Keywords
ophthalmology residency - COVID-19 - coronavirus - wellness - physician burnout
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has made an unprecedented impact on the healthcare system in the United States and worldwide. On March 18, 2020, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) stated that “it is essential that all ophthalmologists cease providing any treatment other than urgent or emergent care immediately” to reduce virus transmissibility and allow resources to be directed toward COVID-19 patients.[1] As a result, there were drastic changes to ophthalmology practice across the United States. According to an AAO Member Pulse survey conducted in April 2020, 95% of practices were seeing 25% or less of their pre-COVID-19 patient volumes, and 81% were seeing less than 10% of their pre-COVID-19 surgical volumes.[2]
As hospitals and clinics across the nation faced drastic reductions in clinical volume, there were undoubtedly impacts on ophthalmology resident education and well-being.[3] We sought to estimate the impact of the nation's initial COVID-19 response on ophthalmology resident education and well-being to address the concerns of our current trainees and recent graduates as they prepare to enter practice in the context of the continued COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
This study was IRB-exempt from the University of Washington Institutional Review Board (IRB). All ophthalmology residents in postgraduate years (PGY)-two through four years who were enrolled in a US ophthalmology residency program were eligible to participate. A 36-item electronic survey was distributed by email to all US ophthalmology residency program directors and coordinators in May 2020, and the email was forwarded to ophthalmology residents by participating programs. Participation in the survey was anonymous and voluntary. The survey was open from May 20th, 2020 to June 10th, 2020.
The survey included questions regarding sociodemographic and COVID-19 related changes to clinical responsibilities, wellness, and career plans ([Table 1]). Respondents reported the state in which their residency was located, and these responses were coded into regions using US Census guidelines.[4] Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education data was used to calculate the total number of residents meeting inclusion criteria and resident response rate from programs confirming participation.[5]
Table 1
Demographics and COVID-19 related changes in residency training
|
Survey response (n = total number of responses per question)
|
Number of residents (%) or mean ± SD
|
|
Demographics
|
|
|
Age (n = 232)
|
30.4 ± 2.43
|
|
Gender: male (n = 232)
|
131 (56.4%)
|
|
Marital status: married (n = 232)
|
125 (53.9%)
|
|
Parent: yes (n = 234)
|
60 (25.6%)
|
|
Year of training (n = 232)
|
|
|
PGY-2
|
75 (32.3%)
|
|
PGY-3
|
67 (28.9%)
|
|
PGY-4
|
90 (38.8%)
|
|
Region of residency (n = 229)
|
|
|
South
|
64 (27.9%)
|
|
Midwest
|
59 (25.8%)
|
|
Northeast
|
57 (24.9%)
|
|
West
|
47 (20.5%)
|
|
COVID-19 related changes to clinical duties
|
|
|
Deployed to provide clinical care outside of ophthalmology due to COVID-19 (n = 233)
|
34 (14.6%)
|
|
In a risk pool to be deployed
|
75 (32.2%)
|
|
Duration of non-ophthalmology clinical duties (n = 34)
|
|
|
< 1 wk
|
1 (2.9%)
|
|
> 4 wk
|
6 (17.6%)
|
|
Reduced clinical duties (n = 233)
|
219 (94.0%)
|
|
Seeing urgent patients only (n = 233)
|
206 (88.4%)
|
|
Initiating or increasing telehealth (n = 233)
|
143 (61.4%)
|
|
Elimination of OR time (n = 233)
|
167 (71.7%)
|
|
>50 primary surgical cases canceled (n = 233)
|
68 (29.2%)
|
|
Concerns regarding COVID-19 exposure
|
|
|
Concern regarding contracting COVID 19 on a scale of 1–5 (n = 232)
|
3.18 ± 1.00
|
|
Known COVID-19 exposure in the clinical setting (n = 234)
Inadequate PPE at times (n = 118)
|
118 (50.4%)
44 (37.2%)
|
|
Have contracted COVID-19 (n = 234)
|
2 (0.009%)
|
|
Impact of COVID-19 on career plans and skills
|
|
|
Concerned about impact of COVID-19 on: (n = 234)
|
|
|
Surgical skills
|
164 (70.1%)
|
|
Clinical skills
|
108 (46.2%)
|
|
Job prospects
|
135 (57.7%)
|
|
More likely to pursue fellowship (n = 233)
|
35 (15.0%)
|
|
Positive impact of COVID-19 (n = 229)
|
|
|
More time to sleep
|
165 (72.1%)
|
|
More time to study
|
161 (70.3%)
|
|
More time with family
|
152 (66.4%)
|
|
More time for research
|
151 (65.9%)
|
|
Negative impact of COVID (n = 234)
|
|
|
Isolation from colleagues, peers, friends/family
|
208 (88.9%)
|
|
Inability to travel during vacation
|
194 (82.9%)
|
|
Stress or anxiety regarding family and personal health
|
161 (68.8%)
|
|
Stress regarding re-deployment
|
119 (50.9%)
|
|
Burnout, depression, anxiety, and satisfaction
|
|
|
Positive burnout screen (n = 232)
|
72 (31.0%)
|
|
Positive anxiety screen (n = 231)
|
31 (13.4%)
|
|
Positive depression screen (n = 221)
|
21 (9.1%)
|
|
Satisfaction with specialty choice on 1–5 scale (n = 233)
|
4.54 ± 0.69
|
|
Changes related on sleep and wellness during COVID-19 hospital response
|
|
Decreased
|
Unchanged
|
Increased
|
|
Sleep while ON call (n = 216)
|
22 (9.8%)
|
74 (34.3%)
|
124 (57.4%)
|
|
Number of encounters on call (n = 216)
|
174 (80.6%)
|
37 (17.1%)
|
5 (2.3%)
|
|
Physical activity (n = 227)
|
78 (34.4%)
|
47 (20.7%)
|
102 (44.9%)
|
|
Burnout (n = 223)
|
107 (48.0%)
|
66 (29.6%)
|
50 (22.4%)
|
|
Anxiety (n = 227)
|
44 (19.4%)
|
66 (29.1%)
|
117 (51.5%)
|
Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; PGY, postgraduate year; PPE, personal protective equipment.
To quantify resident wellness, items from validated questionnaires were used verbatim within the survey. Burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory 2-item survey,[6] depression was assessed using the Patient Health Care Questionnaire 2,[7] and anxiety was assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item screen.[8]
Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata 13.1. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and free-response answers were categorized. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Fifty-seven of 123 (46.3%) ophthalmology residencies confirmed participation and forwarding of the survey to a total of 785 residents, and 236 (30.1%) responded to the survey. Two responses from PGY-1 residents were excluded as they did not meet our inclusion criteria.
The results of the survey are shown in [Table 1]. We found that approximately half (50.4%) of all respondents reported exposure to known COVD-19 positive patients, and among these, 37.2% felt that they did not have adequate personal protective equipment (PPE). Nearly all residents (94.0%) reported a decrease in clinical duties due to COVID-19, and 84% of residents reported a decrease in primary surgical cases with 29.2% reporting a loss of more than 50 primary surgical cases. Most (70.1%) residents were concerned that the pandemic would negatively impact their surgical skills beyond residency and 50.7% were concerned that COVID-19 would negatively impact their ability to find employment. Fifteen percent of residents reported that they were more likely to pursue fellowship due to the pandemic.
From the validated survey questions, 31% residents screened positive for burnout, 9.1% residents screened positive for depression, and 13.4% residents screened positive for generalized anxiety. Specialty satisfaction continued to be high when measured on a Likert scale from 1 to 5, with 5 being “most satisfied” (4.54 ± 0.69). Those who expressed higher concern for contracting COVID-19 were more likely to experience burnout and anxiety, and those who were redeployed for nonophthalmology clinical duties were more likely to experience anxiety ([Table 2]). PGY-2 residents had higher odds of burnout and depression, and residents who reported being parents had lower odds of burnout ([Table 2]).
Table 2
Factors affecting burnout, anxiety, and depression
|
Positive GAD Screen OR (95% CI) p-Value
|
Positive MBI Screen OR (95% CI) p-Value
|
Positive PHQ Screen OR (95% CI) p-Value
|
|
Year in training
|
|
|
|
|
PGY-2
|
1.62 (0.75–3.52) 0.22
|
2.10 (1.17–3.76) 0.01
|
2.53 (1.02–6.26) 0.04
|
|
PGY-3
|
0.43 (0.16–1.18) 0.10
|
0.78 (0.42–1.48) 0.45
|
0.55 (0.18–1.71) 0.31
|
|
PGY-4
|
1.16 (0.54–2.50) 0.71
|
0.59 (0.33–1.08) 0.09
|
0.60 (0.22–1.62) 0.31
|
|
Parent
|
0.52 (0.19–1.42) 0.20
|
0.35 (0.17–0.75) 0.007
|
0.28 (0.06–1.25) 0.10
|
|
Region
|
|
|
|
|
South
|
0.71 (0.29–1.74) 0.45
|
0.89 (0.47–1.12) 0.70
|
0.46 (0.13–1.65) 0.23
|
|
Midwest
|
1.09 (0.46–2.61) 0.85
|
0.56 (0.28–3.16) 0.10
|
2.01 (0.74–5.46) 0.17
|
|
Northeast
|
2.30 (1.03–5.15) 0.04
|
1.69 (0.90–2.28) 0.10
|
1.18 (0.40–3.48) 0.76
|
|
West
|
0.38 (0.11–1.33) 0.13
|
1.15 (0.58–4.08) 0.68
|
0.75 (0.21–2.69) 0.65
|
|
Redeployed to nonophthalmology clinical duties
|
3.64 (1.53–8.69) 0.004
|
1.94 (0.92–1.51) 0.08
|
2.02 (0.69–5.95) 0.20
|
|
Concern for contracting COVID-19 (1–5 scale)
|
1.70 (1.12–2.56) 0.01
|
1.39 (1.05–3.30) 0.02
|
1.12 (0.71–1.76) 0.64
|
|
Exposure to COVID-19 positive patients
|
1.47 (0.68–3.16) 0.32
|
1.54 (0.90–2.62) 0.11
|
0.74 (0.30–1.82) 0.51
|
Abbreviations CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item; MBI, Maslach Burnout Inventory 2-item survey; OR, odds ratio; PGY, postgraduate year; PHQ, Patient Health Care Questionnaire 2.
Fifty-two percent of the respondents reported increased anxiety during the pandemic; these residents had higher odds of reporting increased concern of contracting COVID-19 and being currently engaged in a job search ([Table 3]). Forty-eight percent of the respondents reported a decrease in burnout during their hospital's COVID-19 response. These residents had higher odds of reporting increased sleep, physical activity, time for research, and time to study due to the pandemic ([Table 3]).
Table 3
Factors contributing to increased anxiety or decreased burnout
|
Increased anxiety
OR (95% CI) p-Value
|
Decreased burnout
OR (95% CI) p-Value
|
|
Concern for contracting COVID-19 (1–5 scale)
|
2.01 (1.51–2.69) <0.001
|
0.84 (0.65–1.08) 0.17
|
|
Exposure to COVID-19 positive patients
|
1.14 (0.67–1.91) 0.6
|
0.93 (0.55–1.56) 0.8
|
|
Currently applying for a job
|
2.01 (1.51–2.69) 0.02
|
0.34 (0.12–0.96) 0.04
|
|
Reported that pandemic has caused:
|
|
|
|
Increased sleep on call
|
0.56 (0.33–0.93) 0.03
|
3.39 (1.98–5.81) <0.001
|
|
Increased time to sleep overall
|
0.37 (0.21–0.68) <0.001
|
8.42 (4.02–17.6) <0.001
|
|
Increased physical activity
|
0.81 (0.48–1.36) 0.43
|
2.58 (1.52–4.40) <0.001
|
|
Increased time for research
|
0.57 (0.33–0.98) 0.04
|
1.99 (1.14–3.46) 0.02
|
|
Increased time with family
|
0.47 (0.27–0.81) 0.007
|
1.41 (0.82–2.42) 0.22
|
|
Increased time to study
|
0.46 (0.26–0.82) 0.008
|
3.77 (2.04–7.00) <0.001
|
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; OR, odds ratio.
Discussion
Our survey administration period of May to June 2020 was timed to capture the initial impact from the pandemic, during which surgical and clinical visits were significantly reduced. Our findings describe the short-term effects on the training and perspectives of ophthalmology residents, and it remains to be seen what lasting effects the pandemic will have on clinical competence, fellowship decisions, and future employment.
The pandemic also presents a unique situation for assessing resident well-being. We previously found a high prevalence of burnout among ophthalmology residents due to factors such as inadequate sleep on call, long work hours, and high clinical volumes.[9] As most residents reported a drastic decrease in clinical and call volumes during the pandemic response, it was not surprising to find the 31% prevalence of burnout in our study was lower than previous national surveys (55.89–63.3%10).
Despite the decrease in resident workload and burnout, many pandemic-related factors negatively affected resident well-being. More than half the residents in our study reported increased anxiety during the pandemic. Although only 14.6% of residents were deployed to clinical duties outside ophthalmology, 50.4% were exposed to known COVID-19 positive patients, suggesting that most exposures had occurred in an ophthalmology setting. While having exposure to known COVID-19 patients did not affect the odds of any measure of well-being, greater concern regarding contracting COVID-19 resulted in increased odds of anxiety and burnout. Because 37% of those with COVID-19 exposures felt they did not always have adequate PPE, this may reflect delays or inconsistency in institutional implementation of appropriate PPE.[11] Similarly, 38% of residents reported a high (at least 4 out of 5) level of concern regarding contracting COVID-19, possibly due to ophthalmologists being at higher risk for contracting COVID-19.[12] Trainees in other specialties have similarly expressed personal concern of acquiring and transmitting COVID-19 to family members.[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Part of the COVID-19-related anxiety is likely associated with the uncertainty of the pandemic's future course. While many practices have now resumed average clinical volumes,[17] there is continued fear of the pandemic's effect on future surgical caseloads, job prospects, and continued exposure risks. This survey provides insight into resident concerns as we move forward in upcoming phases of the pandemic; institutions will need to continue to develop PPE protocols that make trainees feel protected and programs will need to work individually with residents to ensure surgical and clinical competency despite interruptions to anticipated caseloads.
Unfortunately, ophthalmology trainees will continue to observe the economic disruptions caused by the virus and its effect on the job market. Whether the initial short-term reduction in clinical and surgical volume found in this survey will have a true impact on resident preparedness for clinical practice is unknown. At this time, there is high anxiety and concern surrounding the effects of COVID-19 on clinical skills and the ability to secure employment. According to our survey, this concern may manifest with an increase in fellowship applications for this and following years. Armed with this knowledge, ophthalmology residency programs around the country should be ready to counsel each resident individually about future career plans to determine the best course of action, whether that include an extension of residency training or additional fellowship training.
Our study has several limitations. Only 43% of ophthalmology residencies confirmed survey distribution, limiting our reach to just over half (785/1473, 53%) of residents meeting our inclusion criteria.[5] Of those residents who received the survey, the number that answered was only 30%. Overall, 236 responses represent a small fraction of ophthalmology residents in the United States, though this is similar to previous national ophthalmology resident surveys.[10]
[18] Residents with concerns about COVID-19 or those impacted more strongly by COVID-19 may be more likely to participate, which may have biased the results by overestimating the impact of the pandemic.
Conclusions
While this survey assesses the impact to ophthalmology residents in particular, other surgical specialties have experienced similar changes to training volumes and resident well-being.[14]
[19]
[20] There will continue to be future unavoidable decreases to clinical and surgical volumes due to COVID-19, and it is important for residency training programs to understand the potential impact to this future generation of surgeons and to prepare accordingly. Most importantly, we must prioritize trainee safety by enforcing PPE guidelines and minimizing known COVID-19 exposure as much as possible.
