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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Nervenheilkunde 2018; 37(01/02): 7-15
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1642071
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1642071
Editorial
Smartphone und Depression: Ursache oder Therapie?
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Literatur
- 1 Aker S, Şahin MK, Sezgin S, Oğuz G. Psychosocial factors affecting Smartphone Addiction in university students. J Addict Nurs 2017; 28: 215-219.
- 2 Anthes E. Pocket Psychiatry (News Feature). Nature 2016; 532: 20-23.
- 3 Cavanagh SR. No, Smartphones are not destroying a generation. Psychology Today, 6.8.2017 https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/once-more-feeling/201708/no-smartphones-are-not-destroying-generation .
- 4 CDC, Center for Disease Control (2017) QuickStats: Suicide Rates for Teens Aged 15–19 Years, by Sex — United States, 1975–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017; 66: 816.
- 5 Chen B, Liu F, Ding S, Ying X, Wang L, Wen Y. Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: a cross-sectional study among medical college students. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17 (01) 341.
- 6 Choi SW, Kim DJ, Choi JS, Ahn H, Choi EJ, Song WY, Kim S, Youn H. Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and Internet addiction. J Behav Addict 2015; 04: 308-314.
- 7 Cohen J. CDC word ban? The fight over seven health-related words in the president’s next budget. Posted in: Scientific Community (doi:10.1126/science.aar7959), 18.12.2017 http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/12/fight-over-seven-health-related-words-president-s-next-budget .
- 8 Collier R. Mental health in the smartphone era. CMAJ 2016; 188: 1141-1142.
- 9 de la Torre I, Castillo G, Arambarri J, López-Coronado M, Franco MA. Mobile apps for suicide prevention: Review of virtual stores and literature. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017; 05 (10) e130.
- 10 Dehling T, Gao F, Schneider S, Sunyaev A. Exploring the far side of mobile health: Information security and privacy of mobile health Apps on iOS and Android. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2015; 03 (01) e8.
- 11 Demirci K, Akgönül M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict 2015; 04: 85-92.
- 12 Donker T, Petrie K, Proudfoot J, Clarke J, Birch MR, Christensen H. Smartphones for smarter delivery of mental health programs: A systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15 (11) e247.
- 13 Eder S. Facebook und sein trojanisches Pferd. FAZ 20.3.2017 http://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/gesundheit/kuenstliche-intelligenz-untersuchtpsyche-von-facebook-nutzern14931226.html?printPagedArticle=true#void .
- 14 Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: a conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord 2017; 207: 251-259.
- 15 Elhai JD, Levine JC, Dvorak RD, Hall BJ. Non-social features of smartphone use are most related to depression, anxiety and problematic smartphone use. Comput Hum Behav 2017; 69: 75-82.
- 16 Elhai JD, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Levine JC, Picard KJ, Hall BJ. Depression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week. Personal. Individ Dif 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.051.
- 17 Fernandez-Luque L, Staccini P. All that glitters is not gold: Consumer health informatics and education in the era of social media and health apps. Findings from the Yearbook 2016 Section on Consumer Health Informatics. Yearb Med Inform 2016; 01: 188-193.
- 18 Frank E, Pong J, Asher Y, Soares CN. Smart phone technologies and ecological momentary data: is this the way forward on depression management and research?. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2018; 31: 3-6.
- 19 Gao T, Xiang YT, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Mei S. Neuroticism and quality of life: Multiple mediating effects of smartphone addiction and depression. Psychiatry Res 2017; 258: 457-461.
- 20 Goyal S, Nunn CA, Rotondi M, Couperthwaite AB, Reiser S, Simone A, Katzman DK, Cafazzo JA, Palmert MR. A mobile App for the self-management of Type 1 Diabetes among adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017; 05: e82.
- 21 Grundy Q, Held FP, Bero LA. Tracing the potential flow of consumer data: A network analysis of prominent health and fitness apps. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19 (06) e233.
- 22 Guernsey L. Don’t Take Away Your Teen’s Phone. Slate 10.8.2017 http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2017/08/smartphones_haven_t_destroyed_a_generation.html .
- 23 He D, Naveed M, Gunter CA, Nahrstedt K. Security concerns in android mHealth apps. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2014; 645-654.
- 24 Huckvale K, Prieto JT, Tilney M, Benghozi PJ, Car J. Unaddressed privacy risks in accredited health and wellness apps: a cross-sectional systematic assessment. BMC Med 2015; 13: 214.
- 25 Kaplan S, McNeil Jr DG. Uproar Over Purported Ban at C.D.C. of Words Like ‘Fetus’. The New York Times 16.12.2017 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/health/cdc-trump-bannedwords.html .
- 26 Kim E, Cho I, Kim EJ. Structural equation model of smartphone addiction based on adult attachment theory: Mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2017; 11: 92-97.
- 27 Kim HJ, Min JY, Kim HJ, Min KB. Association between psychological and self-assessed health status and smartphone overuse among Korean college students. J Ment Health 2017; 04: 1-6.
- 28 Kim J, Seo M, David P. Alleviating depression only to become problematic mobile phone users: can face-to-face communication be the antidote?. Comput Hum Behav 2015; 51: 440-447.
- 29 Kim SE, Kim JW, Jee YS. Relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity in Chinese international students in Korea. J Behav Addict 2015; 04: 200-205.
- 30 Kim SK, Kim SY, Kang HB. An analysis of the effects of smartphone push notifications on task performance with regard to smartphone overuse using ERP. Comput Intell Neurosci 2016; 5718580.
- 31 Klein JP. et al. Internetbasierte Interventionen in der Behandlung psychischer Störungen. Der Nervenarzt 2016; 87: 1185-1193.
- 32 Larsen ME, Nicholas J, Christensen H. A systematic assessment of smartphone tools for suicide prevention. PLoS ONE 2016; 11 (04) e0152285.
- 33 Leigh S, Flatt S. App-based psychological interventions: friend or foe?. Evidence-Based Mental Health 2015; 18: 97-99.
- 34 Livingston G. et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet 2017; 390: 2673-2734.
- 35 Martínez-Pérez B, de la Torre-Díez I, López-Coronado M. Mobile health applications for the most prevalent conditions by the World Health Organization: Review and analysis. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15 (06) e120.
- 36 Matar JBoumosleh, Jaalouk D. Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students – A cross sectional study. PLoS ONE 2017; 12 (08) e0182239.
- 37 McTague T. Children glued to social media sites like Facebook and Twitter are twice as likely to suffer mental health problems. Daily Mail 20.10.2015 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3281206/Children-glued-social-media-siteslike-Facebook-Twitter-TWICE-likely-suffer-mental-health-problems.html?ito=social-twitter_dailymailus .
- 38 Mendenhall E, Kohrt BA, Norris SA, Ndetei D, Prabhakaran D. Non-communicable disease syndemics: poverty, depression, and diabetes among low-income populations. Lancet 2017; 389: 951-963.
- 39 Oberst U, Wegmann E, Stodt B, Brand M, Chamarro A. Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out. J Adolesc 2017; 55: 51-60.
- 40 Orth B. Die Drogenaffinität Jugendlicher in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2015. Teilband Computerspiele und Internet. BZgA-Forschungsbericht. Köln: Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung 2017..
- 41 Schuler M. Facebook will Suizide verhindern. Tagesschau.de vom 28.11.2017 https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/facebook-suizidpraevention-101.html .
- 42 Shen N, Levitan MJ, Johnson A, Bender JL, Hamilton-Page M, Jadad AA, Wiljer D. Finding a depression app: a review and content analysis of the depression app marketplace. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2015; 03 (01) e16.
- 43 Sohn M, Oh H, Lee SK, Potenza MN. Suicidal ideation and related factors among Korean High School Students: A focus on cyber addiction and school bullying. J Sch Nurs. 2017 01. 1059840517734290..
- 44 Spitzer M. Smartphones. Zu Risiken und Nebenwirkungen für Bildung, Sozialverhalten und Gesundheit. Nervenheilkunde 2014; 33: 9-15.
- 45 Spitzer M. Cyberkrank! München: Drömer 2015..
- 46 Spitzer M. M-Learning? When it comes to learning, smartphones are a liability, not an asset. Trends in Neuroscience and Education 2015; 04: 87-91.
- 47 Spitzer M. Schlaflos mit Blaulicht. Nervenheilkunde 2015; 34: 560-562.
- 48 Spitzer M. Kurzsichtig wegen mangelnder Weitsicht. Nervenheilkunde 2016; 35: 152-155.
- 49 Spitzer M. Die Smartphone-Denkstörung. Nervenheilkunde 2017; 36: 587-590.
- 50 Spitzer M. Phantom-Vibration. Nervenheilkunde 2017; 36: 655-658.
- 51 Sun LH, Eilperin J. CDC gets list of forbidden words: Fetus, transgender, diversity. The Washington Post 15.12.2017 https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/cdc-gets-list-of-forbidden-words-fetus-transgender-diversity/2017/12/15/f503837a-e1cf-11e7–89e8-edec16379010_story.html?utm_term=.5e0e924b61ff
- 52 Thomée S. ICT use and mental health in young adults. Effects of computer and mobile phone use on stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression. Dissertation. Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department of Public Health and Community Medicine Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg 2012
- 53 Thomée S, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults – a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 66.
- 54 Twenge JM. iGen. Why today’s super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy – and completely unprepared for aduldhood. New York: Atria Books; 2017
- 55 Twenge JM. Have smartphones destroyed a generation? The Atlantic, September 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/hasthe-smartphone-destroyed-a-generation/534198 .
- 56 Twenge JM, Joiner TE, Rogers ML, Martin GN. Increases in depressive Symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science 2018; 06: 3-17.
- 57 Vom HOrde, Durner A. Grunddaten Jugend und Medien 2017. Aktuelle Ergebnisse zur Mediennutzung von Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Internationales Zentralinstitut für das Jugendund Bildungsfernsehen (IZI), München. http://www.bronline.de/jugend/izi/deutsch/Grundddaten_Jugend_Medien.pdf.
- 58 Wang Y, Xue H, Huang Y, Huang L, Zhang D. A systematic review of application and effectiveness of mHealth Interventions for Obesity and Diabetes Treatment and Self-Management. Adv Nutr 2017; 08: 449-462.
- 59 Witt K, Spittal MJ, Carter G, Pirkis J, Hetrick S, Currier D, Robinson J, Milner A. Effectiveness of online and mobile telephone applications (‘apps’) for the self-management of suicidal ideation and self-harm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17: 297.
- 60 Wolniewicz CA, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Elhai JD. Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry Res pii: 2017; S0165–1781(17)30901–0..
- 61 Zhao J, Freeman B, Li M. (2016) Can mobile phone apps influence people’s health behavior change? An Evidence Review. J Med Internet Res 2016; 18 (11) e287.
Korrespondenzadresse
Prof. Dr. Dr. Manfred Spitzer
Universitätsklinikum Ulm
Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie III
Leimgrubenweg 12
89075 Ulm
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Literatur
- 1 Aker S, Şahin MK, Sezgin S, Oğuz G. Psychosocial factors affecting Smartphone Addiction in university students. J Addict Nurs 2017; 28: 215-219.
- 2 Anthes E. Pocket Psychiatry (News Feature). Nature 2016; 532: 20-23.
- 3 Cavanagh SR. No, Smartphones are not destroying a generation. Psychology Today, 6.8.2017 https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/once-more-feeling/201708/no-smartphones-are-not-destroying-generation .
- 4 CDC, Center for Disease Control (2017) QuickStats: Suicide Rates for Teens Aged 15–19 Years, by Sex — United States, 1975–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017; 66: 816.
- 5 Chen B, Liu F, Ding S, Ying X, Wang L, Wen Y. Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: a cross-sectional study among medical college students. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17 (01) 341.
- 6 Choi SW, Kim DJ, Choi JS, Ahn H, Choi EJ, Song WY, Kim S, Youn H. Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and Internet addiction. J Behav Addict 2015; 04: 308-314.
- 7 Cohen J. CDC word ban? The fight over seven health-related words in the president’s next budget. Posted in: Scientific Community (doi:10.1126/science.aar7959), 18.12.2017 http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/12/fight-over-seven-health-related-words-president-s-next-budget .
- 8 Collier R. Mental health in the smartphone era. CMAJ 2016; 188: 1141-1142.
- 9 de la Torre I, Castillo G, Arambarri J, López-Coronado M, Franco MA. Mobile apps for suicide prevention: Review of virtual stores and literature. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017; 05 (10) e130.
- 10 Dehling T, Gao F, Schneider S, Sunyaev A. Exploring the far side of mobile health: Information security and privacy of mobile health Apps on iOS and Android. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2015; 03 (01) e8.
- 11 Demirci K, Akgönül M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict 2015; 04: 85-92.
- 12 Donker T, Petrie K, Proudfoot J, Clarke J, Birch MR, Christensen H. Smartphones for smarter delivery of mental health programs: A systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15 (11) e247.
- 13 Eder S. Facebook und sein trojanisches Pferd. FAZ 20.3.2017 http://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/gesundheit/kuenstliche-intelligenz-untersuchtpsyche-von-facebook-nutzern14931226.html?printPagedArticle=true#void .
- 14 Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: a conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord 2017; 207: 251-259.
- 15 Elhai JD, Levine JC, Dvorak RD, Hall BJ. Non-social features of smartphone use are most related to depression, anxiety and problematic smartphone use. Comput Hum Behav 2017; 69: 75-82.
- 16 Elhai JD, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Levine JC, Picard KJ, Hall BJ. Depression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week. Personal. Individ Dif 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.051.
- 17 Fernandez-Luque L, Staccini P. All that glitters is not gold: Consumer health informatics and education in the era of social media and health apps. Findings from the Yearbook 2016 Section on Consumer Health Informatics. Yearb Med Inform 2016; 01: 188-193.
- 18 Frank E, Pong J, Asher Y, Soares CN. Smart phone technologies and ecological momentary data: is this the way forward on depression management and research?. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2018; 31: 3-6.
- 19 Gao T, Xiang YT, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Mei S. Neuroticism and quality of life: Multiple mediating effects of smartphone addiction and depression. Psychiatry Res 2017; 258: 457-461.
- 20 Goyal S, Nunn CA, Rotondi M, Couperthwaite AB, Reiser S, Simone A, Katzman DK, Cafazzo JA, Palmert MR. A mobile App for the self-management of Type 1 Diabetes among adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017; 05: e82.
- 21 Grundy Q, Held FP, Bero LA. Tracing the potential flow of consumer data: A network analysis of prominent health and fitness apps. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19 (06) e233.
- 22 Guernsey L. Don’t Take Away Your Teen’s Phone. Slate 10.8.2017 http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2017/08/smartphones_haven_t_destroyed_a_generation.html .
- 23 He D, Naveed M, Gunter CA, Nahrstedt K. Security concerns in android mHealth apps. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2014; 645-654.
- 24 Huckvale K, Prieto JT, Tilney M, Benghozi PJ, Car J. Unaddressed privacy risks in accredited health and wellness apps: a cross-sectional systematic assessment. BMC Med 2015; 13: 214.
- 25 Kaplan S, McNeil Jr DG. Uproar Over Purported Ban at C.D.C. of Words Like ‘Fetus’. The New York Times 16.12.2017 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/health/cdc-trump-bannedwords.html .
- 26 Kim E, Cho I, Kim EJ. Structural equation model of smartphone addiction based on adult attachment theory: Mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2017; 11: 92-97.
- 27 Kim HJ, Min JY, Kim HJ, Min KB. Association between psychological and self-assessed health status and smartphone overuse among Korean college students. J Ment Health 2017; 04: 1-6.
- 28 Kim J, Seo M, David P. Alleviating depression only to become problematic mobile phone users: can face-to-face communication be the antidote?. Comput Hum Behav 2015; 51: 440-447.
- 29 Kim SE, Kim JW, Jee YS. Relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity in Chinese international students in Korea. J Behav Addict 2015; 04: 200-205.
- 30 Kim SK, Kim SY, Kang HB. An analysis of the effects of smartphone push notifications on task performance with regard to smartphone overuse using ERP. Comput Intell Neurosci 2016; 5718580.
- 31 Klein JP. et al. Internetbasierte Interventionen in der Behandlung psychischer Störungen. Der Nervenarzt 2016; 87: 1185-1193.
- 32 Larsen ME, Nicholas J, Christensen H. A systematic assessment of smartphone tools for suicide prevention. PLoS ONE 2016; 11 (04) e0152285.
- 33 Leigh S, Flatt S. App-based psychological interventions: friend or foe?. Evidence-Based Mental Health 2015; 18: 97-99.
- 34 Livingston G. et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet 2017; 390: 2673-2734.
- 35 Martínez-Pérez B, de la Torre-Díez I, López-Coronado M. Mobile health applications for the most prevalent conditions by the World Health Organization: Review and analysis. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15 (06) e120.
- 36 Matar JBoumosleh, Jaalouk D. Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students – A cross sectional study. PLoS ONE 2017; 12 (08) e0182239.
- 37 McTague T. Children glued to social media sites like Facebook and Twitter are twice as likely to suffer mental health problems. Daily Mail 20.10.2015 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3281206/Children-glued-social-media-siteslike-Facebook-Twitter-TWICE-likely-suffer-mental-health-problems.html?ito=social-twitter_dailymailus .
- 38 Mendenhall E, Kohrt BA, Norris SA, Ndetei D, Prabhakaran D. Non-communicable disease syndemics: poverty, depression, and diabetes among low-income populations. Lancet 2017; 389: 951-963.
- 39 Oberst U, Wegmann E, Stodt B, Brand M, Chamarro A. Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out. J Adolesc 2017; 55: 51-60.
- 40 Orth B. Die Drogenaffinität Jugendlicher in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2015. Teilband Computerspiele und Internet. BZgA-Forschungsbericht. Köln: Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung 2017..
- 41 Schuler M. Facebook will Suizide verhindern. Tagesschau.de vom 28.11.2017 https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/facebook-suizidpraevention-101.html .
- 42 Shen N, Levitan MJ, Johnson A, Bender JL, Hamilton-Page M, Jadad AA, Wiljer D. Finding a depression app: a review and content analysis of the depression app marketplace. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2015; 03 (01) e16.
- 43 Sohn M, Oh H, Lee SK, Potenza MN. Suicidal ideation and related factors among Korean High School Students: A focus on cyber addiction and school bullying. J Sch Nurs. 2017 01. 1059840517734290..
- 44 Spitzer M. Smartphones. Zu Risiken und Nebenwirkungen für Bildung, Sozialverhalten und Gesundheit. Nervenheilkunde 2014; 33: 9-15.
- 45 Spitzer M. Cyberkrank! München: Drömer 2015..
- 46 Spitzer M. M-Learning? When it comes to learning, smartphones are a liability, not an asset. Trends in Neuroscience and Education 2015; 04: 87-91.
- 47 Spitzer M. Schlaflos mit Blaulicht. Nervenheilkunde 2015; 34: 560-562.
- 48 Spitzer M. Kurzsichtig wegen mangelnder Weitsicht. Nervenheilkunde 2016; 35: 152-155.
- 49 Spitzer M. Die Smartphone-Denkstörung. Nervenheilkunde 2017; 36: 587-590.
- 50 Spitzer M. Phantom-Vibration. Nervenheilkunde 2017; 36: 655-658.
- 51 Sun LH, Eilperin J. CDC gets list of forbidden words: Fetus, transgender, diversity. The Washington Post 15.12.2017 https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/cdc-gets-list-of-forbidden-words-fetus-transgender-diversity/2017/12/15/f503837a-e1cf-11e7–89e8-edec16379010_story.html?utm_term=.5e0e924b61ff
- 52 Thomée S. ICT use and mental health in young adults. Effects of computer and mobile phone use on stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression. Dissertation. Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department of Public Health and Community Medicine Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg 2012
- 53 Thomée S, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults – a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 66.
- 54 Twenge JM. iGen. Why today’s super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy – and completely unprepared for aduldhood. New York: Atria Books; 2017
- 55 Twenge JM. Have smartphones destroyed a generation? The Atlantic, September 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/hasthe-smartphone-destroyed-a-generation/534198 .
- 56 Twenge JM, Joiner TE, Rogers ML, Martin GN. Increases in depressive Symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science 2018; 06: 3-17.
- 57 Vom HOrde, Durner A. Grunddaten Jugend und Medien 2017. Aktuelle Ergebnisse zur Mediennutzung von Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Internationales Zentralinstitut für das Jugendund Bildungsfernsehen (IZI), München. http://www.bronline.de/jugend/izi/deutsch/Grundddaten_Jugend_Medien.pdf.
- 58 Wang Y, Xue H, Huang Y, Huang L, Zhang D. A systematic review of application and effectiveness of mHealth Interventions for Obesity and Diabetes Treatment and Self-Management. Adv Nutr 2017; 08: 449-462.
- 59 Witt K, Spittal MJ, Carter G, Pirkis J, Hetrick S, Currier D, Robinson J, Milner A. Effectiveness of online and mobile telephone applications (‘apps’) for the self-management of suicidal ideation and self-harm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17: 297.
- 60 Wolniewicz CA, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Elhai JD. Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry Res pii: 2017; S0165–1781(17)30901–0..
- 61 Zhao J, Freeman B, Li M. (2016) Can mobile phone apps influence people’s health behavior change? An Evidence Review. J Med Internet Res 2016; 18 (11) e287.