Keywords
Lactobacillus
- probiotics - UTI - MALDI-TOF
Introduction
The vaginal microbiome has evolved to protect women against a variety of urogenital
infections. Healthy vaginal microbiota is mainly dominated by Lactobacillus species, namely L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. jensenii, and L. iners.[1] Depletion of Lactobacilli may result in bacterial vaginosis (BV), which is associated with urinary tract infections
(UTIs), increased risk of sexually transmitted infections, and pelvic inflammatory
disease.[2] UTI is a common problem among young healthy women of reproductive age group, with
approximately 25 to 30% reporting recurrence. Recurrent UTI (RUTI) is defined as at
least three episodes of UTI in 12 months or at least two episodes in 6 months. Escherichia coli is the predominant pathogen in UTIs followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Antibiotics are effective in the treatment of UTIs but lead to increased antibiotic
resistance in microorganisms.[3] Antibiotic prophylaxis with agents such as cotrimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and fluoroquinolones
has been associated with a decreased rate of recurrence, from 2 to 3 cases per patient-year
to 0.1 to 0.2 cases per patient-year, but it disrupts normal flora of urinary tract
and increases development of resistance in uropathogens.[4] The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenem-resistant E. coli emphasize the need to explore novel agents that have fewer side effects and promise
long-term benefit.[5] In case of RUTIs, disruption of normal vaginal flora has been shown to predispose
patients to chronic intermittent urogenital infections.[6] In this context, researchers have reported that the use of probiotics as an adjunct
to antibiotic therapy may provide higher antimicrobial activity and reduce the dose
of antibiotics required in addition to replenishing the intestinal flora and decreasing
antibiotic side effects.[5] Use of Lactobacillus-containing probiotics to restore commensal vaginal flora has been proposed for the
treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial urogenital infections. Florisia (CD Pharma
India Pvt. Ltd.) is an intravaginal tablet containing at least 109 CFU (colony-forming unit) of lyophilized L. brevis, L. salivarius subsp. salicinus, and L. plantarum. The three strains have been selected for their ability to adhere to vaginal epithelial
cells, production of H2O2, and coaggregation with pathogens.[2] This study aims to isolate and identify the Lactobacillus species from the vagina of healthy females and probiotic tablet and to evaluate their
susceptibility to urinary antibiotics.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted from December 2016 to December 2017 with approval of the
Institutional Ethical Committee and informed consent of all participants. A total
of 50 premenopausal, nonmenstruating females (18–45 years old) who had no symptoms
of UTI or vaginal infection were enrolled. Women with chronic autoimmune or inflammatory
conditions or on oral/topical antimicrobials in the past 2 weeks were excluded. Two
high vaginal swabs were collected from each female. Gram stain of direct smear was
performed and graded on a 10-point scale based on the presence of Lactobacilli and other anaerobes as described by Nugent. The vaginal flora was defined as “healthy”
if the score was 0 to 3, “intermediate” if 4 to 6, and “BV” if > 7.[7] Only women diagnosed as “healthy” were included in the analyses. The second swab
from these “healthy” women was inoculated onto de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) and
Brain Heart Infusion agar plates (HiMedia Laboratories, Mumbai, India). Plates were
incubated anaerobically for 24 hours at 37°C in anaerobic jars with gaspak.[8] White, mucoid, catalase-negative colonies on MRS agar yielding gram-positive rods
were isolated for confirmation by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight
mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS, Bruker Daltonics, Hamburg, Germany). The probiotic
tablet was incubated anaerobically at 37°C in MRS broth for 48 hours and then isolation
on MRS agar was performed. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Lactobacillus isolates from healthy females and probiotic strains to antibiotics co-trimoxazole,
norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin and gentamicin was determined by the method of Bauer et
al using MRS agar under anaerobic conditions.[9]
Results
Of the participants, 66% (n = 33) had Nugent’s scores of 0 to 3 ([Table 1]). A total of 29 species of Lactobacillus were isolated from these: most common being L. crispatus (n = 15) followed by L. gasseri (n = 5) and L. vaginalis (n = 4). The other species isolated were L. paracasei (n = 2), L. curvatus (n = 1), L. fermentum (n = 1), and L. paraplantarum (n = 1). All these isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin and resistant to norfloxacin
and gentamicin. All the isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole except L. paracasei. The probiotic tablet yielded L. brevis, L. salivarius, and L. plantarum, which were susceptible to all antibiotics.
Table 1
Nugent score of participants
|
Nugent score
|
Category
|
Participants (%)
|
|
0–3
|
Healthy
|
33 (66%)
|
|
4–6
|
Intermediate
|
10 (20%)
|
|
> 7
|
Bacterial vaginosis
|
7 (14%)
|
Discussion
Lactobacilli are the predominant bacteria in vaginal flora and possess antimicrobial properties
that regulate other urogenital microbiota.[6] Most UTIs are caused by intestinal bacteria that ascend through the urethra to the
bladder and, sometimes, kidneys.[3] The Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal flora in premenopausal women impedes colonization of uropathogens
due to competitive exclusion and maintaining low vaginal pH.[5] Inverse association has been reported between H2O2-producing Lactobacilli and vaginal E. coli colonization in women with RUTIs. Specific Lactobacilli strains can interfere with the adherence, growth, and colonization of uropathogenic
bacteria and thus reduce the risk of ascent into the bladder.[10] There are only a few studies characterizing the vaginal Lactobacillus species in healthy women of reproductive age in India ([Table 2]). More studies in India are warranted as the species distribution in Indian women
may be different. This would also guide as to whether replacement by a single species
is sufficient or a balanced mixture depending on the local flora is needed in a probiotic.
Table 2
Comparison of Lactobacillus spp. isolated in various studies from India
|
Garg et al[11]
|
Madhivanan et al[8]
|
Madhivanan et al[12]
|
Pramanick et al[13]
|
Das Purkayastha et al[1]
|
|
n = 80
|
n = 11
|
n = 39
|
n = 107
|
n = 26
|
|
Lactobacillus reuteri
|
33%
|
9%
|
23%
|
22%
|
1%
|
|
Lactobacillus fermentum
|
25%
|
9%
|
15%
|
–
|
6%
|
|
Lactobacillus salivarius
|
16%
|
9%
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Lactobacillus crispatus
|
5%
|
27%
|
41%
|
27%
|
–
|
|
Lactobacillus gasseri
|
3%
|
–
|
46%
|
15%
|
4%
|
|
Lactobacillus jensenii
|
4%
|
27%
|
18%
|
16%
|
2%
|
|
Lactobacillus iners
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
65%
|
–
|
|
Lactobacillus mucosae
|
–
|
–
|
5%
|
–
|
16%
|
The species most frequently isolated in our study was L. crispatus, which is a strong H2O2 producer and is associated with healthy vaginal microbiota. In addition, L. vaginalis was isolated, which has been associated with healthy flora. The other species was
L. gasseri, and females carrying this are reported to have higher Nugent scores, though asymptomatic.[14] Women in different geographical settings face different environmental conditions,
dietary habits, and lifestyle.[1] The results of our study resemble the most prevalent vaginal species in other Indian
studies ([Table 2]). Several authors have reported varying observations of vaginal Lactobacilli elsewhere in the world.[14]
[15]
[16]
[17] Despite reports of high incidence of L. iners in human vaginal microbiota, we did not obtain isolates belonging to this species
probably because of stringent nutritional requirements, very low oxygen tolerance,
and molecular-based identification.[15]
Several in vitro and in vivo studies support the beneficial effect of Lactobacilli on the restoration of vaginal flora and the prevention of RUTIs. The rationale for
the use of probiotics is based on the regulatory role played by commensal microflora
in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts.[6] In their meta-analysis, Grin et al concluded that probiotic strains of Lactobacillus are safe and effective in preventing RUTI in adult women.[18] Barrons and Tassone concluded that intravaginal Lactobacillus suppositories are effective against uropathogens and show the greatest efficacy for
UTI prophylaxis.[6] In another study, the use of Lactobacillus vaginal suppository in women resulted in the reduction of E. coli positive cultures from 5.0 ± 1.6 episodes to 1.3 ± 1.2 episodes (p < 0.0007) over a 12-month period.[19]
Prolonged low-dose chemotherapeutic agents such as nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin,
trimethoprim, and cotrimoxazole have been traditionally used as prophylaxis in reducing
UTI.[3] All Lactobacillus isolates were found resistant to cotrimoxazole except the L. paracasei strains. All strains were susceptible to nitrofurantoin and resistant to norfloxacin
and gentamicin. The three probiotic strains were found susceptible to all the tested
antibiotics. This suggests that prophylactic antibiotics are capable of eliminating
the normal vaginal inhabitants, which are the main inhibitors of urinary pathogens.
This way they counteract the benefits of antibacterial effect and increase the probability
of UTI.
Conclusion
We suggest that the administration of vaginal probiotics can restore vaginal microbiota
and help prevent recurrence of UTI, particularly as part of an alternate therapy or
multidrug treatment. The limitation of our study is the small sample size. Also, as
our methodology was culture-based, only those Lactobacillus species that can be cultured were identified. To the best of our knowledge, very
few similar studies have been performed in India, and large-scale studies in future
would help in generating conclusive evidence for alternative therapies.
