What is bioinformatics? An introduction and overview

 

 

Scroll to top

• References

• 1 Reichhardt T. It’s sink or swim as a tidal wave of data approaches [news] [see comments]. Nature 1999; 399 6736 517-20.
• 2 Benson DA, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, Rapp BA, Wheeler DL. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 15-8.
• 3 Bairoch A, Apweiler R. The SWISS-PROT protein sequence database and its supplement TrEMBL in 2000. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 45-8.
• 4 Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR. et al. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd [see comments]. Science 1995; 269 5223 496-512.
• 5 Drowning in data. The Economist 26 June 1999
• 6 Bernstein FC, Koetzle TF, Williams GJ, Meyer Jr EF, Brice MD, Rodgers JR. et al. The Protein Data Bank. A computer-based archival file for macromolecular structures. Eur J Biochem 1977; 80 (02) 319-24.
• 7 Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H. et al. The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 235-42.
• 8 Pearson WR, Lipman DJ. Improved tools for biological sequence comparison. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85 (08) 2444-2448.
• 9 Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schaffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W. et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25 (17) 3389-3402.
• 10 Holstege FC JE, Wyrick JJ, Lee TI, Hengartner CJ, Green MR, Golub TR, Lander ES, Young RA. Dissecting the regulatory circuitry of a eukaryotic genome. Cell 1998; 95 (05) 717-728.
• 11 Pedersendagger AG, Jensendagger LJ, Brunak S, Staerfeldt HH, Ussery DW. A DNA structural atlas for Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 2000; 299 (04) 907-930.
• 12 Kanehisa M, Goto S. KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 27-30.
• 13 Jeffery CJ. Moonlighting proteins. TIBS 1999; 24 (01) 8-11.
• 14 Chothia C. Proteins. One thousand families for the molecular biologist [news]. Nature 1992; 357 6379 543-4.
• 15 Orengo CA, Jones DT, Thornton JM. Protein superfamilies and domain superfolds. Nature 1994; 372 6507 631-4.
• 16 Lesk AM, Chothia C. How different amino acid sequences determine similar protein structures: the structure and evolutionary dynamics of the globins. J Mol Biol 1980; 136 (03) 225-70.
• 17 Russell RB, Saqi MA, Sayle RA, Bates PA, Sternberg MJ. Recognition of analogous and homologous protein folds: analysis of sequence and structure conservation. J Mol Biol 1997; 269 (03) 423-39.
• 18 Russell RB, Saqi MA, Bates PA, Sayle RA, Sternberg MJ. Recognition of analogous and homologous protein folds—assessment of prediction success and associated alignment accuracy using empirical substitution matrices. Protein Eng 1998; 11 (01) 1-9.
• 19 Fitch WM. Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins. Syst Zool 1970; 19: 99-110.
• 20 Tatusov RL, Koonin EV, Lipman DJ. A genomic perspective on protein families. Science 1997; 278 5338 631-7.
• 21 Gerstein M, Hegyi H. Comparing genomes in terms of protein structure: surveys of a finite parts list. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1998; 22 (04) 277-304.
• 22 Skolnick J, Fetrow JS. From genes to protein structure and function: novel applications of computational approaches in the genomic era. TIBtech 2000; 18: 34-39.
• 23 McGarvey PB, Huang H, Barker WC, Orcutt BC, Garavelli JS, Srinivasarao GY. et al. PIR: a new resource for bioinformatics. Biolnformatics 2000; 16 (03) 290-291.
• 24 Bleasby AJ, Akrigg D, Attwood TK. OWL—a non-redundant composite protein sequence database. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22 (17) 3574-3577.
• 25 Bleasby AJ, Wootton JC. Construction of validated, non-redundant composite protein sequence databases. Protein Eng 1990; 3 (03) 153-159.
• 26 Hofmann K, Bucher P, Falquet L, Bairoch A. The PROSITE database, its status in 1999. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27 (01) 215-219.
• 27 Attwood TK, Croning MD, Flower DR, Lewis AP, Mabey JE, Scordis P. et al. PRINTS-S: the database formerly known as PRINTS. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 225-227.
• 28 Bateman A, Birney E, Durbin R, Eddy SR, Howe KL, Sonnhammer EL. The Pfam protein families database. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 263-266.
• 29 Attwood TK, Flower DR, Lewis AP, Mabey JE, Morgan SR, Scordis P. et al. PRINTS prepares for the new millennium. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27 (01) 220-225.
• 30 Laskowski RA, Hutchinson EG, Michie AD, Wallace AC, Jones ML, Thornton JM. PDBsum: a Web-based database of summaries and analyses of all PDB structures. TIBS 1997; 22 (12) 488-490.
• 31 Pearl FM, Lee D, Bray JE, Sillitoe I, Todd AE, Harrison AP. et al. Assigning genomic sequences to CATH. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 277-282.
• 32 Lo Conte L, Ailey B, Hubbard TJ, Brenner SE, Murzin AG, Chothia C. SCOP: a structural classification of proteins database. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 257-259.
• 33 Holm L, Sander C. Touring protein fold space with Dali/FSSP. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26 (01) 316-319.
• 34 Berman HM, Olson WK, Beveridge DL, Westbrook J, Gelbin A, Demeny T. et al. The Nucleic Acid Database. A comprehensive relational database of threedimensional structures of nucleic acids. Biophys J 1992; 63 (03) 751-759.
• 35 Vondrasek J, Wlodawer A. Database of HIV proteinase structures. TIBS 1997; 22 (05) 183
• 36 Hendlich M. Databases for protein-ligand complexes. Acta Cryst D 1998; 54 (01) 1178-1182.
• 37 Baker W, van den Broek A, Camon E, Hingamp P, Sterk P, Stoesser G. et al. The EMBL nucleotide sequence database. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 19-23.
• 38 Okayama T, Tamura T, Gojobori T, Tateno Y, Ikeo K, Miyazaki S. et al. Formal design and implementation of an improved DDBJ DNA database with a new schema and object-oriented library. Biolnformatics 1998; 14 (06) 472-8.
• 39 Schuler GD, Epstein JA, Ohkawa H, Kans JA. Entrez: molecular biology database and retrieval system. Methods Enzymol 1996; 266: 141-62.
• 40 Tatusova TA, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Ostell JA. Complete genomes in WWW Entrez: data representation and analysis. Biolnformatics 1999; 15 7-8 536-43.
• 41 Lin J, Gerstein M. Whole-genome trees based on the occurrence of folds and orthologs: implications for comparing genomes on different levels [In Process Citation]. Genome Res 2000; 10 (06) 808-18.
• 42 Eisen MB, Brown PO. DNA arrays for analysis of gene expression. Methods Enzymol 1999; 303: 179-205.
• 43 Cheung VG, Morley M, Aguilar F, Massimi A, Kucherlapati R, Childs G. Making and reading microarrays. Nat Genet 1999; 21 (Suppl. 01) Suppl 15-9.
• 44 Duggan DJ, Bittner M, Chen Y, Meltzer P, Trent JM. Expression profiling using cDNA microarrays. Nat Genet 1999; 21 (Suppl. 01) Suppl 10-4.
• 45 Lipshutz RJFS, Gingeras TR, Lockhart DJ. High density synthetic oligonucleotide arrays. Nat Gen 1999; 21 (01) 20-24.
• 46 Velculescu VEZL, Zhou W, Traverso G, St Croix B, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Serial Analysis of Gene Expression Detailed Protocol. 1999
• 47 Roth FPHJ, Estep PW, Church GM. Finding DNA regulatory motifs within unaligned noncoding sequences clustered by whole-genome mRNA quantitation. Nat Biotechnol 1998; 16 (10) 939-45.
• 48 Jelinsky SA, Samson LD. Global response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to an alkylating agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96 (04) 1486-91.
• 49 Cho RJ, Campbell MJ, Winzeler EA, Steinmetz L, Conway A, Wodicka L. et al. A genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the mitotic cell cycle. Mol Cell 1998; 2 (01) 65-73.
• 50 DeRisi JL, Iyer VR, Brown PO. Exploring the metabolic and genetic control of gene expression on a genomic scale. Science 1997; 278 5338 680-6.
• 51 Winzeler EA, Shoemaker DD, Astromoff A, Liang H, Anderson K, Andre B. et al. Functional characterization of the S. cerevisiae genome by gene deletion and parallel analysis. Science 1999; 285 5429 901-6.
• 52 Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, Rees CA. et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2000; 406 6797 747-52.
• 53 Golub TR, Slonim DK, Tamayo P, Huard C, Gaasenbeek M, Mesirov JP. et al. Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 1999; 286 5439 531-7.
• 54 Celis JE, Gromov P. 2D protein electrophoresis: can it be perfected?. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1999; 10 (01) 16-21.
• 55 Pandey A, Mann M. Proteomics to study genes and genomes [In Process Citation]. Nature 2000; 405 6788 837-46.
• 56 Futcher B, Latter GI, Monardo P, McLaughlin CS, Garrels JI. A sampling of the yeast proteome. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19 (11) 7357-68.
• 57 Gygi SP, Rist B, Gerber SA, Turecek F, Gelb MH, Aebersold R. Quantitative analysis of complex protein mixtures using isotope-coded affinity tags. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17 (10) 994-9.
• 58 Gerstein M. Integrative database analysis in structural genomics. Nature Struct Biol In Press.
• 59 Etzold T, Ulyanov A, Argos P. SRS: information retrieval system for molecular biology data banks. Methods Enzymol 1996; 266: 114-28.
• 60 Wade K. Searching Entrez PubMed and uncover on the internet [news]. Aviat Space Environ Med 2000; 71 (05) 559
• 61 Zhang MQ. Promoter analysis of coregulated genes in the yeast genome. Comput Chem 1999; 23 3-4 233-50.
• 62 Boguski MS. Biosequence exegesis. Science 1999; 286 5439 453-5.
• 63 Miller C, Gurd J, Brass A. A RAPID algorithm for sequence database comparisons: application to the identification of vector contamination in the EMBL databases. Biolnformatics 1999; 15 (02) 111-21.
• 64 Gonnet GH, Korostensky C, Benner S. Evaluation measures of multiple sequence alignments [In Process Citation]. J Comput Biol 2000; 7 1-2 261-76.
• 65 Orengo CA, Taylor WR. SSAP: sequential structure alignment program for protein structure comparison. Methods Enzymol 1996; 266: 617-35.
• 66 Orengo CA. CORA—topological fingerprints for protein structural families. Protein Sci 1999; 8 (04) 699-715.
• 67 Russell RB, Sternberg MJ. Structure prediction. How good are we?. Curr Biol 1995; 5 (05) 488-90.
• 68 Martin AC, Orengo CA, Hutchinson EG, Jones S, Karmirantzou M, Laskowski RA. et al. Protein folds and functions. Structure 1998; 6 (07) 875-84.
• 69 Hegyi H, Gerstein M. The relationship between protein structure and function: a comprehensive survey with application to the yeast genome. J Mol Biol 1999; 288 (01) 147-64.
• 70 Russell RB, Sasieni PD, Sternberg MJE. Supersites within superfolds. Binding site similarity in the absence of homology. J Mol Biol 1998; 282 (04) 903-18.
• 71 Wilson CA, Kreychman J, Gerstein M. Assessing annotation transfer for genomics: quantifying the relations between protein sequence, structure and function through traditional and probabilistic scores. J Mol Biol 2000; 297 (01) 233-49.
• 72 Harrison SC. A structural taxonomy of DNA-binding domains. Nature 1991; 353 6346 715-9.
• 73 Luscombe NM, Austin SE, Berman HM, Thornton JM. An overview of the structures of protein-DNA complexes. Genome Biology 2000; 1 (01) 1-37.
• 74 Jones S, van Heyningen P, Berman HM, Thornton JM. Protein-DNA interactions: A structural analysis. J Mol Biol 1999; 287 (05) 877-96.
• 75 Suzuki M, Gerstein M. Binding geometry of alpha-helices that recognize DNA. Proteins 1995; 23 (04) 525-35.
• 76 Luscombe NM, Thornton JM. Protein-DNA interactions: a 3D analysis of alphahelix-binding in the major groove. Manuscript in preparation.
• 77 Suzuki M, Brenner SE, Gerstein M, Yagi N. DNA recognition code of transcription factors. Protein Eng 1995; 8 (04) 319-28.
• 78 Suzuki M. DNA recognition by a betasheet. Protein Eng 1995; 8 (01) 1-4.
• 79 Seeman NC, Rosenberg JM, Rich A. Sequence specific recognition of double helical nucleic acids by proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73: 804-808.
• 80 Suzuki M. A framework for the DNAprotein recognition code of the probe helix in transcription factors: the chemical and stereochemical rules [see comments]. Structure 1994; 2 (04) 317-26.
• 81 Mandel-Gutfreund Y, Schueler O, Margalit H. Comprehensive analysis of hydrogen bonds in regulatory protein DNAcomplexes: in search of common principles. J Mol Biol 1995; 253 (02) 370-82.
• 82 Luscombe NM, Laskowski RA, Thornton JM. Protein-DNA interactions: a 3D analysis of amino acid-base interactions. Manuscript in preparation.
• 83 Mandel-Gutfreund Y, Margalit H, Jernigan RL, Zhurkin VB. A role for CH...O interactions in protein-DNA recognition. J Mol Biol 1998; 277 (05) 1129-40.
• 84 Sternberg MJ, Gabb HA, Jackson RM. Predictive docking of protein-protein and protein-DNA complexes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1998; 8 (02) 250-6.
• 85 Aloy P, Moont G, Gabb HA, Querol E, Aviles FX, Sternberg MJ. Modelling repressor proteins docking to DNA. Proteins 1998; 33 (04) 535-49.
• 86 Dickerson RE. DNA bending: the prevalence of kinkiness and the virtues of normality. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26 (08) 1906-26.
• 87 Perez-Rueda E, Collado-Vides J. The repertoire of DNA-binding transcriptional regulators in Escherichia coli K-12. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (08) 1838-47.
• 88 Mewes HW, Frishman D, Gruber C, Geier B, Haase D, Kaps A. et al. MIPS: a database for genomes and protein sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 37-40.
• 89 Salgado H, Santos-Zavaleta A, Gama-Castro S, Millan-Zarate D, Blattner FR, Collado-Vides J. Regulon DB (version 3.0): transcriptional regulation and operon organization in Escherichia coli K-12. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 65-7.
• 90 Wingender E, Chen X, Hehl R, Karas H, Liebich I, Matys V. et al. TRANSFAC: an integrated system for gene expression regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (01) 316-9.
• 91 Teichmann SA, Chothia C, Gerstein M. Advances in structural genomics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1999; 9 (03) 390-9.
• 92 Aravind L, Koonin EV. DNA-binding proteins and evolution of transcription regulation in the archaea. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27 (23) 4658-70.
• 93 Huynen MA, van Nimwegen E. The frequency distribution of gene family sizes in complete genomes. Mol Biol Evol 1998; 15 (05) 583-9.
• 94 Luscombe NM, Thornton JM. Protein-DNA interactions: an analysis of amino acid conservation and the effect on binding specificity. Manuscript in preparation.
• 95 Gelfand MS. Prediction of function in DNA sequence analysis. J Comp Biol 1995; 1: 87-115.
• 96 Robison K, McGuire AM, Church GM. A comprehensive library of DNA-binding site matrices for 55 proteins applied to the complete Escherichia coli K-12 genome. J Mol Biol 1998; 284 (02) 241-54.
• 97 Thieffry D, Salgado H, Huerta AM, Collado-Vides J. Prediction of transcriptional regulatory sites in the complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Biolnformatics 1998; 14 (05) 391-400.
• 98 Mironov AA, Koonin EV, Roytberg MA, Gelfand MS. Computer analysis of transcription regulatory patterns in completely sequenced bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27 (14) 2981-9.
• 99 Gelfand MS, Koonin EV, Mironov AA. Prediction of transcription regulatory sites in Archaea by a comparative genomic approach. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (03) 695-705.
• 100 McGuire AM, Hughes JD, Church GM. Conservation of DNA regulatory motifs and discovery of new motifs in microbial genomes [In Process Citation]. Genome Res 2000; 10 (06) 744-57.
• 101 Bysani N, Daugherty JR, Cooper TG. Saturation mutagenesis of the UASNTR (GATAA) responsible for nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive transcriptional activation of the allantoin pathway genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 1991; 173 (16) 4977-82.
• 102 Clarke ND, Berg JM. Zinc fingers in Caenorhabditis elegans: finding families and probing pathways [see comments]. Science 1998; 282 5396 2018-22.
• 103 van Helden J, Andre B, Collado-Vides J. Extracting regulatory sites from the upstream region of yeast genes by computational analysis of oligonucleotide frequencies. J Mol Biol 1998; 281 (05) 827-42.
• 104 Salgado H, Moreno-Hagelsieb G, Smith TF, Collado-Vides J. Operons in Escherichia coli: genomic analyses and predictions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97 (12) 6652-7.
• 105 Tatusov RL, Mushegian AR, Bork P, Brown NP, Hayes WS, Borodovsky M. et al. Metabolism and evolution of Haemophilus influenzae deduced from a whole-genome comparison with Escherichia coli. Curr Biol 1996; 6 (03) 279-91.
• 106 Eisen MB, Spellman PT, Brown PO, Botstein D. Cluster analysis and display of genomewide expression patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95 (25) 14863-8.
• 107 Wen X, Fuhrman S, Michaels GS, Carr DB, Smith S, Barker JL. et al. Large-scale temporal gene expression mapping of central nervous system development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95 (01) 334-9.
• 108 Alon U, Barkai N, Notterman DA, Gish K, Ybarra S, Mack D. et al. Broad patterns of gene expression revealed by clustering analysis of tumor and normal colon tissues probed by oligonucleotide arrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96 (12) 6745-50.
• 109 Tamayo P, Slonim D, Mesirov J, Zhu Q, Kitareewan S, Dmitrovsky E. et al. Interpreting patterns of gene expression with self-organizing maps: methods and application to hematopoietic differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96 (06) 2907-12.
• 110 Toronen P, Kolehmainen M, Wong G, Castren E. Analysis of gene expression data using self-organizing maps. FEBS Lett 1999; 451 (02) 142-6.
• 111 Tavazoie S, Hughes JD, Campbell MJ, Cho RJ, Church GM. Systematic determination of genetic network architecture [see comments]. Nat Genet 1999; 22 (03) 281-5.
• 112 Jansen R, Gerstein M. Analysis of the yeast transcriptome with structural and functional categories: characterizing highly expressed proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (06) 1481-8.
• 113 Gerstein M, Jansen R. The current excitment in bioinformatics, analysis of wholegenome expression data: how does it relate to protein structure and function. Current Opinion in Structural Biology In Press.
• 114 Drawid A, Gerstein M. A Bayesian System Integrating Expression Data with Sequence Patterns for Localizing Proteins: Comprehensive Application to the Yeast Genome. J Mol Biol In press.
• 115 Drawid A, Jansen R, Gerstein M. Genomwide analysis relating expression level with protein subcellular localisation. TIGS In press.
• 116 Marcotte EM, Pellegrini M, Ng HL, Rice DW, Yeates TO, Eisenberg D. Detecting protein function and protein-protein interactions from genome sequences. Science 1999; 285 5428 751-3.
• 117 Eisenberg D, Marcotte EM, Xenarios I, Yeates TO. Protein function in the postgenomic era. Nature 2000; 405 6788 823-6.
• 118 Jansen R, Greenbaum D, Gerstein M. Relating whole-genome expression data with protein-protein interactions. Manuscript in preparation.
• 119 Marx J. Medicine. DNA arrays reveal cancer in its many forms [news]. Science 2000; 289 5485 1670-2.
• 120 Ross DT, Scherf U, Eisen MB, Perou CM, Rees C, Spellman P. et al. Systematic variation in gene expression patterns in human cancer cell lines [see comments]. Nat Genet 2000; 24 (03) 227-35.
• 121 Perou CM, Jeffrey SS, van de Rijn M, Rees CA, Eisen MB, Ross DT. et al. Distinctive gene expression patterns in human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96 (16) 9212-7.
• 122 Livesey FJ, Furukawa T, Steffen MA, Church GM, Cepko CL. Microarray analysis of the transcriptional network controlled by the photoreceptor homeobox gene Crx. Curr Biol 2000; 10 (06) 301-10.
• 123 Sali A, Blundell TL. Comparative protein modelling by satisfaction of spatial restraints. J Mol Biol 1993; 234 (03) 779-815.
• 124 Jones DT, Taylor WR, Thornton JM. A new approach to protein fold recognition. Nature 1992; 358 6381 86-9.
• 125 Kok K, Naylor SL, Buys CH. Deletions of the short arm of chromosome 3 in solid tumors and the search for suppressor genes. Adv Cancer Res 1997; 71: 27-92.
• 126 Syngal S, Fox EA, Eng C, Kolodner RD, Garber JE. Sensitivity and specificity of clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer associated mutations in MSH2 and MLH1. J Med Gen 2000; 37 (09) 641-645.
• 127 Uetz P, Giot L, Cagney G, Mansfield TA, Judson RS, Knight JR. et al. A comprehensive analysis of proteinprotein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [see comments]. Nature 2000; 403 6770 623-7.
• 128 Ross-Macdonald P, Sheehan A, Friddle C, Roeder GS, Snyder M. Transposon mutagenesis for the analysis of protein production, function, and localization. Methods Enzymol 1999; 303: 512-32.
• 129 Mewes HW, Heumann K, Kaps A, Mayer K, Pfeiffer F, Stocker S. et al. MIPS: a database for genomes and protein sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27 (01) 44-8.
• 130 Murray-Rust P. Biolnformatics and drug discovery. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1994; 5 (06) 648-53.
• 131 Friend SH. How DNA microarrays and expression profiling will affect clinical practice. BMJ 1999; 319 7220 1306-7.
• 132 Tamayo PSD, Mesirov J, Zhu Q, Kitareewan S, Dmitrovsky E, Lander ES, Golub TR. Interpreting patterns of gene expression with self-organizing maps: methods and application to hematopoietic differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96 (06) 2907-12.
• 133 Perou CM JS, van de Rijn M, Rees CA, Eisen MB, Ross DT, Pergamenschikov A, Williams CF, Zhu SX, Lee JC, Lashkari D, Shalon D, Brown PO, Botstein D. Distinctive gene expression patterns in human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1999; 96 (16) 9212-7.
• 134 Hiltunen MO, Niemi M, Yla-Herttuala S. Functional genomics and DNA array techniques in atherosclerosis research. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999; 10 (06) 515-9.
• 135 Colantuoni C, Purcell AE, Bouton CM, Pevsner J. High throughput analysis of gene expression in the human brain. J Neurosci Res 2000; 59 (01) 1-10.
• 136 Debouck C, Metcalf B. The impact of genomics on drug discovery. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2000; 40: 193-207.
• 137 Sander C. Genomic medicine and the future of health care. Science 2000; 287 5460 1977-8.
• 138 Ohlstein EH, Ruffolo Jr RR, Elliott JD. Drug discovery in the next millennium. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2000; 40: 177-91.