Keywords
anterior horn lateral meniscus - all-inside repair - outside-in repair - discoid meniscus
The commonly used technique to repair anterior horn of lateral meniscus is the outside-in
technique. Although safe and easy to perform, it is not without its complications
and disadvantages. Here, we present a patient with tear of discoid lateral meniscus
involving anterior horn, repaired using all-inside technique.
Case Report
A 14-year-old girl, presented to our clinic with left knee pain, especially on full
extension of the knee, for duration of 6 months. There was no trauma involved. Examination
showed lateral joint line tenderness without any ligamentous laxity. Plain radiographs
of the knee were normal. Further imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
revealed discoid lateral meniscus with a horizontal tear ([Fig. 1]). Diagnostic scope was done and we found an incomplete discoid lateral meniscus
with complex vertical tear involving anterior horn with horizontal extension into
the midbody ([Fig. 2]). Arthroscopic all-inside repair was done without any implant. Postoperatively,
the patient's knee was protected with a brace. Postsurgery, 6 weeks, the brace was
discontinued and the patient started full weight bearing without pain. At 6 months
postsurgery, the patient was pain free and without any mechanical symptoms.
Fig. 1 Coronal slice of MRI showing discoid lateral meniscus with complex horizontal tear.
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
Fig. 2 Incomplete discoid lateral meniscus with vertical tear involving anterior horn.
Surgical Technique
The position was supine, with the leg hung freely at the end of the table. A tourniquet
was used to secure hemostasis. A standard anterolateral portal was used for diagnostic
arthroscopy. The finding was an incomplete discoid lateral meniscus with peripheral
vertical tear of the anterior horn and partial horizontal tear involving the mid body
but not breaching the inner peripheries ([Fig. 2]). A standard anteromedial portal was made and the tear was further assessed using
a probe. The tear site was prepared for repair. An additional far medial portal was
made to allow arthroscopic instrumentation. A suture passer loaded with synthetic
monofilament absorbable suture, introduced through far medial portal, while viewing
through anteromedial portal ([Fig. 3]). The torn central fragment and the peripheral rim of the meniscus were penetrated
and the tip of suture was pulled through using an arthroscopic grasper through anterolateral
portal. The suture passer was reversed out of the far medial portal, leaving the suture
inside. Then, a suture retriever was introduced through anterolateral portal and used
to retrieve the suture tip bringing both suture-ends out through one portal. Both
the suture ends were tied using a sliding knot technique. This whole process was repeated
for a second suture repair ([Fig. 4]). The stability of the repair was assessed using a probe. Initially, we planned
to saucerize the discoid meniscus together with meniscus repair. However, intraoperatively
we decided not to saucerize the meniscus in view of the tear configuration. Due to
the complex nature of the tear pattern (peripheral vertical tear with extensive horizontal
tear through the meniscus body), saucerization would have made the articular surface
of the meniscus a loose fragment or created a flap tear, which is more difficult to
repair.
Fig. 3 A suture passer loaded with monofilament absorbable suture.
Fig. 4 Completed repair of the tear.
Discussion
The anterior horn of lateral meniscus tear is recommended to be repaired using outside-in
or inside-out repair technique. Rodeo[1] recommended outside-in technique to repair tears involving anterior horn of meniscus.
Despite being easy to access the tear site using outside-in technique, it has few
disadvantages. The need for additional skin incision to make a subcutaneous knot,
knot irritation causing pain, superficial infection due to local acidity caused by
suture degradation, and misdirected needle in the joint causing cartilage injury were
few of the complications reported in the literature. Although there was no information
in the literature regarding the incidence of these complications, these are recognized
postoperative adverse events that need to be dealt with.
The lateral meniscus is more mobile compared with medial meniscus due to its fewer
capsular attachments.[2] During flexion, lateral meniscus moves posteriorly.[3] In repairing anterior horn of lateral meniscus using outside-in method, if the knot
tying is over tightened extra-articularly, the excursion of lateral meniscus would
be limited. This changes normal anatomy and biomechanics of knee and may cause pain
due to entrapment of joint capsule anteriorly.
These disadvantages can be overcome if the anterior horn tears were to be repaired
using all-inside technique. We repaired the tear of the anterior horn of lateral meniscus
in the same manner of repairing labral tear in the shoulder. The instruments used,
to repair the tear were the shoulder arthroscopic surgery instruments.
Kim et al[4] described a similar technique of repairing tears of anterior horn of lateral meniscus.
Using three portals, lateral patellofemoral axillary portal as the viewing portal,
standard anterolateral, and far medial portal, the tear was approached through far
medial portal with a 90 degrees angled hook loaded with no 2 Polydioxanone suture
(PDS). The suture was retrieved through anterolateral portal and exchanged with Ethibond
suture (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ). Then the sutures were tied using sliding knot. The
technique was used in five patients and all of them improved significantly from their
preoperative status.
Choi[5] described almost similar technique using only two portals. The author made anteromedial
portal first as the viewing portal. It was made just anterior to medial femoral condyle,
3 cm medial to patella tendon, and 1.5 cm above the joint. Then the anterolateral
portal made under arthroscopic visualization. The anterolateral portal was used to
introduce the suture hook, retrieve the suture, and tie a sliding knot. The author
used no.0 PDS suture for the repair.
Cho[6] described a repair technique using only two portals and 18-gauge spinal needle.
After creating the high anteromedial portal for viewing and standard anterolateral
portal for instrumentation, 18-gauge spinal needle used to penetrate the capsular
portion, crosses the tear, and exits the surface of inner fragment of meniscus. Suture
material is advanced and pulled into the joint using suture grasper. Then, the needle
withdrawn to the level of subcutaneous and reinserted through the capsular side of
the tear. The folded suture then pulled into joint. The sutures are tied to form a
vertical mattress stitch.
While Kim et al used unconventional lateral patellofemoral axillary portal as viewing
portal, and Cho and Choi used only two portals in their surgeries, we used far medial
portal as accessory working portal in addition to the anteromedial portal as viewing
portal and anterolateral portal as working portal. This far medial portal can be easily
created using a needle as guide. Besides, using three portals compared with two portals
would make suture management and knot tying easier. We used this technique as it was
easy to perform and can avoid all the complications of outside-in technique. It provides
an alternative method to repair anterior horn tears.
We planned to use this technique in our future encounters with meniscal anterior horn
tears as we believe that this technique is safe, easy to perform, and results in favorable
outcome. Our future project would be a case series showing the reproducibility and
the functional outcome of this technique.
Conclusion
All-inside repair technique provides an alternative and effective way to repair meniscus
tear involving anterior horn. In our technique, using conventional anterolateral and
anteromedial portal with additional far medial portal, we could perform a secure repair
of discoid lateral meniscus tear involving anterior horn.
