CC BY 4.0 · Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2018; 40(09): 570-576
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1670684
Case Report
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Diagnosis of Atelosteogenesis Type I suggested by Fetal Ultrasonography and Atypical Paternal Phenotype with Mosaicism

Diagnóstico de atelosteogênese tipo I sugerido por ultrassonografia fetal e fenótipo paterno atípico com mosaicismo
Joanna Goes Castro Meira
1   Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
,
Manoel Alfredo Curvelo Sarno
2   Maternidade Climério de Oliveira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
,
Ágatha Cristhina Oliveira Faria
3   Center for Studies of the Human Genome and of Stem Cells Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
,
Guilherme Lopes Yamamoto
3   Center for Studies of the Human Genome and of Stem Cells Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
,
Débora Romeo Bertola
3   Center for Studies of the Human Genome and of Stem Cells Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
,
Gabriela Gayer Scheibler
1   Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
,
Dione Fernandes Tavares
1   Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
,
Angelina Xavier Acosta
1   Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Address for correspondence

Joanna Goes Castro Meira, MD, MSc
Departamento de Genética Médica, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Dr. Augusto Viana
40110-060, Canela, Salvador, BA
Brazil   

Publication History

14 December 2017

13 June 2018

Publication Date:
19 September 2018 (online)

 

Abstract

Atelosteogenesis type I (AOI) is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia caused by mutations in the filamin B (FLNB) gene with classic and well-recognizable clinical findings. However, parents affected with a mild phenotype, probably with somatic mosaicism, can generate offspring with a much more severe phenotype of AOI. In the present report, we describe a female newborn with classic AOI leading to early neonatal death, whose diagnostic was based on prenatal radiological findings and on the physical examination of the father. Since her father had limb deformities and corporal asymmetry, suggesting somatic mosaicism, his biological samples were analyzed through a gene panel for skeletal dysplasias. A missense mutation not previously described in the literature was detected in the FLNB gene, affecting ∼ 20% of the evaluated cells and, therefore, confirming the diagnosis of mosaic AOI in the father. The molecular analysis of the father was crucial to suggest the diagnosis of AOI in the newborn, since she died early and there were no biological samples available.


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Resumo

A atelosteogênese tipo I (AOI) é uma displasia esquelética autossômica dominante causada por mutações no gene filamina B (FLNB) com achados clínicos clássicos e bem reconhecíveis. No entanto, pais afetados com um fenótipo mais leve, provavelmente com mosaicismo somático, podem gerar uma prole com um fenótipo muito mais grave de AOI. No presente relato, descrevemos um recém-nascido do sexo feminino com AOI clássica, que levou à morte neonatal precoce, e cujo diagnóstico foi baseado em achados radiológicos pré-natais e no exame físico de seu genitor. Como o genitor apresentava deformidades em membros e assimetria corporal, que sugeriam mosaicismo somático, suas amostras biológicas foram analisadas por meio de um painel de genes para displasias esqueléticas. Uma mutação missense, não descrita anteriormente na literatura, foi detectada no gene FLNB, afetando ∼ 20% das células avaliadas, e, portanto, confirmando o diagnóstico de AOI em mosaico no genitor. A análise molecular realizada no genitor foi fundamental para sugerir o diagnóstico de AOI na recém-nascida, uma vez que esta morreu precocemente, e não havia amostras biológicas disponíveis.


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Introduction

Atelosteogenesis type I (AOI) is a disease of autosomal dominant inheritance associated with mutations in the filamin B (FLNB) gene, located on chromosome 3p14, which encodes the filamin B protein.[1] This syndrome includes a spectrum of phenotypes that may vary from mild, such as Larsen syndrome (LS) and spondylocarpotarsalsynostosis (STC), to severe conditions, such as atelosteogenesis type III (AOIII), and boomerang dysplasia. Atelosteogenesis type I, also known as giant cell chondrodysplasia or spondylohumerofemoral hypoplasia, presents as its main manifestation the disordered and incomplete ossification of the skeleton, and it is characterized by severely shortened limbs, displaced hips, knees and elbows, and club feet.[2] Its radiographic features include pelvic hypoplasia; absent, reduced or distally sharpened humerus and femurs; shortened or curved ulna and tibia; absent fibulae; metacarpals and middle and proximal phalanges without ossification or partially ossified; and high perinatal lethality.[3]

Some studies suggest that AOI and AOIII, a chondrodysplasia first described in 1991 with clinical and radiological characteristics similar to AOI, appear to represent a continuous phenotype.[3] [4] Unlike AOI, which is highly lethal, AOIII is clinically milder, and usually the affected individual survives after the neonatal period. The clinical picture of AOIII is recognizable from birth, and is characterized by rhizomelic shortening, joint dislocations, club feet, broad nails, polysyndactyly, narrow chest, ocular hypertelorism, flat nasal bridge, micrognathia, and cleft palate. Its radiographic features include distal tapering of the humerus and femurs, short and broad tubular bones in the hands and feet, and mild vertebral hypoplasia. Besides that, the affected children may present respiratory failure due to laryngotracheomalacia and thoracic hypoplasia, indicating that cases of children with AOIII, whose parents had milder phenotypes (similar to Larsen syndrome), occur probably as a result of parental mosaicism, while the children, due to a germline mutation, have all of their cells affected by the mutation and, therefore, present a much more severe phenotype of the disease.[5] [6] In the present report, we describe the process of diagnosis of AOI and the variability of the clinical findings in two patients, a father and his child.


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Case Report

A 13-year-old pregnant woman was referred to a geneticist after an abnormal second-trimester gestational ultrasonography showing fetal dysmorphisms. The gestational ultrasonography showed a fetus presenting marked shortening of the femurs, humeral agenesis, micrognathia, nasal hypoplasia, ocular hypertelorism, thoracic scoliosis, and hypoplastic ribs. The father of the fetus was a 29-year-old man with limb deformities and facial dysmorphism who had never been subjected to an evaluation with a geneticist. There were no parental consanguinity or reports of similar cases in the family, and the condition in the father was apparently de novo. The father presented disproportionate short stature (with the lower limbs disproportionally short in relation to the trunk), thoracic and scapular asymmetry, scoliosis, macrocephaly, ocular hypertelorism, low nasal root, short nasal dorsum, bifid uvula, prominent supraorbital ridges, shortening of all segments of the left upper limb with brachydactyly and widening of the distal phalanges of this limb, restriction of elbow extension, and lower limb asymmetry and shortening with genu varum ([Fig. 1]). He also had bilateral conductive hearing loss, and had been submitted to a surgery in the lower limbs, because he was born with the “legs bent.” At this point, it was suggested that the deformities of the newborn girl were inherited from her father.

Zoom Image
Fig. 1 (A): The father showing disproportionate short stature with short and asymmetrical legs, shortened upper left limb with restricted elbow extension; genum varum on the right. (B, C) Asymmetry of the hands, left hand with brachydactyly, wide distal phalanges, spatulate fingers. (D, E) Macrocephaly, ocular hypertelorism, low nasal root, short nasal dorsum, anteverted nostrils, prominent supraorbital ridges.Note: images provided and authorized by parents with informed consent.

The newborn died shortly after birth and had multiple skeletal anomalies: marked shortening of the femurs, humeral agenesis, micrognathia, nasal hypoplasia, ocular hypertelorism, thoracic scoliosis, and hypoplastic ribs, in addition to short neck, thoracic narrowing, small hands with shortened and spatulate fingers, legs in a “lotus flower” position with large hallux, and club feet. Unfortunately, the child was born in a maternity hospital in which the medical team did not perform complementary neonatal tests, such as X-rays, and we only had access to the photographs of the newborn ([Fig. 2]). Due to the impossibility of postmortem exams and the unavailability of biological samples of the newborn, we have opted to carry out the analysis of next generation sequencing (NGS) of a panel of genes associated to the skeletal dysplasias in the affected father.

Zoom Image
Fig. 2 Stillborn with short stature, short and curved femurs, club feet, macrocephaly, broad forehead, hypertelorism, nasal hypoplasia, micrognathia, short neck, humerus agenesis, thoracic narrowing, short and spatulate fingers.Note: images privided and authorized by parents with informed consent.

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Methods

Samples: The DNA sample was extracted from the saliva of the father, which was collected with the Oragene DNA Collection Kits OG-500 and OG-575, and purified following prepIT-L2P manufacturer's instructions (DNA Genotek, Ottawa, ON, Canada). For the controls, we used our in-house whole exome sequencing data from 609 Brazilians (Online Archive of Brazilian Mutations, ABraOM: http://abraom.ib.usp.br/), as well as public databases (1000 Genomes Project - http://www.internationalgenome.org; Exome Variant Server/NHLBI ESP exomes - http://evs.gs.washington.edu/EVS/; The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) - gnomad.broadinstitute.org/; and Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) http://exac.broadinstitute.org/).

Next-generation sequencing target: An NGS target of a panel of genes associated with skeletal dysplasia ([Table 1]) was performed with the Illumina MiSeq sequencer (Illumina, San Diego, CA, US), using Illumina's Nextera kits for library preparation. The KAPA Library Quantification kit (KAPA Biosystems, Wilmington, MA, US) was used to quantify the libraries by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequence alignment, as well as the data processing, variant calling, and variant annotation were performed with Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA) (http://bio-bwa.sourceforge.net), Picard (http://broadinstitute.github.io/picard/), Genome Analysis Toolkit package (GATK) (https://www.broadinstitute.org/gatk/), and ANNOVAR (http://www.openbioinformatics.org/annovar/) respectively.

Table 1

List of genes in skeletal dysplasia panel

Genes

ACP5

COL1A2

EIF2AK3

FLNB

LEMD3

OFD1

SALL1

TCOF1

EIF4A3

ADAMTS18

COL2A1

ELN

GALNS

LEPRE1

PAPSS2

SATB2

TFAP2A

PRKAR1A

ADAMTSL2

COL3A1

ERF

GDF5

LFNG

PLCB4

SBDS

TGFBR1

BMP1

ALPL

COL5A1

EVC

GDF6

LIFR

PLOD1

SERPINH1

TGFBR2

CREB3L1

ALX1

COL5A2

EVC2

GJA1

LMNA

POLR1C

SH3BP2

TGIF1

HUWE1

ALX3

COL9A1

EXT1

GLB1

LRP5

POLR1D

SHH

TNFRSF11A

IFITM5

ALX4

COL9A2

FBLN5

GLI2

MATN3

POR

SHOX

TP63

PLOD2

ANO5

COL9A3

FBN1

GLI3

MESP2

PPIB

SIX3

TRAPPC2

PLS3

CANT1

COMP

FGF8

GNAI3

MMP13

PTCH1

SLC26A2

TRIP11

SERPINF1

CHST14

CRTAP

FGFR1

GRHL3

MMP9

PTH1R

SMARCAL1

TRPS1

SPARC

CHST3

CTSK

FGFR2

GNAS

MSX1

PVRL1

SOST

TRPV4

TBX6

COL10A1

DDR2

FGFR3

HES7

MSX2

RAB23

SOX9

TSHZ1

TMEM38B

COL11A1

DLL3

FIG4

IFT80

NF2

RECQL4

SP7

TWIST1

WNT1

COL11A2

DYM

FKBP10

IL11RA

NKX3–2

RMRP

TBX1

WNT3

ZIC1

COL18A1

DYNC2H1

FKBP14

IRF6

NOG

ROR2

TBX22

ZIC2

COL1A1

EFNB1

FLNA

KIF22

NPR2

RUNX2

TCF12

EDN1

In filtering, we have considered only rare mutations with a minor allele frequency (MAF;< 0.5%) in all populations of the public databases analyzed and in our in-house control database. Only variants with > 20 read depths, average quality score > 30, allelic balance > 0.90 for the alternative allele and < 0.10 for the reference allele for variants in homozygous, and allelic balance between 0.2 and 0.8 for variants in heterozygous, and with strand bias < 2 were considered. All loss-of-function variants (LoFs; (mutations in splicing sites, frameshifts and stop-gains) were considered pathogenic. Missense variants were considered pathogenic only if predicted to be “possibly damaging” or “probably damaging” by the Polymorphism Phenotyping v2 (PolyPhen-2, Sunyaev lab, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US) software/web server, “deleterious” by the Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT) (http://sift.jcvi.org) algorithm, and with the Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD) (https://cadd.gs.washington.edu/) score reported to be > 15. Candidate variants were manually checked on the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) (Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, US). Synonymous and untranslated region (UTR) mutations were excluded due to the uncertainty of their functional relevance. The genomic position of the mutations is based on the hg19/GRCH37 version of the human reference genome (Genome Reference Consortium – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/). All of the remaining variants were checked using the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines.


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Results

The sequencing analysis of the NGS-target in the father has led to the identification of 5 rare mutations that were predicted to be damaging ([Table 2]). One of the mutations was a splice site-disrupting single nucleotide, and the remaining were four missenses variants in heterozygosis. The splice site mutation was in the BRCA2 (c.8488–1G > A) gene, and it was present in only one control of our Brazilian database (ABraOM). It was described by the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database (dbSNP) and by the ClinVar database, and was classified by the ACMG guidelines as pathogenic and associated with breast and ovarian cancers. Despite its probable pathogenicity, it is not related with our proband phenotype or not relevant to AOI. Among the missense mutations, only the missense mutation found in heterozygosity in exon 3 of the FLNB gene (c.596G > C; p.Arg199Pro) appeared to be the causative mutation of the phenotype of the patient. This variant was not described in any public database; it was predicted as pathogenic and classified as likely pathogenic by the ACMG. As it was present in only 20% of the reads sequenced in this region, we consider that this mutation is presented as mosaic in the patient. The remaining 3 missenses mutations (LEPRE1: exon10:c.1477G > C:p.Ala493Pro; LAMA2: exon23:c.3379T > C:p.Cys1127Arg; CANT1: exon4:c.896C > T:p.Pro299Leu) were not considered causal due to a lack of relevance of the role of the gene for AOI, considering the phenotype of the patient. Furthermore, these mutations were not considered pathogenic or likely pathogenic by the ACMG guidelines, and they are present in our controls, and are related to recessive diseases. The missense variant in the LEPRE1 gene was classified as likely benign by the ACMG guidelines, and it was present in public databases and in our Brazilian controls. The CANT1 gene variant is present in gnomAD controls, and was classified as of uncertain significance by the ACMG guidelines. The LAMA2 gene is associated with muscular dystrophy, although it is not described in any public database.

Table 2

List of mutations found after performing the exoma sequencing of the affected father

Chr

Gene

Type of variant

Variant

ACMG guidelines

dbSNP

PolyPhen-2

SIFT

chr1

LEPRE1

nonsynonymous SNV

NM_001146289:exon10:c.G1477C:p.A493P

Likely benign

rs201977455

Probably damaging

deleterious

chr3

FLNB

nonsynonymous SNV

NM_001164317:exon3:c.G596C:p.R199P

Likely pathogenic

NA

Possibly

damaging

deleterious

chr6

LAMA2

nonsynonymous SNV

NM_000426:exon23:c.T3379C:p.C1127R

Uncertain significance

NA

Probably

damaging

deleterious

chr13

BRCA2

splicing

NM_000059:exon20:c.8488–1G > A

Pathogenic

rs397507404

NA

NA

chr17

CANT1

nonsynonymous SNV

NM_138793:exon4:c.C896T:p.P299L

Uncertain significance

rs267606700

Probably

damaging

deleterious

Abbreviations: ACMG, American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics; Chr, chromosome; dbSNP, The Single Nucleotide Polymorphym Database; PolyPhen-2, Polymorphism Phenotyping v2; NA, not available; SIFT, sorting intolerant from tolerant; SNV, single nucleotide variant.



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Discussion

The prenatal diagnostic hypothesis of AOI is based on radiological imaging tests, such as fetal ultrasonography, which detects most skeletal anomalies around the second trimester of pregnancy. As a lethal skeletal dysplasia, this illness is more amenable to prenatal diagnosis due to an earlier onset with more severe phenotypic features.[7] The typical findings include limb shortening, thoracic hypoplasia, and underossification of the long bones.[5] [8] During this investigation, we were not able to obtain X-rays or biological samples of the newborn, which would have helped with the variant classification. The clinical investigation of stillbirths presenting dysmorphia or birth defects, including the performance of complementary exams and the collection of biological samples, is still not widespread among health professionals in Brazil. Therefore, the chance to perform a more accurate diagnosis is lost, and, in many cases, the genetic counseling of the parents is not performed. In our report, the fetal ultrasonography and postmortem photographs served as a basis for the AOI hypothesis in the father of the newborn, whose diagnosis was confirmed through molecular analysis of the FLNB gene. The missense mutation found in exon 3 of the FLNB gene (c.596G > C;p.Arg199Pro), which has not been previously described, is present in 20% of the reads, suggesting a case of somatic mosaicism. This finding confirms the clinical diagnosis of AOI both in the father and in the daughter. The majority of the mutations reported in AOI are in exons 2 to 5 of the FLNB gene.[5] Besides that, mutations in the same protein domain were previously described in cases of AOI and AOIII, and both skeletal dysplasias are characterized by overlapping clinical findings. The lethal presentation of the disease suggests the diagnosis of classic AOI in the newborn, and the same disease, as a somatic mosaicism, in the father. This would mean that not all of the father's cells are affected by the same mutation, therefore explaining the milder and asymmetrical expression and his survival beyond the life expectancy of the disease. Since it is a case of mosaicism, another tissue should be tested, ideally, in order to obtain more information about the level of mosaicism (such as skin and blood), but we did not have access to other samples.


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Conclusion

The clinical features of the father are characteristic of a somatic mosaicism. This becomes evident due to the milder and asymmetrical involvement of his limbs and trunk. However, his gonadal cells were affected by the mutation, which explains the birth of an affected newborn with the complete and lethal phenotype of AOI. In these cases, the transmission pattern is heterogeneous, depending on the proportion of gonadal cells affected in the parent, but it can be considered autosomal dominant. The diagnostic suggestion of AOI in the newborn was only possible through a molecular analysis of selected genes for skeletal dysplasias in her father. It is essential to emphasize the important role of the clinical investigation of a newborn or stillborn with birth defects to establish a syndromic diagnosis. This will allow professionals to perform genetic counseling to the parents. In our case, prenatal and family information were essential to establish the diagnosis because of the lack of neonatal information. The present case report reveals the importance of the prenatal evaluation of the fetus, of the assessment of the family history, and of the role of NGS and selected panels for the etiological confirmation of the disease.


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Conflict of Interests

The authors have none to declare.

Acknowledgments

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Instituto de Biociências (Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil). Biological samples and photographs were obtained after the patient signed an informed consent form.

  • References

  • 1 Krakow D, Robertson SP, King LM. , et al. Mutations in the gene encoding filamin B disrupt vertebral segmentation, joint formation and skeletogenesis. Nat Genet 2004; 36 (04) 405-410 . Doi: 10.1038/ng1319
  • 2 Sillence DO, Lachman RS, Jenkins T, Riccardi VM, Rimoin DL. Spondylohumerofemoral hypoplasia (giant cell chondrodysplasia): a neonatally lethal short-limbed skeletal displasia. Am J Med Genet 1982; 13 (01) 7-14 . Doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320130105
  • 3 Farrington-Rock C, Firestein MH, Bicknell LS. , et al. Mutations in two regions of FLNB result in atelosteogenesis I and III. Hum Mutat 2006; 27 (07) 705-710 . Doi: 10.1002/humu.20348
  • 4 Stern HJ, Graham Jr JM, Lachman RS. , et al. Atelosteogenesis type III: a distinct skeletal dysplasia with features overlapping atelosteogenesis and oto-palato-digital syndrome type II. Am J Med Genet 1990; 36 (02) 183-195 . Doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320360212
  • 5 Bicknell LS, Farrington-Rock C, Shafeghati Y. , et al. A molecular and clinical study of Larsen syndrome caused by mutations in FLNB. J Med Genet 2007; 44 (02) 89-98 . Doi: 10.1136/jmg.2006.043687
  • 6 Schultz C, Langer LO, Laxova R, Pauli RM. Atelosteogenesis type III: long term survival, prenatal diagnosis, and evidence for dominant transmission. Am J Med Genet 1999; 83 (01) 28-42 . Doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990305)83:1<28::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-G
  • 7 Ngo C, Viot G, Aubry MC. , et al. First-trimester ultrasound diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia associated with increased nuchal translucency thickness. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007; 30 (02) 221-226 . Doi: 10.1002/uog.4028
  • 8 Luewan S, Sukpan K, Udomwan P, Tongsong T. Prenatal sonographic features of fetal atelosteogenesis type 1. J Ultrasound Med 2009; 28 (08) 1091-1095 . Doi: 10.7863/jum.2009.28.8.1091

Address for correspondence

Joanna Goes Castro Meira, MD, MSc
Departamento de Genética Médica, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Dr. Augusto Viana
40110-060, Canela, Salvador, BA
Brazil   

  • References

  • 1 Krakow D, Robertson SP, King LM. , et al. Mutations in the gene encoding filamin B disrupt vertebral segmentation, joint formation and skeletogenesis. Nat Genet 2004; 36 (04) 405-410 . Doi: 10.1038/ng1319
  • 2 Sillence DO, Lachman RS, Jenkins T, Riccardi VM, Rimoin DL. Spondylohumerofemoral hypoplasia (giant cell chondrodysplasia): a neonatally lethal short-limbed skeletal displasia. Am J Med Genet 1982; 13 (01) 7-14 . Doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320130105
  • 3 Farrington-Rock C, Firestein MH, Bicknell LS. , et al. Mutations in two regions of FLNB result in atelosteogenesis I and III. Hum Mutat 2006; 27 (07) 705-710 . Doi: 10.1002/humu.20348
  • 4 Stern HJ, Graham Jr JM, Lachman RS. , et al. Atelosteogenesis type III: a distinct skeletal dysplasia with features overlapping atelosteogenesis and oto-palato-digital syndrome type II. Am J Med Genet 1990; 36 (02) 183-195 . Doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320360212
  • 5 Bicknell LS, Farrington-Rock C, Shafeghati Y. , et al. A molecular and clinical study of Larsen syndrome caused by mutations in FLNB. J Med Genet 2007; 44 (02) 89-98 . Doi: 10.1136/jmg.2006.043687
  • 6 Schultz C, Langer LO, Laxova R, Pauli RM. Atelosteogenesis type III: long term survival, prenatal diagnosis, and evidence for dominant transmission. Am J Med Genet 1999; 83 (01) 28-42 . Doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990305)83:1<28::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-G
  • 7 Ngo C, Viot G, Aubry MC. , et al. First-trimester ultrasound diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia associated with increased nuchal translucency thickness. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007; 30 (02) 221-226 . Doi: 10.1002/uog.4028
  • 8 Luewan S, Sukpan K, Udomwan P, Tongsong T. Prenatal sonographic features of fetal atelosteogenesis type 1. J Ultrasound Med 2009; 28 (08) 1091-1095 . Doi: 10.7863/jum.2009.28.8.1091

Zoom Image
Fig. 1 (A): The father showing disproportionate short stature with short and asymmetrical legs, shortened upper left limb with restricted elbow extension; genum varum on the right. (B, C) Asymmetry of the hands, left hand with brachydactyly, wide distal phalanges, spatulate fingers. (D, E) Macrocephaly, ocular hypertelorism, low nasal root, short nasal dorsum, anteverted nostrils, prominent supraorbital ridges.Note: images provided and authorized by parents with informed consent.
Zoom Image
Fig. 2 Stillborn with short stature, short and curved femurs, club feet, macrocephaly, broad forehead, hypertelorism, nasal hypoplasia, micrognathia, short neck, humerus agenesis, thoracic narrowing, short and spatulate fingers.Note: images privided and authorized by parents with informed consent.