7)

13 (23.2)

2 (15.4)

0.718

 Antihypertensive drugs

43 (61.4)

33 (57.9)

10 (76.9)

0.344

Brain imaging ICH parameters

 Volume (mL)

39.73 ± 6.26

31.24 ± 5.64

76.98 ± 20.49

0.005

Location

 Lobar

38 (54.2)

29 (50.9)

9(69.2)

0.028

 Basal ganglia

30 (42.8)

27 (47.4)

3(23.1)

 Cerebellum

2 (3)

1(1.7)

1(7.7)

 Presence of IVH

11 (15.7)

6(10.5)

5(38.5)

0.025

Laboratory features

 White blood cell (103/mL)

10.97 ± 4.04

10.39 ± 3.78

13.50 ± 4.34

0.020

 Neutrophil (103/mL)

8.22 ± 3.77

7.72 ± 3.67

10.42 ± 3.51

0.011

 Lymphocyte (103/mL)

1.76 ± 1.33

1.71 ± 1.11

1.95 ± 0.57

0.520

 Hemoglobin (g/L)

12.60 ± 2.36

12.40 ± 2.12

13.46 ± 3.16

0.304

 Platelet (103/mL)

257.35 ± 150.17

242.36 ± 90.47

323.07 ± 81.11

0.556

 NLR

6.91 ± 5.86

6.41 ± 5.82

9.11 ± 5.76

0.005

 PLR

195.94 ± 17.21

184.56 ± 18.21

245.82 ± 46.80

0.141

 CRP

37.38 ± 6.63

29.26 ± 12.18

39.13 ± 7.63

0.806

 IG

0.76 ± 0.08

0.65 ± 0.18

1.24 ± 0.66

0.001

Surgery

4 (5.7)

2 (3.5)

2 (15.4)

0.154

Of the 70 patients, 37 had a low IG count (< 0.6) and the remaining 33 had a high IG count (≥ 0.6). The 30-day mortality was 33.3% (11/33) in the high IG count group and 5.4% (2/37) in the low IG count (< 0.6) group (p = 0.004). The ICH volume was higher in the high IG count group (51.87 ± 10.85 vs. 28.91 ± 6.47; p = 0.028). Compared with the low IG count group, the WBC count (12.70 ± 4.15 vs. 9.21 ± 2.80; p < 0.001), the neutrophil count (9.80 ± 3.72 vs. 6.59 ± 2.76; p < 0.001), NLR (9.41 ± 6.88 vs. 5.54 ± 5.14; p = 0.003), and CRP (48.81 ± 10.01 vs. 26.91 ± 8.36; p = 0.010) were higher in the high IG count group ([Table 2]).

Table 2

Clinical characteristics of population with IG < 0.6 and IG≥ 0.6

Variables

Low-IG group (< 0.6, n = 37)

High-IG group (≥ 0.6, n = 33)

p-Value

Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow coma scale; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; IG, immature granulocyte; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet/lymphocyte ratio; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Age (years)

66.18 ± 13.33

70.12 ± 12.66

0.189

Male gender n (%)

23 (62.2)

17 (51.1)

0.469

Clinical history

 Hypertension

27 (73)

22(66.7)

0.609

 Diabetes mellitus

9 (24.3)

11 (33.3)

0.438

 Hyperlipidemia

7 (18.9)

8 (24.2)

0.771

 Atrial fibrillation

5 (13.5)

3 (9.1)

0.714

 Coronary artery disease

14 (37.8)

9 (27.3)

0.447

 Prior stroke/TIA

4 (11.1)

5 (15.2)

0.728

Vital signs at ED presentation

 Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

170.67 ± 33.47

158.11 ± 39.82

0.381

 Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

96.44 ± 19.64

91.57 ± 23.58

0.743

 Heart rate (bpm)

64.83 ± 12.97

61.36 ± 16.43

0.669

GCS

12 (3–15)

10 (3–15)

0.041

Prestroke medications

 Antiplatelet agents

19 (51.4)

16 (48.5)

0.500

 Oral anticoagulants

5 (13.5)

3 (9.1)

0.714

 Statins

7 (18.9)

8 (25)

0.572

 Antihypertensive drugs

22 (59.5)

21 (63.6)

0.808

Brain imaging ICH parameters

 Volume (mL)

28.91 ± 6.47

51.87 ± 10.85

0.028

Location

 Lobar

13 (35.1)

25 (75.7)

0.007

 Basal ganglia

23 (62.1)

7 (21.3)

 Cerebellum

1 (2,8)

1 (3)

 Presence of IVH

4 (11.1)

7 (21.3)

0.327

Laboratory features

 White blood cell (103/mL)

9.21 ± 2.80

12.70 ± 4.15

<0.001

 Neutrophil (103/mL)

6.59 ± 2.76

9.80 ± 3.72

<0.001

 Lymphocyte (103/mL)

1.69 ± 0.71

1.83 ± 0.32

0.205

 Hemoglobin (g/L)

12.62 ± 2.07

12.68 ± 2.64

0.469

 Platelet (103/mL)

229.75 ± 81.13

293.84 ± 198.94

0.210

 NLR

5.54 ± 5.14

9.41 ± 6.88

0.003

 PLR

159.25 ± 101.06

242.65 ± 173.63

0.038

 CRP

26.91 ± 8.36

48.81 ± 10.01

0.010

Surgery

2 (5.4)

2 (6.1)

0.648

30-day mortality (n [%])

2 (5.4)

11 (33.3)

0.004

We performed the logistic regression analysis with the variables of age (≥65 years vs. < 65 years), IVH (yes vs. no), ICH volume (≥30 mL vs. < 30 mL), NLR (from high to low), and the counts of WBC and IG. These variables were selected based on studies in the literature reporting the factors associated with survival in ICH patients.[3] In the regression analysis, we found out that a high IG count was significantly related to the 30-day mortality with the odds ratio (OR) of 5.157 (95% CI = 0.914–29.087, p = 0.029). The other related factors were the presence of IVH (OR 5.801, 95% CI = 1.024–32.873), ICH volume (OR 1.012, 95% CI= 1.003–1.025), and NLR (OR 0.197, 95% CI = 0.039–0.989) ([Table 3]). Furthermore, the effectiveness of IG in predicting the 30-day mortality was calculated by plotting ROC curves ([Fig. 1]). At a cutoff point of 0.6 for the IG count, AUC was 0.789 (0.665–0.914); sensitivity was 84.6%, and specificity was 74.2%.

Table 3

Logistic regression analysis of risk factors affected UGIB 30-day mortality

Variables

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

OR (95% CI)

p-Value

OR (95% CI)

p-Value

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CRP, C-reactive protein; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; IG%, immature granulocyte percentage; IGC, immature granulocyte count; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; OR, odds ratio; UGIB, upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Age

1.036 (0.986–1.089)

0.160

Presence of IVH

5.312 (1.308–21.574)

0.020

5.801 (1.024–32.873)

0.047

ICH volume

1.013 (1.003–1.024)

0.013

1.012 (1.003–1.025)

0.014

White blood cell (103/mL)

1.196 (1.031–1.387)

0.018

0.862 (0.191–3.891)

0.862

NLR

1.121(1.021–1.230)

0.017

0.197 (0.039–0.989)

0.048

IG

2.613 (1.115–6.124)

0.027

5.157 (0.914–29.087)

0.029

Zoom Image
Fig. 1 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of immature granulocyte (IG) in the discrimination between mortality.

#

Discussion

The most important new findings of our study are the significantly high IG count in nonsurvivors of ICH compared with the survivors and the high mortality rates in the patients with an IG count of 0.6 or higher. Our results have shown that the IG count can provide a risk classification to predict the 30-day outcome in ICH patients.

Studies have shown that inflammation takes an important part in the pathophysiology of ICH. With the start of bleeding, many complex inflammatory reactions are activated including the activation of microglia.[13] [14] The activation of microglia leads to the infiltration of various circulating immune cells, mainly macrophages and T cells, resulting in the release of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and free radicals. These, along with cell death products, further activate the resident and migrating lymphocytes, leading to increased infiltration of lymphocytes and a continuous cycle of inflammatory responses. There is increasing evidence that this inflammatory response contributes to the formation of edema through increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability around the hematoma, which exacerbates the mass effect and increases the cell death process through secondary ischemia, and more inflammatory, surrounding brain tissue.[14] [15] Therefore, it has recently become the center of attention that new parameters of inflammation can predict the prognosis in ICH patients.

Previous studies have associated the WBC and neutrophil count, NLR, PLR, and other inflammatory parameters with poor prognosis in ICH patients.[16] [17] [18] The study by Wang et al[4] highlighted that the 30-day outcome was poor in ICH patients, with an NLR of 7.35 and above. Another study by Luo et al[19] demonstrated that a high NLR was a new risk factor for mortality and morbidity in ICH in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A study conducted by Zhang et al[20] reported that a high PLR value in ICH patients found in the emergency department before admission to the intensive care unit was a significant predictor for the short-term neurological outcome but not for the long-term survival. Another recent study showed that a high WBC and neutrophil count, a high NLR, and a low lymphocyte count could be predictive of poor survival after ICH.[21] In alignment with the literature, we found out in our study that a high WBC and a high neutrophil count and a high NLR were related to the 30-day survival in ICH patients, but we could not find a significant relationship of the lymphocyte count and PLR to the survival.

Studies have indicated that the 30-day survival in ICH patients is associated with a high ICH volume, low GCS scores, and surgical procedures.[22] [23] Studies report that surgery is required in patients with a hematoma volume of 30 mL and higher but survival is not good in those patients.[24] In the decision of surgery, it is essential that the clinician make his/her own best decision, and the primary efficacy in this decision is the location of the hematoma, age, neurological condition, hematoma volume, comorbid condition, and the drugs used. Generally, applied in our hospital, the classic treatment is conservative follow-up. Mainly, antiedema is the general supportive treatment, which is carried out by applying the therapy and keeping the systemic arterial blood pressure at the desired level. Dexamethasone is mostly preferred in antiedema treatment. The dose is adjusted by considering the dynamics of each case. In cases where dexamethasone is contraindicated, mannitol 20% solution is used. In antihypertensive treatment, if the patient is not comatose, peroral dietetics, calcium antagonists, or β blockers are used. Parenteral diuretics are preferred in patients with extremely impaired consciousness. Nitroprusside is also used in resistant hypertensive cases. In our study, we found out that low GCS scores and a high ICH volume significantly affected the 30-day survival.

The IG count is a new parameter that gives the number of promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes in peripheral blood. A low IG count can be detected by automated blood analyzers more reliably compared with conventional counting under a light microscope.[25] Being not a normal component in peripheral blood, there is IG increase in number in several conditions including trauma, necrosis, and acute transplant rejection.[25] In these conditions, an increase in the IG count indicates an increase in the number of neutrophils that escape the bone marrow. Moreover, some people, especially old individuals, newborns, and myelosuppressed patients, may not display an increased neutrophil count and may even have neutropenia in other conditions such as sepsis. An increase in the IG count in such conditions may help in showing the presence of acute infection. Furthermore, studies have found out that the granulocyte count is significantly high in many inflammatory conditions such as acute appendicitis, liver abscesses, and infective complications after cardiac surgery.[26] [27] Huang et al[8] reported that a high IG count can predict the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) early in patients with acute pancreatitis. Another study by Lipinski et al[28] showed that an IG count of 0.6 and above had high specificity and sensitivity in demonstrating acute pancreatitis complications. Senthilnayagam et al[7] reported that IG can be used potential markers for bacterial infection. In this study, IG > 3 showed sepsis with high sensitivity and specificity. To the best of our knowledge, no studies are available in the literature examining the relationship between the IG count and ICH. In our study, we found out that the IG count was significantly high in patients with poor prognosis for the 30-day survival. The patients with an IG count of 0.6 and above had a significantly poor prognosis for the 30-day survival.

Our study had some limitations. First, it is a single-center and retrospective study conducted with somewhat a small number of patients. Second, the IG count was obtained only at the time of admission. The lack of the availability of serial counts is the most important limitation of our study. Another limitation is the lack of the availability of the levels of the tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6, which we could not test in the emergency department. Our results might have been more productive if the IG count had been found to be related to such inflammatory parameters. Multicentre prospective studies with a larger patient population are needed to better interpret the findings of our study.


#

Conclusions

An IG count can be obtained from a simple full blood count, easy to apply, and does not require extra costs. The IG count is used as a marker to predict the 30-day prognosis.


#
#

Ethical Approval

This study was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee, Antalya, Turkey. All the patients or caregivers gave their written informed consent for research, which was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

Authors’ Contributions

All the authors have a substantial contribution in the study design, data interpretation, and writing and reviewing the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

None declared.

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  • 25 Bruegel M, Fiedler G, Matthes G, Thiery J. Reference values for immature granulocytes in healthy blood donors generated on the Sysmex XE-2100 automated hematology analyser. Sysmex J Int 2004; 14 (01) 5-7
  • 26 Ünal Y. A new and early marker in the diagnosis of acute complicated appendicitis: immature granulocytes. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2018; 24 (05) 434-439
  • 27 Daix T, Guérin E, Tavernier E. et al. Immature granulocytes: a risk factor of infection after cardiac surgery. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2018; 94 (06) 887-894
  • 28 Lipiński M, Rydzewska G. Immature granulocytes predict severe acute pancreatitis independently of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Prz Gastroenterol 2017; 12 (02) 140-144

Address for correspondence

Cihan Bedel, MD
Health Science University Antalya Training and Research Hospital
Kazım Karabekir Street, Postal Zip Code: 07100, Muratpaşa, Antalya
Turkey   

Publication History

Article published online:
06 January 2021

© 2021. Neurological Surgeons’ Society of India. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Zoom Image
Fig. 1 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of immature granulocyte (IG) in the discrimination between mortality.