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Nervenheilkunde 2018; 37(09): 617-625
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1670573
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1670573
Geist & Gehirn
Werden wir dümmer?
Der Flynn-Effekt im Rückwärtsgang
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Literatur
- 1 Binet A, Simon T. Méthodes nouvelles pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux. In: L‘année psychologique 1904; 11: 191-244.
- 2 Binet A, Simon T. Le développement de l‘intelligence chez les enfants. In: L‘année psychologique 1907; 14: 1-94.
- 3 Bratsberg B, Rogeberg O. Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused. PNAS 2018 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas 1718793115
- 4 Brinch CN, Gallowaya TA. Schooling in adolescence raises IQ scores. PNAS 2012; 109: 425-430.
- 5 Brooks SS. Some uses for intelligence tests. Journal of Educational Research 1922; 5: 217-238.
- 6 Caldwell JC. Mass education as a determinant of the timing of fertility decline. Popul Dev Rev 1980; 6: 225-255.
- 7 Castro Martín T. Womenz’s education and fertility: Results from 26 demographic and health surveys. Stud Fam Plann 1995; 26: 187-202.
- 8 Donner S. Forscher schlagen Alarm: in den Industrieländern ist der IQ auf Talfahrt. Bild der Wissenschaft, 16.5.2005
- 9 Dutton E. et al A Flynn Effect in Khartoum, the Sudanese capital, 2004–2016. Intelligence 2018; 68: 82-86.
- 10 Dutton E, Bakhiet SFA, Ziada KE, Essa YAS, Blahmar TAM. A negative Flynn effect in Khartoum, the Sudanese capital. Intelligence 2017; 63: 51-55.
- 11 Dutton E, Lynn R. A negative Flynn in Finland, 1997–2009. Intelligence 2013; 41: 817-820.
- 12 Dutton E, van der Linden D, Lynn R. The negative Flynn Effect: A systematic literature review. Intelligence 2016; 59: 163-169.
- 13 Emanuelsson I, Reuterberg SE, Svensson A. Changing differences in intelligence? Comparisons between groups of 13-year-olds tested from 1960 to 1990. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 1993; 37: 259-276.
- 14 Flynn JR. The Mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin 1984; 95: 29-51.
- 15 Flynn JR. Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure. Psychological Bulletin 1987; 101: 171-191.
- 16 Flynn JR. The “Flynn Effect” and Flynn’s paradox. Intelligence 2013; 41: 851-857.
- 17 Flynn JR, Shayer M. IQ decline and Piaget: Does the rot start at the top?. Intelligence 2018; 66: 112-121.
- 18 Gray JR, Chabris CF, Braver TS. Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence. Nat Neurosci 2012; 6: 316-322.
- 19 Hearne LJ, Mattingley JB, Cocchi L. Functional brain networks related to individual differences in human intelligence at rest. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 32328 doi: 10.1038/srep32328
- 20 Herrnstein RJ, Murray C. The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York: Free Press; 1994
- 21 Jim nez Fanny. Warum der IQ der Menschen steigt und steigt. Die Welt 2015
- 22 Kanaya T, Scullin MH, Ceci S J. The Flynn Effect and U.S. Policies. The Impact of Rising IQ Scores on American Society Via Mental Retardation Diagnoses. American Psychologist 2003; 58: 778-790.
- 23 Kong A. et al Selection against variants in the genome associated with educational attainment. PNAS 2017; 114: E727-E732.
- 24 Ko rgesaar M. Flynni Efekti Esinemine Eesti Abiturientide Seas Raveni Testi Pohjal [Presence of Flynn Effect Among Estonian School-Leavers in Raven Matrices. English abstract]. (Seminaritöö) Tartu Ulikool. Tartu 2013 http://dspace.ut.ee/bit stream/handle/10062/30644/korgesaar_merle.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y;abgerufenam8.7.2018
- 25 Liu J, Lynn R. An Increase of Intelligence in China 1986–2012. Intelligence 2013 41. 05 doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.06.017
- 26 Lynn R. IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity. Nature 1982; 297: 222-223.
- 27 Lynn R. What has caused the Flynn effect? Secular increases in the Devolopment Quotients of infants. Intelligence 2009; 37: 16-24.
- 28 Lynn R, Harvey J. The decline of the world’s IQ. Intelligence 2008; 36: 112-120.
- 29 Lynn R. Race differences. Tartu 2013
- 30 Merrill MA. The significance of IQ’s on the revised Stanford-Binet scales. Journal of Educational Psychology 1983; 29: 641-651.
- 31 Okbay A. et al LifeLines Cohort Study. Genomewide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature 2016; 533: 539-542.
- 32 Pietschnig J, Gittler G. A reversal of the Flynn effect for spatial perception in German-speaking countries: Evidence from a cross-temporal IRTbased meta-analysis (1977–2014). Intelligence 2015; 53: 145-153.
- 33 Pietschnig J, Voracek M. One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909–2013). Psychological Science 2015; 10: 282-306.
- 34 Rauner Max. Abstieg in die Dummheit. ZEIT ONLINE 2016
- 35 Rindermann H, Becker D, Coyle TR. Survey of expert opinion on intelligence: The Flynn effect and the future of intelligence. Personality and Individual Difference 2017; 106: 242-247.
- 36 Rindfuss RR, Morgan SP, Offutt K. Education and the changing age pattern of American fertility: 1963–1989. Demography 1996; 33: 277-290.
- 37 Ritchie SJ, Tucker-Drob EM. How much does education improve intelligence? A meta-analysis. Psychological science 2018 https://doi.org/10.1177/095679761877425
- 38 Rönnlund M. et al Secular trends in cognitive test performance: Swedish conscript data 1970–1993. Intelligence 2013; 41: 19-24.
- 39 Siegler RS. The other Alfred Binet. Developmental Psychology 1992; 28: 179-190.
- 40 Stern W. Die Psychologischen Methoden der Intelligenzprüfung und deren Anwendung an Schulkindern (Sonderdruck aus: Bericht über den V. Kongress für experimentelle Psychologie / Berlin 1910. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1912
- 41 Sudet JM, Borren I, Tambs K. The Flynn effect is partly caused by changing fertility patterns. Intelligence 2008; 36: 183-191.
- 42 Sundet JM, Barlaug DG, Torjussen TM. The end of the Flynn effect? A study of secular trends in mean intelligence test scores of Norwegian conscripts during half a century. Intelligence 2004; 32: 349-362.
- 43 Teasdale TW, Owen DR. A long-term rise and recent decline in intelligence test performance: The Flynn Effect in reverse. Personality and Individual Differences 2005; 39: 837-843.
- 44 Teasdale TW, Owen DR. Secular declines in cognitive test scores: A reversal of the Flynn Effect. Intelligence 2008; 36: 121-126.
- 45 Tuddenham RD. Soldier intelligence in World Wars I and II. American Psychologist 1948; 3: 54-56.
- 46 Wicherts JM. et al Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 2004; 32: 509-537.
- 47 Williams RL. Overview of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 2013; 41: 753-764.
- 48 Woodley MA, Meisenberg G. In the Netherlands the anti-Flynn effect is a Jensen effect. Personality and Individual Differences 2013; 54: 871-876.
- 49 Woodley MA, Nijenhuis J te, Murphy R. Were the Victorians cleverer than us? The decline in general intelligence estimated from a meta-analysis of the slowing of simple reaction time. Intelligence 2013; 41: 843-850.
- 50 Woodley of Menie MA. et al What Causes the Anti-Flynn Effect? A Data Synthesis and Analysis of Predictors. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences Sep 25 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ ebs0000106
- 51 Shayer M. Ginsburg D, Coe R. Thirty years on – a large anti-Flynn effect? The Piagetian test Volume & Heaviness norms 1975–2003. British Journal of Educational Psychology 2007; 77: 25-41.
Korrespondenzadresse
Prof. Dr. Dr. Manfred Spitzer
Universitätsklinikum Ulm Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie III
Leimgrubenweg 12
89075 Ulm
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Literatur
- 1 Binet A, Simon T. Méthodes nouvelles pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux. In: L‘année psychologique 1904; 11: 191-244.
- 2 Binet A, Simon T. Le développement de l‘intelligence chez les enfants. In: L‘année psychologique 1907; 14: 1-94.
- 3 Bratsberg B, Rogeberg O. Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused. PNAS 2018 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas 1718793115
- 4 Brinch CN, Gallowaya TA. Schooling in adolescence raises IQ scores. PNAS 2012; 109: 425-430.
- 5 Brooks SS. Some uses for intelligence tests. Journal of Educational Research 1922; 5: 217-238.
- 6 Caldwell JC. Mass education as a determinant of the timing of fertility decline. Popul Dev Rev 1980; 6: 225-255.
- 7 Castro Martín T. Womenz’s education and fertility: Results from 26 demographic and health surveys. Stud Fam Plann 1995; 26: 187-202.
- 8 Donner S. Forscher schlagen Alarm: in den Industrieländern ist der IQ auf Talfahrt. Bild der Wissenschaft, 16.5.2005
- 9 Dutton E. et al A Flynn Effect in Khartoum, the Sudanese capital, 2004–2016. Intelligence 2018; 68: 82-86.
- 10 Dutton E, Bakhiet SFA, Ziada KE, Essa YAS, Blahmar TAM. A negative Flynn effect in Khartoum, the Sudanese capital. Intelligence 2017; 63: 51-55.
- 11 Dutton E, Lynn R. A negative Flynn in Finland, 1997–2009. Intelligence 2013; 41: 817-820.
- 12 Dutton E, van der Linden D, Lynn R. The negative Flynn Effect: A systematic literature review. Intelligence 2016; 59: 163-169.
- 13 Emanuelsson I, Reuterberg SE, Svensson A. Changing differences in intelligence? Comparisons between groups of 13-year-olds tested from 1960 to 1990. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 1993; 37: 259-276.
- 14 Flynn JR. The Mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin 1984; 95: 29-51.
- 15 Flynn JR. Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure. Psychological Bulletin 1987; 101: 171-191.
- 16 Flynn JR. The “Flynn Effect” and Flynn’s paradox. Intelligence 2013; 41: 851-857.
- 17 Flynn JR, Shayer M. IQ decline and Piaget: Does the rot start at the top?. Intelligence 2018; 66: 112-121.
- 18 Gray JR, Chabris CF, Braver TS. Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence. Nat Neurosci 2012; 6: 316-322.
- 19 Hearne LJ, Mattingley JB, Cocchi L. Functional brain networks related to individual differences in human intelligence at rest. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 32328 doi: 10.1038/srep32328
- 20 Herrnstein RJ, Murray C. The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York: Free Press; 1994
- 21 Jim nez Fanny. Warum der IQ der Menschen steigt und steigt. Die Welt 2015
- 22 Kanaya T, Scullin MH, Ceci S J. The Flynn Effect and U.S. Policies. The Impact of Rising IQ Scores on American Society Via Mental Retardation Diagnoses. American Psychologist 2003; 58: 778-790.
- 23 Kong A. et al Selection against variants in the genome associated with educational attainment. PNAS 2017; 114: E727-E732.
- 24 Ko rgesaar M. Flynni Efekti Esinemine Eesti Abiturientide Seas Raveni Testi Pohjal [Presence of Flynn Effect Among Estonian School-Leavers in Raven Matrices. English abstract]. (Seminaritöö) Tartu Ulikool. Tartu 2013 http://dspace.ut.ee/bit stream/handle/10062/30644/korgesaar_merle.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y;abgerufenam8.7.2018
- 25 Liu J, Lynn R. An Increase of Intelligence in China 1986–2012. Intelligence 2013 41. 05 doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.06.017
- 26 Lynn R. IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity. Nature 1982; 297: 222-223.
- 27 Lynn R. What has caused the Flynn effect? Secular increases in the Devolopment Quotients of infants. Intelligence 2009; 37: 16-24.
- 28 Lynn R, Harvey J. The decline of the world’s IQ. Intelligence 2008; 36: 112-120.
- 29 Lynn R. Race differences. Tartu 2013
- 30 Merrill MA. The significance of IQ’s on the revised Stanford-Binet scales. Journal of Educational Psychology 1983; 29: 641-651.
- 31 Okbay A. et al LifeLines Cohort Study. Genomewide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature 2016; 533: 539-542.
- 32 Pietschnig J, Gittler G. A reversal of the Flynn effect for spatial perception in German-speaking countries: Evidence from a cross-temporal IRTbased meta-analysis (1977–2014). Intelligence 2015; 53: 145-153.
- 33 Pietschnig J, Voracek M. One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909–2013). Psychological Science 2015; 10: 282-306.
- 34 Rauner Max. Abstieg in die Dummheit. ZEIT ONLINE 2016
- 35 Rindermann H, Becker D, Coyle TR. Survey of expert opinion on intelligence: The Flynn effect and the future of intelligence. Personality and Individual Difference 2017; 106: 242-247.
- 36 Rindfuss RR, Morgan SP, Offutt K. Education and the changing age pattern of American fertility: 1963–1989. Demography 1996; 33: 277-290.
- 37 Ritchie SJ, Tucker-Drob EM. How much does education improve intelligence? A meta-analysis. Psychological science 2018 https://doi.org/10.1177/095679761877425
- 38 Rönnlund M. et al Secular trends in cognitive test performance: Swedish conscript data 1970–1993. Intelligence 2013; 41: 19-24.
- 39 Siegler RS. The other Alfred Binet. Developmental Psychology 1992; 28: 179-190.
- 40 Stern W. Die Psychologischen Methoden der Intelligenzprüfung und deren Anwendung an Schulkindern (Sonderdruck aus: Bericht über den V. Kongress für experimentelle Psychologie / Berlin 1910. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1912
- 41 Sudet JM, Borren I, Tambs K. The Flynn effect is partly caused by changing fertility patterns. Intelligence 2008; 36: 183-191.
- 42 Sundet JM, Barlaug DG, Torjussen TM. The end of the Flynn effect? A study of secular trends in mean intelligence test scores of Norwegian conscripts during half a century. Intelligence 2004; 32: 349-362.
- 43 Teasdale TW, Owen DR. A long-term rise and recent decline in intelligence test performance: The Flynn Effect in reverse. Personality and Individual Differences 2005; 39: 837-843.
- 44 Teasdale TW, Owen DR. Secular declines in cognitive test scores: A reversal of the Flynn Effect. Intelligence 2008; 36: 121-126.
- 45 Tuddenham RD. Soldier intelligence in World Wars I and II. American Psychologist 1948; 3: 54-56.
- 46 Wicherts JM. et al Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 2004; 32: 509-537.
- 47 Williams RL. Overview of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 2013; 41: 753-764.
- 48 Woodley MA, Meisenberg G. In the Netherlands the anti-Flynn effect is a Jensen effect. Personality and Individual Differences 2013; 54: 871-876.
- 49 Woodley MA, Nijenhuis J te, Murphy R. Were the Victorians cleverer than us? The decline in general intelligence estimated from a meta-analysis of the slowing of simple reaction time. Intelligence 2013; 41: 843-850.
- 50 Woodley of Menie MA. et al What Causes the Anti-Flynn Effect? A Data Synthesis and Analysis of Predictors. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences Sep 25 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ ebs0000106
- 51 Shayer M. Ginsburg D, Coe R. Thirty years on – a large anti-Flynn effect? The Piagetian test Volume & Heaviness norms 1975–2003. British Journal of Educational Psychology 2007; 77: 25-41.