Keywords
craniofacial injury - penetrating craniofacial injury - beveling
Introduction
Atypical cranial vault lesions are characteristically described in forensic literature
as sustained due to firearm injuries.[1]
[2]
[3] Beveling of the calvarial bone usually occurs in firearm exit wounds and stabbing
injuries.[1]
[3]
[4] Rarely beveling is described in firearm entry wounds[1]
[3]
[4] and penetrating entry/exit wounds due to a sharp object.[2] We report a case of a nonfatal penetrating craniofacial injury due to motorbike
brake handle, managed conservatively, and discuss the characteristic imaging findings
of beveling on computed tomography (CT) scan.
Case Report
A 27-year-old man was brought to the emergency department with an alleged history
of road traffic accident while he was driving a motorbike and collided into the rear
side of a lorry, and sustained penetrating injuries to the face as the motorbike handle
hit his face. He was unconscious since the time of the accident and had multiple episodes
of vomiting. There was no history of seizures and ear or nasal bleed. His general
and systemic examination was normal. His Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score was 3 (E1V1M1)
and his pupils were bilateral, equal and reacting. In view of poor GCS score he was
intubated and kept on mechanical ventilation. Local examination showed a large laceration
over the left malar region with visible fracture of the underlying bone. His blood
investigations were normal. An urgent CT scan of the brain and face with bone window
showed a small right basitemporal extradural hematoma with specks of pneumocephalus
and small right temporal intracerebral hematoma ([Fig. 1A]
[C]). There was no mass effect due to hematoma. Bone window showed fracture of the zygomatic
bone and fracture of the right temporal bone with inward as well outward beveling
([Fig.1]
[D]). The wound was thoroughly cleaned and sutured. In view of the small size of the
hematoma, deep location, and no evidence of mass effect, it was decided to treat conservatively.
The patient was continued with mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, antiepileptics,
and antiedema measures. The patient responded well to conservative management and
a follow-up CT scan suggested resolution in the size of hematoma. The patient made
complete recovery and was doing well at follow-up.
Fig. 1 Computed tomography scan with bone window showing (A) facture of zygomatic arch, (B) a small right basitemporal extradural hematoma with specks of pneumocephalus, (C) small right temporal intracerebral hematoma, and (D) fracture of the zygomatic bone and fracture of the right temporal bone with inward
as well outward beveling fracture margins.
Discussion
Penetrating craniofacial injuries are rare and account for approximately 0.4% of head
injuries.[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9] A wide variety of mechanisms and objects can cause these penetrating craniofacial
injuries.[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14] Apart from the injuries to facial skeleton, penetrating craniofacial injuries can
lead to damage to orbit and its contents, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and its sequel
(risk of meningitis or abscess), intracranial hematomas, injury to neurovascular structures,
and retained foreign bodies.[11]
[12]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
CT scan of the brain and face is the initial investigation of choice as it will provide
the details of injuries, presence of intracranial injuries, trajectory of the penetrating
object, and the presence of any retained foreign bodies.[21]
[23]
[24] If necessary, a CT angiography can be useful to investigate the integrity of cerebral
vasculature.[24] The objectives of management of penetrating craniofacial injuries are safe and complete
removal of penetrating objects, removal of any necrotic debris, repair of cranial
defect to avoid CSF leak and its complications, evacuation of significant intracranial
mass hematomas, and repair of vascular damage.[10]
[21]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28] The outcome of craniofacial penetrating injuries depends on the mechanism of injury
and the underlying damage to neurovascular structures.[10]
[17]
[22]
[24] If there is no major damage to these structures, the patients with penetrating craniofacial
trauma have favorable outcome.[10]
[17]
[22]
Conclusion
Penetrating craniofacial injuries warrant a careful clinical and imaging evaluation
of the wound and object trajectory. Characteristic on imaging are important to understand
the type and trajectory of penetrating objects. Deep-seated lesions with smaller intracranial
hematoma can be managed conservatively but need careful clinical and imaging follow-up.
