Chalcone compounds with a characteristic 1,3-diarylprop-2-en-1-one chemical scaffold
are frequently found in naturally occurring substances, and have a widespread distribution
in various plants and herbs.[1 ] Many of these naturally available compounds show numerous promising biological activities,
including anticancer activity,[2a ] cancer-preventive effects,[2b ] antibacterial,[2c ] antimalarial,[2d ] antiinflammatory,[2e ] antiviral,[2f ] anti-HIV,[2g ] antileishmanial,[2h ] and neuroprotective effects[2i ], among others. Even, a single chalcone derivative can demonstrate multiple types
of bioactivity.[3 ] Some representative examples of bioactive chalcones (isoliquiritigenin and xanthohumol)
and clinically approved chalcone-based drugs (metochalcone and sofalcone) are shown
in Figure [1 ]. Apart from their biological significance, chalcones and other related α,β-unsaturated
carbonyl compounds are among the most sought-after synthetic intermediate in the area
of synthetic organic chemistry, as they are extensively employed in syntheses of a
variety of heterocyclic compounds, including pyridines,[4 ] pyrimidines,[5 ] imidazoles,[6 ] pyrazoles,[7 ] triazoles,[8 ] pyrazolines,[9 ] isooxazoles,[10 ] and many more.
Figure 1 Bioactive chalcones and clinically approved chalcone-based marketed drugs
Because of their therapeutic potential and their versatility as organic synthons,
chalcones and other related α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds have long been considered
to be privileged structural units, and considerable efforts have been devoted to developing
efficient methods for their synthesis. Conventionally, chalcones and related α,β-unsaturated
carbonyl compounds are synthesized through Claisen–Schmidt condensations,[11 ] Wittig reactions,[12 ] Julia–Kocienski olefinations,[13 ] Friedel–Crafts acylations,[14 ] and various C–C cross-coupling reactions, such as Suzuki–Miyaura[15 ] and Heck couplings.[16 ] Chalcone derivatives can also be prepared from propargylic alcohols, which can undergo
molecular rearrangements under basic conditions to produce chalcones.[17 ] Probably, the most extensively used method for synthesizing chalcone derivatives
is the Meyer–Schuster (M–S) rearrangement (Scheme [1 ]),[18 ] an acid/transition-metal-catalyzed rearrangement of propargylic alcohols to chalcone
derivatives. Although the M–S rearrangement was originally catalyzed by protic acids,
several transition-metal-catalyzed variants have recently been developed (Scheme [1 ]).[19 ] Even propargylic acetates have been shown to be excellent substrates for transition-metal-catalyzed
M–S rearrangements[20 ] to produce chalcone and α-halochalcone derivatives (Scheme [1 ]).
Scheme 1 Synthesis of (E )-chalcones from propargylic alcohols and acetates
However, transition-metal catalysts are expensive, and the related methods have their
issues. Therefore, the development of a simple and cost-effective method for the synthesis
of chalcone derivatives is required. Here, we report a simple DBU-catalyzed metal-
and acid-free approach leading to chalcone derivatives from secondary propargylic
alcohols. Unlike the M–S rearrangement, a 1,3-transposition of oxy functionality is
not associated with this protocol. The newly developed method might be successfully
employed to access many a range of substituted chalcones potentially useful for various
purposes. For our preliminary studies, we selected 1,3-diphenylprop-2-yn-1-ol (1a ) as our model substrate. Initially, a variety of organic bases (triethylamine, diisopropylamine,
N ,N -diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, and imidazole) were tested as promoters for the
reaction in CH3 CN as the solvent. None of the desired product 2a was detected, even after six hours of heating at 80 °C in a sealed tube (Table [1 ], entries 1–5). Next, we used DBU as a base, and we were delighted to find that all
the starting material 1a was consumed within six hours and that the desired chalcone 2a was obtained in 85% yield (entry 6). DBU was further screened as the base in various
solvent systems under heating conditions, but poorer results were obtained (entries
7 and 8). Again, Et3 N in THF proved totally ineffective (entry 9). Because DBU was found to be an efficient
base for promoting the rearrangement reaction, we next examined the reaction with
reduced amounts of DBU. We therefore examined the use of 50 and 20 mol% of the base
under similar reaction conditions; in both cases, we obtained comparable yields, but
the reaction time increased to 12 hours (entries 10 and 11). The amount of base could
be reduced to less than 10 mol% without compromising the yield (entry 12), whereas
increasing the amount of base did not have any beneficial effect (entry 13). Although
the reaction time is increased, a reduction in the amount of organic base to 10 mol%
is highly advantageous, as it reduces chemical waste considerably, making the method
more compatible with environmental issues. We therefore consider the conditions shown
in entry 12 as the optimal conditions for the reaction.
Table 1 Optimization of the Reaction Conditions
Entry
Base
mol%
Solvent
Yield (%)
1
Et3 N
100
CH3 CN
NRa
2
i -Pr2 NH
100
CH3 CN
NR
3
DIPEA
100
CH3 CN
NR
4
pyridine
100
CH3 CN
NR
5
imidazole
100
CH3 CN
NR
6
DBU
100
CH3 CN
85
7
DBU
100
CH2 Cl2
50
8
DBU
100
THF
NR
9
Et3 N
100
THF
NR
10
DBU
50
CH3 CN
86
11
DBU
20
CH3 CN
84
12
DBU
10
CH3 CN
85
13
DBU
125
CH3 CN
85
a NR = no reaction.
Having established the optimal reaction conditions, we turned our focus on exploring
the substrate scope of the reaction. For this purpose, we synthesized a series of
secondary propargylic alcohols 1a –w from various aromatic aldehydes and lithiated phenylacetylene by employing slightly
modified version of the reported procedure.[21 ] Propargylic alcohols 1b –g , prepared from alkyl-substituted benzaldehydes, when subjected to the optimal reaction
conditions, gave the corresponding chalcone 2b –g in excellent yields (Scheme [2 ]). Moreover, propargylic alcohols 1h –k , prepared from various methoxylated benzaldehydes proved to be excellent substrates
for the present reaction, giving the corresponding chalcone derivatives 2h –k . Chloro- and bromo-substituted propargylic alcohols 1l and 1m , respectively, were smoothly transformed into the corresponding chalcones 2l and 2m , albeit with slightly inferior yields. Heterocycle-containing propargylic alcohols
1n and 1o readily reacted under the optimized conditions to afford chalcones 2n and 2o , both in 88% yield. As expected, propargylic alcohols with polycyclic aryl or benzyloxy
substituents 1p –s afforded the corresponding chalcones 2p –s in good to excellent yields. Propargylic alcohols 1t and 1u prepared from 1-ethynyl-4-methylbenzene were found to be excellent substrates, affording
the correspond chalcones 2t and 2u in yields of 86 and 67%, respectively. Unfortunately, propargylic alcohols 1v and 1w , prepared from isobutyraldehyde and acetaldehyde, respectively, were found to be
unresponsive under the standard reaction conditions, and chalcones 2v and 2w were not detected.
Scheme 2 Substrate scope of the reaction
Most of the chalcone derivatives were solid, and we attempted to obtain crystal structures
of some of the products for structural confirmation and to obtain mechanistic insight.
Compound 2s crystallized from 20% ethyl acetate–hexane as white crystals suitable for X-ray analysis
(Figure [2 ]).[22 ] Crystal-structure determination of 2s not only confirmed its structure unambiguously, but also confirmed that the reaction
did not follow the usual M–S pathway, as the typical 1,3-transposition of oxy- functionality
was not observed.
Figure 2 ORTEP diagram of compound 2s (CCDC 1998081)[22 ]
Mechanistically the current isomerization/rearrangement reaction is quite interesting.
The propargylic alcohol–enone isomerization reaction proceeds through three elementary
steps.[23a ] Slow deprotonation of propargylic alcohol 1a produces propargylic carbanion A which is transformed into the allenol intermediate C via intermediate B (Scheme [3 ]). Finally, a keto–enol tautomerism of C produces enone 2a , and DBU is regenerated to initiate another catalytic cycle (Scheme [2 ]). If the proposed mechanism is acceptable, an allenol derivative might be expected
to form as an end-product from an appropriately protected propargylic alcohol. In
fact, a silyloxyallene derivative has been identified in a similar base-catalyzed
reaction,[23b ] further validating our mechanistic proposal. Aliphatic propargylic alcohols such
as 1v and 1w were found to be incompatible under the standard reaction condition. There are two
possible reasons for this: either a corresponding propargylic carbanion similar to
A is not generated from 1v or 1w , or the carbanion is unstable due to the absence of a resonance effect from the aromatic
ring (as present in A ). Therefore, the ineffectiveness of 1v and 1w as potential substrates indirectly supports the mechanistic proposal shown in Scheme
[2 ].
Scheme 3 A plausible mechanism of the rearrangement reaction
Among all the various products, 2r and 2u contain large-π-surface-area aromatic pyrene groups. Pyrene-based compounds often
self-assemble through strong π–π stacking interactions.[24 ] It was therefore interesting to examine the self-assembly of these chalcone derivatives
in the solid and solution states. The self-assembly behavior of 2u in the solid state was examined by single-crystal X-ray analysis by using a suitable
crystal obtained by slow evaporation in a pentanol medium.[22 ] Detailed crystallographic information is presented in Table S2 of the Supporting
Information (SI). Chalcone 2u crystallizes in a triclinic crystal system with a P 1 space group. In single packing (Figure S1, SI), two monomers are present, and the
pyrene rings interact through aromatic–aromatic interactions in antiparallel fashion.
In a higher-order assembly (Figure [3 ]), we also noticed an aromatic–aromatic interaction of the phenyl rings, which is
responsible for the antiparallel arrangement. Here, the pyrene–pyrene and phenyl–phenyl
ring distances are 4.321 and 4.272 Å, respectively. Moreover, the CH–π interaction
(3.178 Å) between the pyrene ring surface and the H-22 hydrogen of the phenyl ring
brings the two aromatic surfaces close to one another. Additional two hydrogen-bonding
interactions (C–H···O) were observed involving a pyrene hydrogen [H8···O1] and a phenyl-ring
hydrogen [H25···O1] with distances of 2.372 Å and 2.499 Å, respectively. Here the
aromatic–aromatic interaction mainly helps growth in one dimension, whereas the hydrogen-bonding
interaction helps growth in a plane.
We had then studied the photophysical properties of the large-π-surface-containing
pyrene-based chalcone 2u by means of UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The
absorption and emission spectra of 2u were investigated in two common organic solvents (MeOH and DMSO). In the absorption
spectra (Figure [4a ]), shorter-wavelength (250–300 nm) and longer-wavelength (350–440 nm) peaks are attributed
to π–π* transitions of the phenyl ring and pyrene ring, respectively.[25 ] In the emission spectra, a strong emission band of 2u was observed in both solvents.
Figure 3 (a) ORTEP diagram of compound 2u (CCDC1998036),[22 ] (b) aromatic–aromatic pyrene–pyrene and phenyl–phenyl interactions, and (c) higher-order
packing of 2u .
Figure 4 (a) Absorption spectra of 2u (25 µM) in DMSO and MeOH. (b) Emission spectra of 2u on excitation at 387 nm in DMSO and MeOH as solvents (25 µM).
In DMSO, the emission band of compound 2u appeared at a wavelength of 512 nm, whereas in MeOH, the emission peak shifted toward
a higher wavelength of 550 nm (Figure [4b ]). It is interesting to note that the emission of 2u is dependent on the solvent polarity (polarity MeOH > DMSO).[26 ] This red shift is due to the stabilization of an excited state in the more-polar
solvent.
In summary, we have developed a mild and efficient method for the direct generation
of chalcones from secondary propargylic alcohols.[27 ] The amount of base necessary to complete the reaction can be reduced to just 10
mol%. This fully atom-economical process can be used to prepare many chalcone derivatives
with complex molecular architectures. The photophysical properties and molecular arrangement
in the crystal state of a few selected compounds were examined successfully. Moreover,
the complete atom economy, mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, and broad
functional-group tolerance make this method attractive.
