Keywords
pelvic neoplasms - differential diagnosis - actinomycosis - intrauterine devices -
anti-bacterial agents
Palavras-chave
neoplasia pélvica - diagnóstico diferencial - actinomicose - dispositivos intra-uterinos
- antibióticos
Introduction
Pelvic actinomycosis is a rare, chronic, suppurative and granulomatous disease caused
by the anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria Actinomyces spp, most commonly Actinomyces israelii. Actinomyces are commensal organisms that colonize the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal and
genital tract.[1] Actinomyces are normally unable to cross the mucosal barrier. Tissue injury, such as trauma,
surgery, or foreign body, is required for progression from colonization to clinical
infection. Once the mucosal barrier has been breached, the bacteria usually spreads
by continuity (lymphatic and hematogenous spread are uncommon), invading surrounding
tissues and originating abscesses and sinus tracts.
Abdominopelvic actinomycosis comprises ∼ 20% of reported cases of actinomycosis.[1] Pelvic actinomycosis is predominantly associated with intrauterine device (IUD)
use.[1] The disease is characterized by a chronic, indolent course, typically presenting
symptoms such as fatigue, fever, weight loss and lower abdominal pain, sometimes associated
with a palpable mass.
The ability of this disease to mimic pelvic malignancy has been previously presented
in several case reports and case series.[2]
[3] In most cases, the diagnosis of abdominopelvic actinomycosis is only established
after exploratory laparotomy for suspected malignancy. It has been estimated that
fewer than 10% of patients are diagnosed preoperatively.[1]
Medical treatment alone with penicillin is highly effective and can successfully eliminate
pelvic actinomycosis, avoiding extensive extirpative surgery and preserving fertility.[1]
Case Description
A 47-year-old woman was referred for gynecological evaluation by her attending gastroenterologist,
after a pelvic mass was found on a computed tomography (CT) scan.
The patient was born in Brazil and had been living in Portugal for the past 26 years.
Her medical history was unremarkable. She used a copper IUD for 6 years and she had
it removed 4 months before. Her last pap smear, 2 years earlier, showed no abnormalities.
A concentric infiltrative rectal lesion was noted in a screening colonoscopy she had,
given her family history of colorectal cancer. Biopsies of this lesion were inconclusive,
without dysplasia. A CT of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis was ordered and revealed
a large solid heterogeneous pelvic mass, left hydronephrosis and iliac lymph node
enlargement ([Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 Axial abdominopelvic computed tomography scan image showing a large heterogeneous
pelvic mass.
The patient had no complaints. At physical examination, a hard, tender, palpable mass
in the posterior cul-de-sac was noted; no other abnormalities were detected.
A pap smear was obtained and the results were normal. Laboratory studies only revealed
mild normocytic anemia (hemoglobin 10.8 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume 84.7 fL). The
white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were
normal; serum creatinine was normal (0.60 mg/dL). Tumor markers were also within the
normal range (CA 125, CA 19.9, CEA).
Pelvic magnetic resonance showed a heterogeneous, mixed, retrouterine mass, probably
of left adnexal origin, measuring 6 × 5 × 5 cm ([Fig. 2]). The mass was predominantly solid, with cystic areas, and it seemed to have cleavage
plane from the posterior uterine wall. High rectal and sigmoid colon concentric wall
thickening was also apparent, and the mass involved the distal left ureter, resulting
in left hydronephrosis. There was no ascites.
Fig. 2 Sagital T2-weighted pelvic magnetic resonance image depicting the same large heterogeneous,
mixed, retrouterine mass.
A malignant ovarian tumor was the leading diagnostic hypothesis. Alternative diagnoses
considered were a primitive colorectal tumor with adnexal metastasis and deeply infiltrating
endometriosis.
Definite diagnosis required histologic sampling of the mass. The patient had completed
child-bearing and had no desire of preserving fertility. A multidisciplinary pelvic
oncology team discussed the case. Given the ureteral and bowel compression, it was
thought the mass required surgical resection, regardless of its etiology. A laparotomic
approach was chosen, given the degree of suspicion of malignancy, the predominantly
solid nature of the mass, its dimensions, and the level of expertise in laparoscopy
at our center.
The surgical plan was discussed with the patient, who gave informed consent for left
adnexectomy with intraoperative frozen section and a possible complete surgical staging
procedure for ovarian cancer and even segmental bowel resection.
A left ureteric stent was placed prior to surgical intervention.
On exploratory laparotomy, a hard, left adnexal mass with ∼ 6 cm, extending to the
rectum, sacrum and left pelvic wall was found. Given the infiltrative nature of the
mass and the lack of cleavage planes with the nearby structures, and since the patient
had no desire of preserving fertility, it was decided to complete total hysterectomy
and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Peritoneal lavage, total hysterectomy, right
adnexectomy and en bloc resection of the described mass were performed. The resection was incomplete due
to the lack of cleavage plane with the bony pelvis. The extemporaneous examination
favored a benign inflammatory etiology and the surgery was concluded.
Final histopathological examination established a diagnosis of left tubo-ovarian actinomycosis,
with active chronic inflammation and abscess formation.
Intravenous penicillin (5 million units every 6 hours) was administered for 4 weeks,
followed by oral doxycycline for 12 months.
A follow-up CT of the abdomen and pelvis, 1 month after completing the penicillin
course of treatment, showed no signs of the disease.
The patient had follow-up appointments about every 3 months for over 1 year, either
with her attending gynecologic oncologist or infectiology specialist. During this
time, she remained asymptomatic, except for troublesome vasomotor symptoms. Transdermal
estrogen was prescribed with adequate relief.
Discussion
Despite the association between IUD use and pelvic actinomycosis, asymptomatic genital
tract colonization by Actinomyces in IUD users must be differentiated from clinically relevant pelvic actinomycotic
infection.
Actinomyces exists in normal oral and gastrointestinal flora. Female genital tract colonization
is also not uncommon. The incidence of Actinomyces-like organisms was 0.26% in a study of more than 20,000 pap smears.[4] In this study, most women with positive Actinomyces-like organisms in cervical smears were IUD users (81%), with 60% having a copper
IUD and 31% a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS).[4] Actinomyces-like organisms can be found in cervical smears in up to 7% of IUD users.[5]
[6] However, the pap smear lacks specificity in identifying Actinomyces, and only half the diagnosis made through pap smears are actually culture positive.[5]
[7]
It is impossible to quantify the risk of developing serious pelvic infection in IUD
users with Actinomyces genital colonization; however, it is probably exceedingly low.[5] The finding of Actinomyces on a Pap smear is considered incidental and the asymptomatic patient does not require
antimicrobial treatment or removal of the IUD.[5]
[7]
[8]
The rate of actinomyces-like organisms in cervical smears is lower with the more recent
LNG-IUS than with the copper IUD.[4]
[9] The potential of LNG-IUS users with actinomyces-like organisms in cervical smears
to develop pelvic actinomycosis is currently unknown. In a systematic review, including
83 cases of pelvic actinomycosis worldwide, between 1980 and 2014, 61 patients were
IUD users. From these, 15 had a copper IUD, 2 had Lippes loop, and 2 had Dalkon Shield
devices. Cases of pelvic actinomycosis with LNG-IUS use were not reported, but, in
the majority of cases, the type of IUD used was not disclosed.[10]
In this case report, the patient had a copper IUD in place for 6 years, which had
been removed 4 months before presentation. Although the development of pelvic actinomycotic
abscesses in women with IUDs is exceptionally rare, the diagnosis should be considered
in women of reproductive age with a pelvic mass, especially in those with an IUD in
place or recently removed.[2]
Among women with pelvic actinomycotic abscesses, only 50% had a previous pap smear
positive for Actinomyces-like organisms.[5] In fact, our patient had no evidence of Actinomyces in two pap smears collected 2 years apart.
Given its rarity and lack of distinct clinical features, pelvic actinomycosis is a
difficult diagnosis. Common symptoms include lower abdominal or pelvic pain, abnormal
uterine bleeding or discharge, a palpable abdominopelvic mass, fatigue, weight loss,
fever and symptoms related to bowel obstruction or obstructive uropathy. There may
be anemia, mild leukocytosis, elevated C-reactive protein and elevated erythrocyte
sedimentation rate.[1] Imaging features are nondiagnostic and may be similar to those seen in other local
inflammatory or neoplastic processes. Infiltration of adjacent tissues, across tissue
planes, and sinus tract formation are characteristic of actinomycosis, although not
specific.[1]
Several aspects make this case atypical in its presentation. The patient had no symptoms,
and the pelvic actinomycotic abscess was incidentally discovered because a rectal
infiltrative lesion was found during a screening colonoscopy. Also, iliac lymph node
enlargement was reported on CT. Local or regional lymphadenopathy is unusual in actinomycosis.[1] Mild normocytic anemia was the only relevant laboratorial finding in our patient
and inflammatory markers were unchanged.
Pelvic actinomycosis clinically mimics ovarian cancer and other diseases, such as
tuberculosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, lymphoma, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis
or endometriosis.
Correct nonsurgical diagnosis is possible by image guided biopsy or laparoscopic biopsy
and prolonged antibiotic therapy can avoid extensive extirpative surgery and preserve
fertility.[11]
A diagnosis of advanced ovarian cancer is often assumed and these patients are subjected
to unnecessary exploratory laparotomy.[2]
[3]
[11] The need of an intraoperative frozen section to distinguish actinomycosis and other
benign processes from ovarian carcinoma must be emphasized to prevent complete staging
procedures, pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy, and the morbidity that follows.[2]
The final diagnosis is based on the recognition of actinomycotic sulfur granules on
histology and/or on cultural identification of Actinomyces.[1] Sulfur granules consist of clusters of actinomycetes and are highly suggestive,
although not pathognomonic, of actinomycosis. Isolation through culture is more specific
but challenging. Actinomyces are fastidious organisms, and less than 50% of suspected cases are confirmed by this
method.[1]
High-dose prolonged therapy with penicillin has been the treatment of choice for actinomycosis.
Traditionally, intravenous penicillin G at a dose of 18 to 24 million units a day
is administered for 2 to 6 weeks, followed by oral penicillin V (2–4 g/day) for 6
to 12 months. Doxycycline, minocycline, clindamycin and erythromycin are considered
reasonable alternatives for patients allergic to penicillin. Medical treatment can
be completely effective.[1] Since oral penicillin V is not available in our country, in this case, after 4 months
of intravenous penicillin G therapy, a 12-month course of oral doxycycline was administered.
Surgical treatment alone is not curative but may be a useful adjunctive in selected
cases. It also may be necessary if malignancy cannot be excluded.[1]
Conclusion
Pelvic actinomycosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of pelvic masses
suspicious for malignancy. Doctors should be especially aware of this disease when
there is a history of IUD use. Non-surgical diagnosis of pelvic actinomycosis is possible,
and antibiotic treatment can be completely effective, avoiding extensive surgery and
preserving fertility. Pelvic actinomycosis is very rare; however, asymptomatic female
genital colonization by this organism is not uncommon. The incidental finding of Actinomyces-like organisms on a pap smear does not require antimicrobial treatment or IUD removal.
