Keywords
pineal gland - third eye - chronomedicine
Background
Dimethyl tryptamine from the pineal gland is also known as spirit molecule. It is
linked to perception and is activated by energetic and magnetic frequency. It may
sound absurd to some researchers, but current evidence favors existence of the “third
eye.”[1] The literature is flooded with articles relating the pineal gland with circadian
rhythm. In this article, the author has highlighted the bonding between ancient Indian
methodology and modern chronomedicine. The description of “Ham and Ksham” and its
correlation with pineal gland and hypothalamic-pituitary complex highlight the odyssey
of antiquity to modern chronomedicine.
Historical Aspect
Human beings have a “third eye” or mystic body scientifically known as the pineal gland. The third eye corresponds to sixth “chakra”—“Ajna” that provides a “window” into
the spiritual life of every individual ([Fig. 1]). The ancient scientists had never believed in the existence of the soul until Cartesian
neuropsychophysiological doctrine was laid in the 17th century. The two schools of
science and philosophy gave common consensus on the existence of the pineal gland
and its physiologic and mythological importance.[2]
Fig. 1 Diagrammatic presentation showing the seven “Chakras” in human being.
The ancient philosophers and scientists have a different belief in the soul and its
existence. The exact seat of the soul has evolved over centuries. The Platonic and
Aristotle concepts highlighted the three types of souls concluding the importance
of the heart as the center of control—“Phren.”[3] According to them, the soul is outside the body and linked with the materialistic
body with some part. It was Hippocrates, who changed their concept and said that soul
resides somewhere inside the body. Hippocrates justified that it is the brain, rather
than the heart, as the focal point of feeling and reason. The “soul” is the energy-generating
part that coordinates the molecular, hormonal, physiologic, and chemical orchestra
of the human body. Modern neuroscience believes that the rhythmic coordination is
maintained by suprachiasmatic nucleus, via the pineal gland, thus the pineal gland
has mystical and energetic associations.[4]
The first specific reference to the pineal gland was given by Herophilus who wrote
that the soul is in “kalamos.” The detailed description of the pineal gland was given
by Galen in his work “De anatomicis administrationibus.” He believes that the soul
flows in form of air from the lungs to the heart and then to the brain. The flow of
air in the brain is controlled in valve-like fashion by the pineal gland.
The importance of the pineal gland as a center of soul reached its peak in the era
of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225—1274 AD) who formed a council and proved his “theory
of three cells.” Later on, Descartes and Andreas Vesalius (1514—1564 AD), the father
of modern anatomy, also proposed the brain as the center of the soul.[4] Rene Descartes in his book The Passion of Sole described the pineal gland as the meeting place of the physical and spiritual worlds
and wrote that “The body and spirit not only meet there, but each affects the other
and the repercussion extends in both directions.”
Ancient Indian Mythology and Chronobiology
Ancient Indian Mythology and Chronobiology
The three main “Nadis” are Ida, Pingla, and Sushmna. These Nadis are the subtle energy
channels of the body, and they conduit “Prana” (soul) throughout the whole body.[5] Ajna Chakra, the area of the third eye, is the sixth Chakra, which is found in the
space between the eyebrows (Brow Chakra, the third eye, the eye of wisdom, the inner
eye Chakra, or the command Chakra). An invisible yet powerful third eye, this is our
center of intuition.[2]
The letter “ham” represents Shiva. “Ksham” represents Shakti. These two words written
on petals represent the manifest and the un-manifest mind and are sometimes said to
represent the pineal and pituitary glands.
Actually, as human beings, we do not know the power of the mind. Ancient “gurus” have
gained mystic and supernatural powers by igniting the third eye.[6] Although substantial evidence is missing, the scientific world has a strong inclination
toward the existence of Ajna chakra or third eye. We probably possess an intense capacity
for visualization, and our mind is composed and opens to mystic truths. We realize
more and more that the world of appearances is but an allegory, a symbol of a spiritual
principle manifested on the physical level. We possibly notice from time to time that
our thoughts or ideas come true. Some people called it déjà vu. The more our third
eye Chakra develops, the more our thoughts are based on a direct inner awareness of reality.[6]
Rhythmicity and Circadian Rhythm
Rhythmicity and Circadian Rhythm
The term “circadian” comes from the Latin ca., “around,” and Diem or dies, “day,”
meaning literally “approximately one day.” The formal study of biological temporal
rhythms such as daily, tidal, weekly, seasonal, and annual rhythms is called chronobiology.[7]
Chronomedicine is prescribing medicines at specified clock hours to achieve an optimization
of therapeutic administration. Rhythmicity is seen in metabolic pathways and serum
chemical levels inside the human body. It is also seen in the sensitivity of target
systems to endogenous or exogenous chemical substances.[8] It is proved that plasma proteins also undergo a circadian rhythm so drugs binding
to these plasma proteins follow rhythmicity. For example, antihypertensive drugs expressing
first dose phenomenon are usually administered at bedtime to avoid complications due
to hypotension.
Role of Pineal Gland in Maintaining Circadian Rhythm
Role of Pineal Gland in Maintaining Circadian Rhythm
The pineal gland is the neuroendocrine organ that primarily functions to maintain
circadian rhythm and provide “light and dark” information to the rest of the brain
through hormone melatonin. The melatonin is derived from amino acid tryptophan, and
its formation is controlled rhythmically by the hypothalamus and pineal gland. The
melatonin shows rhythmic secretion and control in following four steps. The rhythmicity
is controlled both locally (enzymes) and centrally by suprachiasmatic nuclei of the
hypothalamus.[9]
-
Dietary amino acid tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) by tryptophan hydroxylase
1 (TPH1).
-
Synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase.
-
Formation of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT).
-
Production of melatonin by hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) (also termed N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase [ASMT]).
Circadian signals from the SCN are transmitted sequentially to the paraventricular
nuclei, the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord, superior cervical ganglion,
and then finally the pineal gland. The pineal gland is also innervated by parasympathetic
system.[9] Apart from light and parasympathetic system, melatonin rhythm is coupled tightly
to the core temperature rhythm with the peak of melatonin secretion corresponding
closely to the nadir of temperature.[10]
Retinohypothalamic Tract and Chronodisruption
Retinohypothalamic Tract and Chronodisruption
The intrinsic cycle of electrical activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus is closer to
25 hours rather than 24 hours.[11] Thus, the neural “clock” runs slow, and if this rhythm is not be adjusted nearer
to a 24-hour cycle, the physiology of the organism would quickly be “out of phase”
with the standard time. The pathophysiological process is called as desynchronized
or chronodisrupted. This highlights the need of some organ to maintain neural clock
into the circadian rhythm. This pathway is known as retinohypothalamic tract (RHT)
([Fig. 2]).[12] In this pathway, the light is perceived by highly specialized intrinsically photosensitive
retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC). These cells involved in synchronizing the neural clock
consists of the small percentage (1–2%) of the total ganglion cell population, and
they contain their own specialized photopigment, melanopsin. Melanopsin is further
different in that it does not respond to blue range wavelength, roughly 460 to 480
µm wavelength of light only.[10] The axons of these neurons travel in the optic nerve to the level of the optic chiasm
where they then diverge to penetrate the SCN where they make synaptic contact with
clock neurons. From the SCN, it passes via the paraventricular nuclei, the upper thoracic
intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord, and then sympathetic neurons of
the superior cervical ganglion, which innervate the pineal. This series of connections
linking the retina to SCN to pineal gland is sometimes referred to as a photoneuroendocrine
system.
Fig. 2 Retinohypothalamic track pathway: intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
(iPRGC) → suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) → dorsal and ventral subparaventricular nucleus
(DSP and VSP) → cervical ganglion → pineal gland → melatonin.
When the photoperiodic environment is artificially perturbed, for example with light
exposure during the normal dark period, the central circadian pacemaker receives inappropriate
information for that time, and melatonin suppression and circadian disruption results.
The chronodisruption leads to change in the physiology of human body leading to ill
health known as diseases of decrease melatonin activity.[13]
Sequelae of Chronodisruption
Sequelae of Chronodisruption
In chronobiology, light is the major zeitgeber (‘time giver’) affecting the alignment
and entrainment of circadian rhythms in children and adults.
One particular disease that has frequently been discussed relative to excessive or
abnormal light exposure is cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer
has classified light at night as a group 2A carcinogen, that is, a probable carcinogen
in humans[14] ([Fig. 3]).
Fig. 3 Representative magnetic resonance imaging showing a pineal gland tumor arising from
and expanding the third ventricle of the brain.
The free radical scavenging action of melatonin and its antioxidant effect finds its
role in the protection of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being generated
and released by the EE cells of the GIT in enormous amounts to portal circulation
to protect the liver and biliary tract from various irritants.[10]
The rhythmicity of melatonin level not only predicts day-night cycle but also acts
as the marker of seasonal calendar. The contrast between short-duration signals in
the summer and long-duration winter signals is both necessary and sufficient to drive
subsequent seasonal rhythms in diverse processes such as reproduction, metabolism,
and immune function. The phenomenon of “jet lag” is linked to chronodisruption. Melatonin
has the role in antiaging phenomenon via its free radical scavenging effects.[13]
Circadian Rhythm and Ayurveda
Circadian Rhythm and Ayurveda
The Ayurvedic physiology and pathology are based on the circadian rhythm of three
“Doshas.” According to Sushruta, these doshas govern the physiologic integrity of
body by controlling the distribution of energy, in the same way as soma, Surya, and
Anila maintain the integrity of the terrestrial world. The three doshas—Vata, Pitta,
and Kapha—follow a circadian rhythm, and by this rhythm, all the metabolic functions
of the body are regulated. Disruption in this rhythm leads to the production of various
pathologic states. Beside daily circadian rhythm, these doshas also follow the circannual
rhythm and yearly cycle by the process of their “Sanchaya,” “Prakopa,” and “Shaman”
for regulating the biochemical, physiologic, or behavioral processes of the body.
Our sleep depends on Kapha and Tama Doshas, and if the time of “Kapha predominance”
passes, one feels the state of awareness and leading to vitiation of “Vata.”[15] Vitiation of Vata leads to the development of “Rakshasa” in the body and symptoms
such as irritability, restlessness, and arduousness in concentrating, facile fatigability
develop in the person. If it is done only for 1 or 2 days a week, the body can adjust
it by taking day sleep (Divaswapa).[16] However, if it becomes our quotidian routine, our cycle of Doshas is inverted and
disease develops.[8]
Conclusion
The existence of the pineal gland as third eye or mystic control has been described
in Indian ancient science.[17] The modern world is trending toward the same inference. Circadian rhythm, its maintenance,
and role of melatonin are important in controlling the normal physiology of the body.
Further melatonin has shown pharmacologic uses as anticancer and antiaging agents.
Its role in preventing osteoporosis and menstrual irregularity is under trials. The
author believes that someday the modern science could decode the mystery of “third
eye” completely, and he intends to find the solution for supernatural controls also.
