Keywords virtual reality - intracranial aneurysm - microsurgery - skull base
Palavras-chave realidade virtual - aneurisma intracraniano - microcirurgia - base do crânio
Introduction
Surgical planning is a critical step in cerebrovascular surgery. Appropriate selection
of surgical approaches, angle of attack, and potential clip configuration may be optimized
by meticulous assessment of the patient angiographic images.
Virtual reality (VR) has increasingly been adopted as a technology with potential
benefits for neurosurgery, allowing a reduced learning curve of complex procedures,
improved visuospatial skills, and understanding of complex anatomical relationships.[1 ]
[2 ]
Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) data from computed tomography
angiography (CTA) can be used to create accurate and individualized 3D models of the
patient skull base and vascular anatomy. These 3D models can later be transferred
to a virtual reality environment, obtaining in this process “stereopsis”[3 ], which is a sense of depth from binocular vision that translates to optimized visuospatial
interpretation.
Using VR, the neurosurgeon can have a more accurate, preoperative interaction with
the patient's unique anatomy. In the VR environment, different surgical approaches
can be simulated, and surgical strategy rehearsed.
Our goal is to outline our step-by-step process of VR surgical planning, including
DICOM data processing and creation of VR models of different surgical approaches,
applied successfully in the case of a patient with an unruptured anterior communicating
artery (AcoA) aneurysm treated at our center, and briefly point the advantages and
disadvantages of this technology.
Case
A 64-year-old female patient with medical history of arterial hypertension was admitted
to our center because of headache of acute onset and was diagnosed an unruptured saccular
AcoA aneurysm. The patient was neurologically intact. On CTA, the dimensions of the
aneurysm were 3-mm neck and 5-mm diameter, with an anteroinferior projection, and
counter clockwise rotation of the A2 fork. This case was considered favorable for
a minimally invasive approach.
VR Planning
DICOM CTA (1.0-mm thickness volumetric acquisition) was processed using the open-source
DICOM software Horos version 3.3.6 (Nimble LLC, Purview in Annapolis, MD, USA). Using
“grow segmentation tool,” two different regions of interest (ROIs) of the polygon
of Willis and of the skull bone were created. Next, in the 3D volume rendering mode,
with the “scissor tool” 3 surgical approaches suitable for the case were simulated
(mini-pterional, supraorbital and mini-orbitozygomatic). In the 3D surface rendering
mode, red color labeling was assigned to the arterial ROI, and white color to the
bone ROI. The 3D model was converted and exported to a VR compatible file.
Using Sketchfab (http://www.sketchfab.com ) free online VR editor, the file was uploaded, and the texture was processed.
Using a VR headset (Zeiss Vr Oneplus headset), the resulting models were assessed
using the first-person VR mode.
Results
A VR simulation of minimally invasive cranial approaches was performed from the side
of A1 dominance (left side).
A frontotemporal curvilinear skin incision behind the line of hair implantation, is
followed by interfascial dissection of the temporalis muscle. A subfascial or myocutaneous
dissection can be performed as well. A fronto-temporo-sphenoidal craniotomy, as described
by Figueiredo et al.,[4 ], includes bone removal from the keyhole region, posterior to the frontozygomatic
suture, lateral to the superior temporal line and anterior to the stephanion ([Fig. 1.A ], [B ]).
Fig. 1
Virtual reality simulation of surgical approaches. (A, B) Mini-pterional craniotomy. (C) (D) Supraorbital craniotomy. (D, E) Mini-orbitozygomatic
osteotomy.
After an eyebrow incision, following the description of Perneckzy,[5 ] frontal bone removal begins in the keyhole region and continues parallel to the
supraorbital rim curving backward lateral to the supraorbital notch, avoiding entering
the frontal sinus. The orbital roof is flattened with a cutting or diamond burr ([Fig. 1C ] , [D ]).
This approach can be performed both from an eyebrow incision, or after a frontotemporal
curvilinear incision behind the hairline insertion. Interfascial of subfacial dissection
of the temporalis muscle is required. A proper MacCarty keyhole is followed by removal
of a 3 × 3-cm bone flap that includes frontal bone, frontal process of the zygomatic
bone, part of the orbital roof, and the supraorbital rim.[6 ] ([Fig. 1 E ], [F ])
Neurovascular Anatomy, Approach Selection, and Dissection Strategy
The left A1 was dominant and had a trajectory directed first posteriorly and then
curved back anteriorly into the AcoA complex. The A2 fork was rotated counterclockwise
to the left side. The contralateral A1 joined the AcoA complex posteriorly. Because
of the lack of contrast enhancement, the perforators and recurrent artery of Heubner
were not represented in the VR model.
The aneurysm originated form the AcoA and projected inferiorly into the chiasmatic
groove of the sphenoid ([Fig. 2 ]). Optimal exposure of the aneurysm neck was obtained with a view axis almost perpendicular
to the orbital roof. For this reason, a mini-orbitozygomatic approach was selected
because it offered a better trajectory, perpendicular to the aneurysm neck, creating
a corridor unobstructed by the orbital roof, and also offered an increased upward
view angle toward the A2. Dissection strategy included exposure of optic-carotid and
interoptic space. Because of a curved and deep trajectory of the ipsilateral A1, an
arterial exposure proximal to the AcoA complex was planned. Exposure of bilateral
A2's required inter-hemispheric fissure dissection. Clipping with a straight clip
configuration perpendicular to the aneurysm neck was considered an optimal exclusion
strategy.
Fig. 2
Virtual reality model of vascular anatomy. (A) ICA: Internal carotid artery. LA1: left A1, RA1: right A1, AcoA: Anterior communicating
artery, LA2: left A2, RA2: right A2, An: Aneurysm (B) Red/cyan anaglyph.
Surgical Technique
A left-sided mini-orbitozygomatic approach was performed. Under general anesthesia,
the patient was positioned in a Mayfield head clamp. The head was extended and rotated
∼ 30 degrees to the right side. Following an eyebrow incision laterally to the supraorbital
notch, a fascial plane between the orbicularis oculi and the frontalis and temporalis
muscles was identified. The supraorbital rim was exposed, and the supraorbital nerve
was protected medially. Using a high-speed drill, a MacCarty keyhole was performed,
exposing the periorbita and frontal dura. The periorbita was carefully separated from
the orbital roof with a Penfield dissector. A one piece mini-orbitozygomatic bone
flap was created with a craniotome, and the orbital roof was fractured with a chisel.
The dura was opened in a curvilinear fashion and retracted with sutures ([Fig. 3 A ]). Without rigid retraction, the frontal lobe was gently mobilized posteriorly, exposing
the optic-carotid cistern. Opening these cisterns allowed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
release and brain relaxation. The supraclinoid carotid artery and optic nerve were
identified ([Fig. 3 B ]). Further dissection revealed the aneurysm in the interoptic space projecting inferiorly
into the chiasmatic groove ([Fig. 3 ] [C ]). The dominant ipsilateral A1 was exposed in the posterior aspect of the AcoA, and
both A2s where identified by dissection of the interhemispheric fissure, without the
need of gyrus rectus resection. The ipsilateral recurrent artery was exposed at the
A1–A2 junction. Two straight 7- and 9-mm Yasargil clips (Aesculap AG & Co., Tuttlingen,
Germany) were used to exclude the aneurysm from the circulation ([Fig. 3 C ]). Indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography confirmed aneurysm exclusion and patency
of relevant vessels and perforators. The patient had a favorable postoperative course,
without complications, and was discharged neurologically intact.
Fig. 3
Surgical Technique. (A) Dural opening. (B) Exposure of ipsilateral internal carotid artery and optic
nerve. (C) Aneurysm dissection and neck exposure. (D) Clipping with straight clip.
Discussion
Virtual reality is a technology that has increasingly been adopted in neurosurgery.
Reports that related the use of VR in neurosurgery correspond to one of the following
categories: education and resident training, morphological research, surgical planning,
and use as an intraoperative surgical adjunct.[7 ]
[8 ]
[9 ]
[10 ]
[11 ]
[12 ]
[13 ]
[14 ]
[15 ]
In our study, we focused on the use of VR as a planning tool for cerebrovascular surgery.
An eyebrow mini-orbitozygomatic approach was selected to treat an unruptured AcoA
aneurysm after VR simulation, with favorable exposure and clinical outcome. This approach
offered a perpendicular view to the neck of the aneurysm, compared with a more parallel
axis view of the mini-pterional approach, and an increased upward view angle toward
the A2 (by removal of the orbital rim and roof) compared with the supraorbital approach.
These were subjective observations made in the VR simulation, and objective measurements
would have made our study more robust, but our goal was to describe the process of
VR simulation used and not to do a morphometric VR study comparing surgical approaches.
Virtual reality is a readily available technology, requiring a low-cost investment
of a smartphone VR headset to be used. Stand-alone equipment exists that offers better
image quality and interaction in the VR environment but at a higher cost. A computer
station with a good graphics processor is also desirable.
In the VR environment, “stereopsis”[3 ], the sense of depth obtained from binocular vision, gives the surgeon the opportunity
to asses complex spatial relationships of vascular structures before surgery and to
establish a surgical plan, including patient positioning, surgical approach, vascular
exposure, and aneurysm neck dissection strategy . In our opinion, the most important
benefit of VR planning is observed during surgery, at which point a “déjà vu” feeling
develops when exposing the relevant vascular anatomy, and the path to the aneurysm
neck, as microsurgical dissection continues, is crystal clear from the beginning.
Disadvantages from our VR planning procedure include extra time required to process
de DICOM images and conversion into VR files. Advanced knowledge of ROI creation and
DICOM software use is required.
Soft-tissue layers, such as skin and muscle, cannot be visualized in VR. As a part
of the simulation strategy, however, we took into consideration surgical steps related
to soft-tissue dissection, such as skin incision and temporalis muscle dissection
among others, to create a framework that is to be reproduced in surgery, and allowed
us to make the decision about the best approach for the case.
The resulting VR model offers a gross representation of the vascular arterial anatomy
and is a product of the ROI created from the vessels with contrast enhancement in
CTA, so there may be artifacts, like venous vessels colored as arteries because of
similar pixel values. Careful interpretation of the VR model is required. Perforators,
due to lack of contrast enhancement, are usually not possible to observe in the VR
model.
Overall, we believe that the advantages of this technology are superior to the disadvantages.
Further studies with this technology are required to measure clinical benefit in terms
of neurological outcomes
Conclusion
Virtual reality is a valuable tool for planning cerebrovascular surgery, optimizing
patient positioning, surgical approach selection, dissection strategy, and clip selection.
