CC BY-ND-NC 4.0 · Synthesis 2019; 51(05): 1185-1195
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1611661
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Oxidative Coupling of N-Methoxyamides and Related Compounds toward Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Designer μ-Oxo Hypervalent Iodine Catalyst

a   College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan   Email: td1203@ph.ritsumei.ac.jp
,
Hirotaka Sasa
a   College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan   Email: td1203@ph.ritsumei.ac.jp
,
Mio Dochi
a   College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan   Email: td1203@ph.ritsumei.ac.jp
,
Chihiro Yasui
a   College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan   Email: td1203@ph.ritsumei.ac.jp
,
b   Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan   Email: kita@ph.ritsumei.ac.jp
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received: 02 December 2018

Accepted: 30 December 2018

Publication Date:
05 February 2019 (online)

 


Published as part of the 50 Years SYNTHESIS – Golden Anniversary Issue

Abstract

Oxidative coupling strategies that can directly convert the C–H group for chemical transformations are, in theory, ideal synthetic methods to reduce the number of synthetic steps and byproduct generation. Hypervalent iodine reagents have now become one of the most promising tools in developing oxidative couplings due to their unique reactivities that are replacing metal oxidants. As part of our continuous development of oxidative coupling reactions, we describe in this report highly efficient μ-oxo hypervalent iodine catalysts for the direct oxidative coupling of N-methoxyamides and related compounds with aromatic hydrocarbons. The excellent TONs, up to over 100 times, with a best catalyst loading of 0.5 mol% were determined for the oxidative C–H/N–H coupling method, which can provide the most straightforward route to obtaining these unique arylamide compounds.


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Biographical Sketches

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Toshifumi Dohi received his Ph.D. in 2005 (Y. Kita), subsequently became Assistant Professor at Osaka University and Ritsumeikan University, and was promoted to Associate Professor and Professor in 2014 and 2019, respectively. He received the IUPAC-ICOS 15 Poster Award for most excellent presentation, the PSJ Award for Young Scientists (2009), Banyu Chemist Award (2013), Thieme Chemistry Journal Award (2014), and GSC Encouragement Award (2015). His current research interest is focused on reagent/catalyst design and asymmetric oxidation in hypervalent iodine chemistry.

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Hirotaka Sasa was born and grew up in Shiga, Japan. He obtained his B.Sc. degree under the supervision of Prof. Toshifumi Dohi in 2018. Now he receives the support of the Nagai Memorial Research Encouragement from The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (PSJ) and works as a Ph.D. course student in the same group at the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University. His current interest is synthetic studies using hypervalent iodine catalysts.

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Mio Dochi was born in Fukuoka, Japan. She is an undergraduate student and studies organic chemistry at the Fine Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University.

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Chihiro Yasui is an undergraduate student and lives in Shiga, Japan. She studies organic chemistry at the Fine Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University.

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Yasuyuki Kita was born in 1945 in Osaka, Japan. He received his Ph.D. (1972) from Osaka University and subsequently was a member of the faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the university. After two years (1975–1977) of postdoctoral work with Professor George Büchi at MIT, he moved back to Osaka University. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1983 and to Full Professor of Osaka University in 1992. In 2008, he retired from Osaka University and joined Ritsumeikan University as the Dean of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. From 2011 to 2015, he held Vice-President of the Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University. Since April 2015, he has been Invited Research Professor and Director of Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science of the same University. He has a wide range of research interest in synthetic chemistry including the development of new asymmetric synthesis, new reagents, and the total synthesis of biologically active natural products. His current research interest is in hypervalent iodine chemistry. He has published more than 500 original papers. His awards include the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (PSJ) Award for Young Scientists (1986), the PSJ Award for Divisional Scientific Contribution (1997), the PSJ Award (2002), the Japanese Society for Process Chemistry (JSPC) Award for Excellence (2005), the Society of Iodine Science (SIS) Award (2007), and the E.C. Taylor Senior Award (2017).

The transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling strategies established in the 20th century for the reactions of unreactive organic halides with nucleophilic organic molecules, such as organometallic compounds (e.g., metal = [Zn] Negishi, [B] Suzuki, etc.)[1] and amines (Buchwald–Hartwig),[2] as the coupling partner are powerful tools in organic synthesis due to the high reliability of the reactions to construct the target structures found in pharmaceuticals and other fine chemicals. Due to their high importance in scientific fields as well as in industrial production processes,[3] much effort has been devoted to some improvement of the original coupling strategies; considering the recent demand for green and sustainable chemistry, a more step-economical C–H coupling route avoiding the preparation of organic halides and/or organometallic compounds has emerged in the past few decades.[4] In theory, the coupling reaction between two X–H bonds (X = carbon or heteroatom) present in organic molecules is ideal,[5] which is an important goal of the modern coupling challenge that requires the nonproduction of metal waste and byproducts during the reaction and preparation of the substrates. In this regard, the oxidative coupling between nucleophile–H bonds would principally match with the concept (Scheme [1]), but early studies usually suffered from over-oxidation of the products and low reaction selectivities, such as uncontrolled homodimer formations.[6]

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Scheme 1 Direct oxidative coupling between nucleophilic molecules without prefunctionalization

Recently, the catalysis of oxidative C–H couplings without a prefunctionalized substrate has been quite progressive for transformations of aromatics, particularly by using transition-metal chemistry,[5] while the catalyst loadings in these reported cases are somewhat unsatisfactory when compared to first-generation cross-coupling methodology. Therefore, developing a new metal-catalyst-free method should be indispensable, especially in this oxidative coupling area, for further advancement of the green strategy.[7] Hypervalent iodine reagents have received significant attention in modern synthesis as a safe tool for oxidation reactions[8] and they have become promising in realizing metal-free oxidative coupling reactions based on our pioneering studies.[9] As a part of our continuous development, we now report the efficient oxidative C–H couplings of aromatic hydrocarbons toward N–H amides to easily produce functionalized arylamides using our unique μ-oxo hypervalent iodine catalyst even at less than 1 mol% catalyst loadings at room temperature in the presence of dilute peracetic acid[10] (Scheme [2]).

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Scheme 2 Oxidative coupling of N-protected amides 1 (FG = OMe, N-phthalimide) with aromatic hydrocarbons (R2 = alkyl, halogen) or ethers (R2 = alkoxy) by μ-oxo hypervalent iodine organocatalyst

The oxidative coupling chemistry of the hypervalent iodine reagent for the conversion of aromatics has a long history since the appearances of the reactive reagents, activators, and solvents that can increase the oxidation abilities of the iodanyl groups. We first proposed the use of phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) in fluoroalcohols, i.e., hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and trifluoroethanol (TFE), as an efficient oxidative coupling system for the dearomatization of phenolic substrates introducing nucleophiles (Nu–H) in the mid 1980s.[11] With this significant improvement as a turning point, the hypervalent iodine reagent now plays a crucial role in reproducing the biosynthetic oxidative phenolic coupling processes and syntheses of natural products.[9c] [h] A further important contribution in the metal-free oxidative C–H coupling area is the direct activation of aromatic rings triggered by single-electron-transfer (SET) processes discovered in the early 1990s.[12] Phenyl ether (and alkylarene) rings, not causing oxidation unlike phenols, are smoothly SET activated by treatment with PIFA, and the introduction of an azide by ligand transfer from in situ generated PhI(N3)X (X = N3 or OCOCF3) leads to the formation of aromatic C–H azidation products. Again, the highly polar, non-nucleophilic fluoroalcohol[13] was determined to dramatically affect the aromatic azidation process and the product yield reached 85% when employing this specific activator as a solvent (Scheme [3]).[12a] Based on this strategy, a series of metal-free oxidative couplings of aromatic rings with nucleophiles (NuH) and that having a TMS group (Nu–TMS­) has become possible;[14] [15] we believe that these early discoveries by us were the beginning of hypervalent iodine coupling chemistry, leading to the recent breakthrough and elucidations of the metal-free aromatic C–H functionalization strategy.

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Scheme 3 Hypervalent iodine(III) induced oxidative C–H azidation of electron-rich aromatics, e.g., anisoles

Complimentary to the Buchwald–Hartwig aryl amination procedures, substantial advances in the oxidative C–H aminations aiming at a greener goal, which can directly install amines into non-preactivated aromatic substrates to give valuable N-arylated molecules, have been extensively found in recent years under transition-metal catalysis and even other metal-free conditions.[16] The amide alternative of the hypervalent iodine induced C–H azidation involving in situ formed electrophilic amido-λ3-iodane species bearing a methoxy or phthalimide-substituted nitrogen group was reported in 1990 by the Kikugawa group for a few nucleophilic arenes (Scheme [4]).[17] Later, this C–H amidation was successfully improved by using PIFA and/or by the aid of fluoroalcohols (see Scheme [3]) in order to use many different substrates in an intramolecular manner.[18] [19] For example, the optimized C–H amidative cyclization protocols have been applied to the construction of interesting compounds in the field of medicinal chemistry[19a,b] as well as the dearomative spirocyclizations to provide facile access to the unique spirolactam structures known as useful precursors of some biologically active alkaloids and natural products.[19c,d] On the other hand, the intermolecular coupling for unreactive aromatic hydrocarbons remains relatively difficult, particularly with the catalytic use of a conventional hypervalent iodine reagent.[20]

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Scheme 4 Intermolecular oxidative coupling of N-functionalized amides with aromatic hydrocarbons by using hypervalent iodine reagent (NPhth = phthalimido)

Indeed, the catalytic generation of PIFA (see Figure [1]) under the re-oxidizing conditions for the oxidative C–N coupling of arenes is not as effective as other hypervalent iodine mediated reactions,[21] and their typical turnover number (TON) for intermolecular C–H amidations is estimated to be less than only 10 times. Therefore, based on the structures of μ-oxo PIDA and PIFA,[22] [23] we have previously introduced the μ-oxo catalysts I as more efficient tools to realize practical and greener oxidative C–N couplings.[24] [25] [26] These catalysts are rationally designed to steadily keep their activated forms and thus reproduce the high electrophilicity of the iodine(III) atoms caused by the strong trans-influence of the μ-oxo oxygen[27] [28] during the catalytic cycle. However, the suggested conditions for the intermolecular direct C–H coupling of toluene (2a) toward the N-methoxyamide N–H bond using peracetic acid as a stoichiometric oxidant in an ordinary solvent[29] failed and produced very low TONs for our μ-oxo catalysts I (see Table [1]). Thus, the reaction of N-methoxyamide 1a with toluene (2a; 15 equiv) performed using 4 mol% of the pre-catalysts Ia′ (R′ = H) with 1.5 equiv of peracetic acid (9% solution in acetic acid) and trifluoroacetic acid (5 equiv) in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE, 0.3 M of amide 1a) resulted in the formation of the corresponding C–N coupling product 3aa in only 13% yield as a mixture of regioisomers, with a TON of ca. 3 after 2 hours at room temperature; and a large amount of amide 1a remained unreacted in this case (Table [1], entry 1).

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Figure 1 Hypervalent iodine reagents, PIDA, PIFA, and their μ-oxo dimers­ and designer μ-oxo reagent I

Table 1 Optimization: Hypervalent Iodine Induced C–H Amidation of Toluene by μ-Oxo Catalysts Ia′ and Ib′ a

Entry

μ-Oxo catalyst

Solvent

Time (h)

Yield of 3a b,c

1

Ia′ (4 mol%)

DCE

2d

13% (2.6:1:2.8)

2

Ia′ (4 mol%)

HFIP/DCE (10:1)

2

76% (2.6:1:2.6)

3e

Ia′ (4 mol%)

HFIP/DCE (10:1)

2

66% (3.7:1:3.4)

4

Ib′ (4 mol%)

HFIP/DCE (10:1)

2

78% (2.1:1:2.2)

5

Ib′ (4 mol%)

HFIP/DCE (10:1)f

2

67% (2.2:1:2.3)

6g

Ib′ (4 mol%)

HFIP/DCE (10:1)

2

61% (2.7:1:1.8)

7

Ib′ (2 mol%)

HFIP/DCE (10:1)

2

81% (2.3:1:2.4)

8

Ib′ (1 mol%)

HFIP/DCE (10:1)

6

80% (2.3:1:2.4)

9

Ib′ (0.5 mol%)

HFIP/DCE (10:1)

12

68% (2.3:1:2.7)

10

none

HFIP/DCE (10:1)

16

h

a Reaction conditions: amide 1a, toluene (2a; 15 equiv), catalyst, peracetic acid (9% solution in AcOH, 1.5 equiv), TFA (5 equiv), solvent (0.3 M of amide­ 1a), rt; unless otherwise stated.

b The product yields after purification were calculated basis on the amide 1a used.

c The regioisomeric ratio (ortho/meta/para) is indicated in parentheses (calculated­ value by 1H NMR measurement).

d Large amount of amide 1a was recovered.

e Using TFA (1 equiv).

f Higher concentration (0.6 M of amide 1a).

g Using toluene (2a; 5 equiv).

h Not determined.

On the other hand, our reported catalytic conditions of a mixed fluoroalcohol solvent system (HFIP/DCE 10:1)[24] were found to dramatically improve the TON of the catalyst Ia′ as well as its turnover frequency (TOF) (Table [1], entry 2); this is probably because the fluoroalcohol not only accelerates the generation of the active μ-oxo species I by enhancing the re-oxidation ability of peracetic acid[30] by powerful hydrogen bondings,[13] but also facilitates the smooth generation of the cationic nitrenium (or pseudo-nitrenium) species.[18] In a short reaction time, the target products 3aa were thus obtained in 76% yield by simply changing the solvent in which the addition of trifluoroacetic acid takes place to produce active μ-oxo species Ia (R = CF3 in Figure [1]) and this was essential for this catalytic coupling (entry 3). Regarding the catalyst, the derivative Ib′ (R′ = Me) showed similar catalytic efficiencies for the coupling of amide 1a (entry 4). It also appears that the slight modification of the concentration affects the TON value (entry 5). In this reaction, the molar balance of the substrates is rather important, and the yield of the products 3aa decreased by using 5 equiv of toluene (2a) relative to the amide 1a (entry 6). Subsequently, we then examined the reaction to further lower the catalyst loading. To our delight, a comparable result was obtained in regard to the yield of the product when using a 2 mol% amount of the catalyst Ib′ with a higher catalyst TON (entry 7). The coupling reactions proceeded at room temperature, and the robustness of our catalyst Ib′ under the reaction conditions maintained the original activity for prolonged times (entry 8). Thus, the TON giving the product 3aa in an acceptable yield reached 136 times for the 0.5 mol% catalyst loading after a 12 h reaction (entry 9). To the best of our knowledge, this observed TON score for the catalyst Ib′ is the highest among all the intermolecular C–H/N–H aromatic amidations.[16] Of course, the coupling product 3aa was not produced in the absence of the μ-oxo catalysts (entry 10). In 2016, Muñiz and co-workers also reported a new iodine catalyst, 1,2-diiodobenzene, for this type of coupling reaction.[31]

We then evaluated the optimized catalytic system for the μ-oxo catalyst Ib′ using the same-type couplings of a further series of simple non-activated aromatics 2bf (Scheme [5]). The reactions of ethylbenzene (2b) and p-xylene (2c) both smoothly produced the corresponding C–N coupling products 3ab and 3ac within 2 hours using 2 mol% of the catalyst. Although bromobenzene (2d) is less reactive during the coupling (see product 3ad), the method can provide an aryl-deuterated amine with an aromatic halogen functionality in a single step from the isotopic aromatic substrate (i.e., bromobenzene-d 5), which is beneficial for further elaboration of the structure and scalable synthesis. Other aliphatic and aromatic amides 1b and 1c and sulfonamide 1d were applicable for the couplings with benzene 2e and other aromatic hydrocarbons. The N-methoxy groups found in anilides are known to show unique reactivities, and new reactions utilizing cleavage between the heteroatom bond as a driving force have been reported by several research groups.[32]

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Scheme 5 Catalytic C–H amidation of arenes 2af using μ-oxo catalyst Ib′. Reagents and conditions: amide 1ad, arene 2af (15 equiv), peracetic acid (9% solution in AcOH, 1.5 equiv), TFA (5 equiv), catalyst (2 mol%), HFIP/DCE (10:1), rt, 2 h, unless otherwise stated. The ortho/meta/para ratio calculated by 1H NMR is indicated in parentheses. a Catalyst: 3 mol%. b Overnight. c ortho/para ratio.

For N-(acetylamino)phthalimide (1e), the catalyst Ib′ (R′ = Me) and the steric nitrogen group are quite mismatched;[26c] the rates of the product formation were quite slow in comparison to that for the N-methoxyamides 1ad, and the amide 1e was not completely consumed within 2 hours (Scheme [6]). As a result, the longer reaction time of 12 hours was required in order to achieve the full conversion of the substrate. Interestingly, the more flexible μ-oxo catalyst Ia′ (R′ = H) was somewhat preferred in terms of the TOFs for the reactions. The bulky N-phthalimido group (NPhth) of the amide 1e strongly directed the regioselectivities at the aromatic rings to para over the ortho positions.

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Scheme 6 Steric influence of μ-oxo catalysts Ia′ (R′ = H) and Ib′ (R′ = Me) in the coupling of N-phthalimide 1e. Reagents and conditions: amide 1e, arene 2a,e,d,g (15 equiv), peracetic acid (9% solution in AcOH, 1.5 equiv), TFA (5 equiv), catalyst (2–3 mol%), HFIP/DCE (10:1), rt, unless otherwise stated. a The ortho and para products are separable. b Exclusively para. c ortho/ para ratio of the mixture, calculated by 1H NMR.

The reaction of anisole (2h) with N-methoxybenzamide (1c) unexpectedly did not occur using either of the μ-oxo iodine catalysts Ia′ and Ib′ under the conditions in a fluoro alcohol (see the note for Scheme [7]). Obviously, a competitive diaryliodonium salt forming path for condensation with anisole 2h to prevent the catalytic cycle was dominant in this electron-rich aromatic case in a fluoroalcohol[33] [34] compared to the rate of the generation of the amide-λ3-iodane intermediate for the C–N coupling. Therefore, the use of DCE only as a solvent was plausible for this coupling combination. Interestingly, the formation of an ortho-coupling product of anisole 2h over the para isomer was preferred by specific control of the methoxy group.[35]

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Scheme 7 Alternative solvent for the oxidative C–H amidation of electron-rich aromatic substrate. Product yield when using catalyst Ib′ (2 mol%) in HFIP/DCE (10:1) for 2 hours was less than 5%. a The regioisomeric ratio is calculated by 1H NMR.

As a complement to the transition-metal-catalyzed amination of halogenated aryls, Hartwig and co-workers proposed in 2013 the intermolecular direct coupling of simple arenes with phthalimide by employing the hypervalent iodine reagent as the oxidant for the palladium catalyst.[36a] Similarly, the metal-catalyzed intermolecular amidations by converting the C–H group of aromatic hydrocarbons not having a directing group typically required the hypervalent iodine reagent as a stoichiometric activator.[36`] [c] [d] In addition, enhancing the TON was difficult in these catalyses.[36e,f] Thus, the fact that the direct couplings between the amide N–H group and aromatic C–H bond can proceed by using such a small amount of hypervalent iodine catalyst without adding any transition-metal element in our case is particularly noteworthy. The differences in the chemoselectivity during the C–H amidations were also found during the couplings of the anilides 4a and 4b (see Scheme [8]). It was reported by the Buchwald group that ortho C–C bond-forming arylations leading to the formation of biaryl compounds 6ai and 6bi would exclusively occur for these anilide substrates under their conditions using a palladium catalyst,[37] rather than the coupling at the nitrogen group. In clear contrast, our organocatalytic conditions based on the use of the μ-oxo catalyst I′ instead afforded the C–N coupling products 5ai and 5bi in moderate to good yields (see experimental section).[38]

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Scheme 8 Oxidative amidation over ortho C–C coupling in the hypervalent iodine-catalyzed reaction of anilides 4a and 4b

In this study, we have clarified the extremely high catalytic efficiencies of our designer μ-oxo hypervalent iodine catalysts I for the intermolecular direct oxidative coupling of suitable amides with aromatic hydrocarbons. The C–H and N–H coupling methods can provide the most straightforward route to these arylamide compounds with excellent TONs of over 100 times with a 0.5 mol% catalyst loading. This allows many new direct amination strategies to extend the scopes recently developed on the basis of the stoichiometric hypervalent iodine chemistry,[39] [40] [41] and our idea for the catalyst design might contribute to the developments of practical catalysts for these transformations. In addition, the use of related chiral hypervalent iodine catalysts based on the μ-oxo structures[42] has a significant potential for the asymmetric oxidative C–N coupling reactions under metal-free conditions.[43]

Table 2 Bond Lengthsa

Reagent

I-X [Å]

I-O* [Å]

PhI(OAc)2

2.16

(X = OAc)

PhI(OCOCF3)2

2.16

(X = OCOCF3)

μ-oxo-bridged PIFA dimer

(R = CF3)

2.27

(X = OCOCF3)

2.02

our μ-oxo catalyst Ib b

(R = R′ = Me)

2.23

(X = OAc)

2.06

a Averaged bond length for the reagents; O*: bridged oxygen.

b For the crystallographic data in CIF, see CCDC 779814.

In general, melting points were measured using a Büchi B 545 apparatus and are uncorrected. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded with a Jeol JMN-300 spectrometer operating at 400 MHz and 100 MHz in CDCl3 at 25 °C with TMS (δ = 0) as the internal standard. Infrared spectra were recorded by using a Hitachi 270-50 spectrometer. Flash column chromatography and analytical TLC were carried out on Merck silica gel 60 (230–400 mesh) and Merck silica gel F254 plates (0.25 mm), respectively. The spots and bands were detected by UV irradiation (254, 365 nm) or by staining with 5% phosphomolybdic acid followed by heating.

All arenes 2 employed for the coupling reactions are commercially available and used without further purification. The amides 1ad,[31] , [44`] [b] [c] 1e,[44d] 4a, and 4b were prepared from O-methylhydroxyamine, acetohydrazide, and corresponding anilines according to the literature. Solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as received for the reactions, extraction, and eluent for column chromatography and TLC.

Regarding the μ-oxo hypervalent iodine catalysts Ia′ and Ib′, 2,2′-diiodobiphenyl (Ia′) is commercially available, while 2,2′-diiodo-4,4′,6,6′-tetramethylbiphenyl (Ib′) was prepared from 1-iodo-3,5-dimethylbenzene in one step by our method.[45]


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2,2′-Diiodo-4,4′,6,6′-tetramethylbiphenyl (Ib′)

Under N2 atmosphere at –78 °C, to a stirred solution of 1-iodo-3,5-dimethylbenzene (1.62 g, 7.0 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (8.75 mL) was added dropwise a mixture of PIFA (1.51 g, 3.5 mmol) and BF3·OEt2 (0.88 mL, 7 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (8.75 mL) over a few minutes. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 5 h. When the reaction was complete, the mixture was quenched with sat. aq NaHCO3 and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried (anhyd Na2SO4). After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/EtOAc) to give Ib′ [45b] (1.02 g, 2.21 mmol, 63%) as a white powder; mp 111–113 °C.

IR (KBr): 3014, 1599, 1541, 1035 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.95 (s, 6 H), 2.31 (s, 6 H), 7.06 (s, 2 H), 7.62 (s, 2 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 20.4, 21.2, 100.7, 130.7, 136.9, 137.0, 139.0, 144.3.


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2,2,2-Trichloroethyl Methoxy(tolyl)carbamate 3aa; Typical Procedure for Oxidative Coupling Using a Combination of Diiodobiphenyl Catalyst Ib′ with Stoichiometric Peracetic Acid (Schemes 5 and 6)

2,2,2-Trichloroethyl carbamate (1a; 111.2 mg, 0.50 mmol, 1 equiv), toluene (691 mg, 7.5 mmol, 15 equiv), and catalyst Ib′ (4.6 mg, 0.010 mmol, 0.02 equiv) were dissolved in HFIP/DCE (10:1, 1.6 mL) in a round-bottomed flask at rt. Peracetic acid (9% solution in AcOH, 0.6 mL, 0.75 mmol, 1.5 equiv), and TFA (285 mg, 2.5 mmol, 5 equiv) were added sequentially. The mixture was then stirred at rt for 2 h. When the reaction was complete, the resulting solution was washed with water and extracted with CH2Cl2, and the combined organic extracts were dried (anhyd Na2SO4). After removal of the solvents by a rotary evaporator, the residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel (hexane/EtOAc) to give pure 3aa [31] (127.5 mg, 0.408 mmol, 81%) as a pale yellow oil; ratio ortho/meta/para 2.3:1:2.4 (1H NMR).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.30 (s, 3 H, ortho), 2.31 (s, 3 H, para), 2.33 (s, 3 H, meta), 3.74 (s, 3 H, ortho), 3.76 (s, 3 H, para), 3.77 (s, 3 H, meta), 4.78 (s, 2 H, ortho), 4.81 (s, 2 H, para), 4.83 (s, 2 H, meta), 6.99–7.03 (m, 1 H, meta), 7.12–7.35 (m, 11 H, ortho, meta, para).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 18.0, 21.1, 21.6, 62.1, 62.4, 62.6, 75.2, 75.3, 75.4, 95.2, 95.3 (2 ×), 119.7, 123.1, 123.3, 126.6, 127.5, 128.2, 128.9, 129.4, 129.6, 131.2, 136.2, 136.7, 136.9, 137.2, 138.6, 139.0, 152.6, 152.7, 153.5.

The analytical data of all the products 3 are listed below. The physical and spectral data of all these compounds well matched those previously reported.[29] [31] [32d] [38]


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3,3,3-Trichloro-N-(ethylphenyl)-N-methoxypropanamide 3ab

Yellowish oil; yield: 164.5 mg (99%); ratio ortho/meta/para 2.1:1:2.5 (1H NMR).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.20–1.30 (m, 9 H), 2.61–2.76 (m, 6 H), 3.80 (s, 3 H), 3.82 (s, 3 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H), 4.81–4.90 (m, 6 H), 7.05–7.11 (m, 1 H, meta), 7.19–7.44 (m, 11 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 15.5, 15.6, 28.5, 28.9, 62.4, 62.5, 75.3, 95.2, 95.3, 119.9, 122.2, 123.0, 126.3, 128.4, 128.8, 136.3, 138.7, 143.1, 145.3, 152.6, 152.7.


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3,3,3-Trichloro-N-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-N-methoxypropanamide (3ac)

Pale yellow oil; yield: 119.2 mg (73%); mixture of rotamers.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.29 (s, 3 H), 2.30 (s, 3 H), 2.33 (s, 3 H), 2.34 (s, 3 H), 3.77 (s, 3 H), 3.79 (s, 3 H), 4.83 (m, 2 H), 7.03–7.05 (m, 1 H), 7.09–7.13 (m, 3 H), 7.15–7.19 (m, 2 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 17.4, 17.7, 20.8, 21.2, 61.8, 62.0, 75.1, 95.3, 127.2, 128.0, 128.5, 130.1, 130.8, 131.8, 133.3, 134.5, 136.3, 136.8, 139.4, 153.4, 153.5.


#

N-(Bromophenyl)-3,3,3-trichloro-N-methoxypropanamide 3ad

Following the typical procedure for 3aa using Ib′ (3 mol%), reaction time: overnight; pale yellow oil; yield: 81.0 mg (40%); ratio ortho/para 1.7:1 (1H NMR).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 3.81 (s, 3 H, para), 3.83 (s, 3 H, ortho), 4.82–4.88 (m, 4 H), 7.22–7.29 (m, 1 H), 7.36–7.43 (m, 4 H, ortho and para), 7.46–7.53 (m, 2 H, para), 7.68 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.4 Hz, 1 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 62.8, 63.0, 75.5 (2 ×), 95.0 (2 ×), 119.6, 123.4, 123.6, 128.4, 129.2, 130.1, 133.7, 138.0, 138.1, 152.3, 153.2.


#

Benzyl Methoxy(tolyl)carbamate 3ba

Following the typical procedure for 3aa using Ib′ (3 mol%) gave 3ba which was separated by column chromatography to give ortho-3ba and a mixture of meta-3ba and para-3ba; ratio ortho/meta/para 2.6:1:2.2 (1H NMR).


#

Benzyl Methoxy(2-tolyl)carbamate (ortho-3ba)

Colorless oil; yield: 38.3 mg (33%).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.23 (s, 3 H), 3.71 (s, 3 H), 5.20 (s, 2 H), 7.16–7.38 (m, 9 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 17.7, 61.9, 67.7, 126.4, 127.9, 128.1, 128.5, 128.9, 131.0, 136.0, 136.5, 138.0, 155.2.


#

Benzyl Methoxy(3-tolyl)carbamate (meta-3ba) and Benzyl Methoxy(4-tolyl)carbamate (para-3ba)

Yellowish oil; yield: 61.5 mg (41%).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.32 (s, 3 H, para), 2.34 (s, 3 H, meta), 3.72 (s, 3 H, para), 3.73 (s, 3 H, meta), 5.24 (s, 2 H, para), 5.25 (s, 2 H, meta), 6.95–7.07 (m, 1 H, meta), 7.12–7.42 (m, 17 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 21.0, 21.5, 62.2, 62.4, 67.9 (2 ×), 119.3, 122.7, 122.9, 126.9, 128.2 (2 ×), 128.3 (2 ×), 128.6 (2 ×), 129.4, 136.1 (2 ×), 136.2, 137.0, 138.7, 139.4, 154.2, 154.5, 155.4.


#

N-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)-N-methoxybenzamide (3cc)

Colorless oil; yield: 103.7 mg (81%).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.22 (s, 6 H), 3.50–3.85 (br s, 3 H), 6.93–7.71 (m, 8 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 17.7, 20.9, 61.0, 128.0, 128.4, 128.5, 130.2 (2 ×), 130.8, 131.2, 133.5, 133.6, 136.5.


#

N-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide (3ce)

Light yellow oil; yield: 69.5 mg (60%).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 3.69 (s, 3 H), 7.20–7.52 (m, 8 H), 7.56–7.64 (m, 2 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 61.8, 124.5, 127.2, 128.1, 128.6, 129.1, 130.8, 134.7, 139.4, 168.3.


#

N-Methoxy-N-tolylbenzamide (3ca)

Light yellow oil; yield: 91.1 mg (76%); ratio ortho/para 1:1.3 (1H NMR).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.25 (s, 3 H, para), 2.28 (s, 3 H, ortho), 3.62 (s, 6 H), 7.03–7.62 (m, 18 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 18.2, 21.2, 61.0, 61.5, 125.1, 126.6, 128.1 (2 ×), 128.5, 128.6, 129.3, 130.0, 130.7, 130.8, 131.4, 134.5, 134.8, 136.8, 136.9, 137.5, 168.1.


#

N-(tert-Butylphenyl)-N-methoxybenzamide (3cf)

Light yellow oil; yield: 107.6 mg (75%); ratio ortho/para 1:2.8 (1H NMR).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.27 (s, 9 H, ortho), 1.35 (s, 9 H, para), 3.72 (s, 3 H, para), 3.78 (s, 3 H, ortho), 7.10–7.65 (m, 18 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 31.0, 31.2, 34.5, 34.6, 61.4, 121.5, 122.2, 124.0, 125.8, 127.9, 128.3, 128.5, 129.6, 130.4, 130.5, 134.6, 134.7, 136.4, 138.9, 150.2, 152.0, 167.8, 168.0.


#

N-Methoxy-4-methyl-N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide (3de)

Following the typical procedure for 3aa using Ib′ (3 mol%) gave 3de; yellowish oil; yield: 113.0 mg (82%).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.39 (s, 3 H), 3.86 (s, 3 H), 7.05–7.13 (m, 2 H), 7.15–7.45 (m, 7 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 21.8, 64.4, 123.7, 127.6, 128.4, 129.1, 129.8, 130.2, 141.0, 144.8.


#

N-(1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-N-phenylacetamide (3ee)

Following the typical procedure for 3aa using catalyst Ib′ for 12 h gave 3ee; yellowish solid; yield: 56.8 mg (quant.); mixture of rotamers.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.09 (s, 3 H), 7.38–7.49 (m, 3 H), 7.64–7.91 (m, 6 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 21.8, 124.1, 129.0, 129.7, 130.0, 130.2, 134.8, 140.8, 165.0, 168.5.


#

N-(1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-N-(tolyl)acetamide (3ea)

Following the typical procedure for 3aa using catalyst Ib′ for 12 h gave a mixture of para/ortho isomers 2.5:1 that were separated by column chromatography.


#

N-(1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-N-(4-tolyl)acetamide (para-3ea)

White amorphous; yield: 85.9 mg (65%).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.08 (s, 3 H), 2.36 (s, 3 H), 7.19–7.29 (m, 2 H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.74 (dd, J = 5.9, 2.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.86 (dd, J = 5.4, 3.0 Hz, 2 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 21.4, 21.8, 124.1, 128.8, 130.3, 130.6, 134.7, 138.3, 139.6, 165.0, 168.7.


#

N-(1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-N-(2-tolyl)acetamide (ortho-3ea)

White amorphous; yield: 34.4 mg (26%).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.02 (s, 3 H), 2.63 (s, 3 H), 7.23–7.35 (m, 3 H), 7.71–7.95 (m, 5 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 18.2, 21.0, 124.1, 124.4, 127.6, 129.8, 129.9, 131.9, 134.7, 134.9, 135.3, 137.6, 139.6, 165.8, 166.1, 168.9.


#

N-(4-Bromophenyl)-N-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)acetamide (para-3ed)

Following the typical procedure for 3aa using catalyst Ib′ for 12 h gave para-3ed; brownish solid; yield: 169.0 mg (99%); mp 169–171 °C.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.09 (s, 3 H), 7.43–7.95 (m, 8 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 21.8, 123.9, 124.2, 130.1, 130.7, 133.3, 134.9, 139.8, 165.0, 168.1.


#

N-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)acetamide (para-3eg)

Following the typical procedure for 3aa using catalyst Ib′ gave para-3eg; yellowish solid; yield: 57.9 mg (92%); mp 138–140 °C.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 2.09 (s, 3 H), 7.30–7.49 (m, 2 H), 7.55–7.66 (m, 2 H), 7.69–7.95 (m, 4 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 21.8, 124.2, 130.1, 130.3, 130.4, 134.9, 135.8, 139.3, 165.0, 168.2.


#

N-Methoxy-N-(methoxyphenyl)benzamide (3ch)

Following the typical procedure for 3aa, but using DCE instead of the mixed fluoroalcohol solvent (Scheme [7]) and μ-oxo catalyst Ib′ (5 mol%) gave 3ch; light yellow oil; yield: 91.3 mg (70%); ratio ortho/para 1.7:1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 3.71 (s, 3 H, ortho), 3.72 (s, 3 H, para), 3.81 (s, 3 H, para), 3.85 (s, 3 H, ortho), 6.74–6.89 (m, 4 H), 7.07–7.64 (m, 14 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 55.6, 55.7, 61.3, 61.6, 112.3, 114.4, 121.0, 127.5, 127.7, 128.1, 128.4, 128.7, 129.3, 130.2, 130.5, 130.7, 130.9, 132.3, 134. 7, 134.8, 155.2, 159.0, 168.1, 169.7.


#

N-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-N-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (5ai)

Following to the typical procedure for 3aa, but using the μ-oxo catalyst Ia′ (10 mol%) in TFE/CH2Cl2 (2:1, 0.067 M) (Scheme [8]) and wet MCPBA (69% purity, 1.5 equiv) instead of 9% peracetic acid solution for 3 h gave 5ai; yellowish oil; yield: 44.4 mg (75%).

IR (KBr): 2966, 2869, 1675, 1608, 1509, 1369, 1308, 1024 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, 50 °C): δ = 1.28 (s, 9 H), 2.01 (s, 3 H), 2.22 (s, 6 H), 6.97 (dd, J = 7.8, 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.03 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.09 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.32 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H).

HRMS (DART): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C20H26ON: 296.2009; found: 296.2009.


#

N-(4-Ethylphenyl)-N-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (5bi)

Following to the typical procedure for 3aa, but using the μ-oxo catalyst Ia′ (10 mol%) in TFE/CH2Cl2 (2:1, 0.067 M) (Scheme [8]) and wet MCPBA (69% purity, 1.5 equiv) instead of 9% peracetic acid solution for 3 h gave 5bi; yellowish oil; yield: 27.6 mg (52%).

IR (KBr): 3025, 2964, 2928, 2873, 1671, 1608, 1509, 1454, 1369, 1305, 1121, 1024 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, 50 °C): δ = 1.21 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 3 H), 2.02 (s, 3 H), 2.22 (s, 6 H), 2.61 (q, J = 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 6.97 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.03 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.10–7.28 (m, 5 H).

HRMS (DART): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H22ON: 268.1696; found: 268.1696.


#

5,7-Diacetoxy-5,7-dihydro-1,3,9,11-tetramethyldibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]diiodoxepin (Ib) (Figure [1])

To a stirred solution of peracetic acid (9% solution in AcOH, 6.1 mL, 7.6 mmol) in MeCN (47.5 mL) was successively added AcOH (17.1 mL) and 2,2′-diiodo-4,4′,6,6′-tetramethylbiphenyl (Ib′; 0.88 g, 1.9 mmol), and the mixture was stirred overnight at rt. After removal of MeCN under reduced pressure, the resulting residue was extracted with CH2Cl2, and then the organic solution was dried (anhyd Na2SO4). After evaporation of the solvent, the crude solid, that is, Ib, was dissolved in minimal amount of CH2Cl2, which was then added dropwise to stirred hexane. The resulting suspension was filtered and dried to give pure μ-oxo-bridged hypervalent iodine(III) diacetate Ib [24] as a white powder; yield: quant (1.13 g); mp 157 °C.

IR (KBr): 1649, 1559, 1018, 750 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.85 (s, 6 H), 2.16 (s, 6 H), 2.46 (s, 6 H), 7.38 (s, 2 H), 7.86 (s, 2 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 21.2 (2 ×), 21.4, 127.0, 133.4, 135.2, 137.7, 139.2, 142.8, 177.6.

A pure sample compatible for the X-ray crystallographic analysis was obtained by recrystallization from MeCN/hexane solution. For crystallographic data of Ib in CIF format, see CCDC 779814.


#
#

Acknowledgement

This work was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from JSPS. T.D. acknowledges support from the Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO) project, and thanks Central Glass Co., Ltd. for generous gift of fluoroalcohol. H.S. thanks The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (PSJ) for support of the Nagai Memorial Research Encouragement.

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      We have recently met the notably high reactivity of μ-oxo-bridged PIFA dimer in organic solvents as well as in water, see:
    • 23a Dohi T, Uchiyama T, Yamashita D, Washimi N, Kita Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2011; 52: 2212
    • 23b Takenaga N, Uchiyama T, Kato D, Fujioka H, Dohi T, Kita Y. Heterocycles 2011; 82: 1327
    • 23c Dohi T, Nakae T, Takenaga N, Uchiyama T, Fukushima K, Fujioka H, Kita Y. Synthesis 2012; 44: 1183
  • 24 Dohi T, Takenaga N, Fukushima K, Uchiyama T, Kato D, Shiro M, Fujioka H, Kita Y. Chem. Commun. 2010; 46: 7697
  • 25 For utilizations of our μ-oxo catalysts in other reactions, see: Ito M, Kubo H, Itani I, Morimoto K, Dohi T, Kita Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013; 135: 14078 ; see also ref. 26
    • 26a Dohi T, Nakae T, Ishikado Y, Kato D, Kita Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2011; 9: 6899
    • 26b Dohi T, Kato D, Hyodo R, Yamashita D, Shiro M, Kita Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011; 50: 3784
    • 26c Dohi T, Mochizuki E, Yamashita D, Miyazaki K, Kita Y. Heterocycles 2014; 88: 245

      X-ray crystal structure data of PIFA:
    • 27a Stergioudis GA, Kokkou SC, Bozopoulos AP, Rentzeperis PJ. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C 1984; 40: 877

    • PIDA:
    • 27b Lee C.-K, Mak TC. W, Li W.-K. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 1977; 33: 1620
    • 27c The reported bond lengths of iodine(III) ligands in the hypervalent iodine reagents, PIDA and PIFA as well as μ-oxo-bridged PIFA dimer and our biaryl alternative Ib (see Figure 1 for the structures), are summarized in Table 2 below.

      The existence of strong secondary bondings between the iodine atoms and the ligand’s carbonyl oxygens appears in the structure, which was confirmed by the lower shift of carbonyl frequencies for the μ-oxo PIFA in the infrared resonance spectra compared to that of PIFA. These observations clearly account for the enhanced cationic character of the iodine center, see:
    • 28a Alcock NW, Countryman RM, Esperas S, Sawyer JF. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1979; 854
    • 28b Alcock NW, Harrison WD. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984; 1709
    • 28c Bell R, Morgan KJ. J. Chem. Soc. 1960; 1209
  • 29 Samanta R, Bauer JO, Strohmann C, Antonchick AP. Org. Lett. 2012; 14: 5518
    • 30a Minamitsuji Y, Kato D, Fujioka H, Dohi T, Kita Y. Aust. J. Chem. 2009; 62: 648
    • 30b Dohi T, Yamaoka N, Itani I, Kita Y. Aust. J. Chem. 2011; 64: 529
  • 31 The TON of a catalyst, 1,2-diiodobenzene, at the 4 mol% loading reached 18 times for the reaction between the same substrates (toluene 2a, 15 equiv) in HFIP/DCE (1:1), see: Lucchetti N, Scalone M, Fantasia S, Muñiz K. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2016; 358: 2093

    • For utilities of N-methoxy anilides for unique transformations, see:
    • 32a Kikugawa Y, Shimada M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1989; 1450
    • 32b Matsumoto K, Kato M, Sakamoto T, Kikugawa Y. J. Chem. Res., Synop. 1995; 34
    • 32c Nakamura I, Jo T, Ishida Y, Tashiro H, Terada M. Org. Lett. 2017; 19: 3059
    • 32d Ishida Y, Nakamura I, Terada M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018; 140: 8629; and references cited therein

      See ref 9d and:
    • 33a Dohi T, Ito M, Morimoto K, Minamitsuji Y, Takenaga N, Kita Y. Chem. Commun. 2007; 4152
    • 33b Ito M, Ogawa C, Yamaoka N, Fujioka H, Dohi T, Kita Y. Molecules 2010; 15: 1918
    • 33c Ito M, Itani I, Toyoda Y, Morimoto K, Dohi T, Kita Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012; 51: 12555

      For the reactivities of diaryliodonium(III) salt, see:
    • 34a Merritt EA, Olofsson B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009; 48: 9052
    • 34b Yusubov MS, Maskaev AV, Zhdankin VV. ARKIVOC 2011; (i): 370
    • 34c Olofsson B. Top. Curr. Chem. 2016; 373: 135
    • 34d Stuart DR. Chem. Eur. J. 2017; 23: 15852
    • 34e Yoshimura A, Saito A, Zhdankin VV. Chem. Eur. J. 2018; 24: 15156
    • 34f Stang PJ, Zhdankin VV. Chem. Rev. 1996; 96: 1123
    • 34g Müller U. Trends Photochem. Photobiol. 1999; 5: 117
  • 35 For ortho-directing effect of amide-containing reagent involving pseudo-cyclic intermediate in electrophilic aromatic substitutions, see: Shen H, Vollhardt KP. C. Synlett 2012; 23: 208

    • Transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative amidations for aromatic hydrocarbons with stoichiometric hypervalent iodine reagent, see:
    • 36a Shrestha R, Mukherjee P, Tan Y, Litman ZC, Harwig JF. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013; 135: 8480
    • 36b Marchetti L, Kantak A, Davis R, DeBoef B. Org. Lett. 2015; 17: 358
    • 36c Berzina B, Sokolovs I, Suna E. ACS Catal. 2015; 5: 7008
    • 36d Ito E, Fukushima T, Kawakami T, Murakami K, Itami K. Chem 2017; 2: 383

    • The combination of transition metal ([Co]) with photocatalyst:
    • 36e Niu L, Yi H, Wang S, Liu T, Liu J, Lei A. Nat. Commun. 2017; 8: 14226

    • The use of 0.5 mol% amount of iridium-based photocatalyst was reported, while the product yields was up to 52% in this case:
    • 36f Kim H, Kim T, Lee DG, Roh SW, Lee C. Chem. Commun. 2014; 50: 9273
    • 37a Brasche G, García-Fortanet J, Buchwald SL. Org. Lett. 2008; 10: 2207

    • For a recent review of transition-metal-catalyzed ortho C–H functionalizations of aniline derivatives, see:
    • 37b Leitch JA, Frost CG. Synthesis 2018; 50: 2693
  • 38 Antonchick reported this type of coupling reaction using PIDA as a stoichiometric amount: Antonchick AP, Samanta R, Kulikov K, Lategahn J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011; 50: 8605

    • Representative examples:
    • 39a Kim HJ, Kim J, Cho SH, Chang S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011; 133: 16382
    • 39b Kantak AA, Potavathri S, Barham RA, Romano KM, DeBoef B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011; 133: 19960
    • 39c Samanta R, Lategahn I, Antonchick AP. Chem. Commun. 2012; 48: 3194
    • 39d Manna S, Serebrennikova PO, Utepova IA, Antonchick AP, Chupakhin ON. Org. Lett. 2015; 17: 4588
    • 39e Pialat A, Bergès J, Sabourin A, Vinck R, Liégault B, Taillefer M. Chem. Eur. J. 2015; 21: 10014
    • 39f Mondal S, Samanta S, Jana S, Hajra A. J. Org. Chem. 2017; 82: 4504
    • 39g Zhao F, Sun T, Sun H, Xi G, Sun K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2017; 58: 3132
    • 39h Maiti S, Mal P. J. Org. Chem. 2018; 83: 1340

      For diaryliodonium(III) salt mediated C–N coupling strategies, see:
    • 40a Carroll MA, Wood RA. Tetrahedron 2007; 63: 11349
    • 40b Riedmueller S, Nachtsheim BJ. Synlett 2015; 26: 651
    • 40c Yang Y, Wu X, Han J, Mao S, Quian X, Wang L. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014; 6854
    • 40d Tinnis F, Stridfeldt E, Lundberg H, Adolfsson H, Olofsson B. Org. Lett. 2015; 17: 2688
    • 40e Lucchetti N, Scalone M, Fantasia S, Muñiz K. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016; 55: 13335
    • 40f Sandtorv AH, Stuart DR. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016; 55: 15812
    • 40g Basu S, Sandtorv AH, Stuart DR. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018; 14: 1034
    • 40h Purkait N, Kervefors G, Linde E, Olofsson B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018; 57: 11427
    • 41a Morimoto K, Ohnishi Y, Nakamura A, Sakamoto K, Dohi T, Kita Y. Asian J. Org. Chem. 2014; 3: 382
    • 41b Morimoto K, Ogawa R, Koseki D, Takahashi Y, Dohi T, Kita Y. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2015; 63: 819

      Related μ-oxo-bridged chiral hypervalent iodine catalysts:
    • 42a Dohi T, Maruyama A, Takenage N, Senami K, Minamitsuji Y, Fujioka H, Cämmerer S, Kita Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008; 47: 3787
    • 42b Dohi T, Takenaga N, Nakae T, Toyoda Y, Yamasaki M, Shiro M, Fujioka H, Maruyama A, Kita Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013; 135: 4558
    • 42c Suzuki S, Kamo T, Fukushi K, Hiramatsu T, Tokunaga E, Dohi T, Kita Y, Shibata N. Chem. Sci. 2014; 5: 2754
    • 42d Ogasawara M, Sasa H, Hu H, Amano Y, Nakajima H, Takenaga N, Nakajima K, Kita Y, Takahashi T, Dohi T. Org. Lett. 2017; 19: 4102
    • 42e Dohi T, Sasa H, Miyazaki K, Fujitake M, Takenaga N, Kita Y. J. Org. Chem. 2017; 82: 11954
  • 43 Utilizing our spirobiindane catalysts (see refs 42a and 42b), Cai and co-workers recently developed intramolecular oxidative C–N cyclizations accompanying asymmetric desymmetrization of the substrates, see: Ding Q, He H, Cai Q. Org. Lett. 2018; 20: 4554
    • 44a Kawase M, Kitamura T, Kikugawa Y. J. Org. Chem. 1989; 54: 3394
    • 44b Miyata O, Koizumi T, Asai H, Iba R, Naito T. Tetrahedron 2004; 60: 3893
    • 44c Xie W, Yang J, Wang B, Li B. J. Org. Chem. 2014; 79: 8278
    • 44d Brosse N, Pinto M, Jamart-Gregoire B. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003; 4757
    • 45a Tohma H, Morioka H, Takizawa S, Arisawa M, Kita Y. Tetrahedron 2001; 57: 345
    • 45b Tohma H, Iwata M, Maegawa T, Kita Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002; 43: 9241

  • References


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      For reviews, see:
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      For selected summarizations, see:
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      Heck reaction is an early pioneer for the C–H coupling toward organic halides. See:
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    • For the trials reported in 2000s for other types of C–H coupling reactions, see:
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      For recent summaries, see:
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      For early discussions, see:
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      For recent interest of metal-free couplings and the use of hypervalent iodine reagent, see the following reviews:
    • 7a Sun C.-L, Shi Z.-J. Chem. Rev. 2014; 114: 9219; and references therein
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      For recent comprehensive reviews and publications, see:
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      For our reviews and accounts, see:
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  • 10 Dilute peracetic acid is known as a safe and environmentally friendly oxidant that releases nontoxic acetic acid as the co-product. It is commercially available and frequently employed in industrial-scale oxidations, such as epoxidation. Furthermore, its aqueous 0.2–0.3% solution is widely used as a disinfectant in medical situations.

    • For early studies, see:
    • 11a Tamura Y, Yakura T, Haruta J, Kita Y. J. Org. Chem. 1987; 52: 3927
    • 11b Tamura Y, Yakura T, Tohma H, Kikuchi K, Kita Y. Synthesis 1989; 126
    • 11c Kita Y, Yakura T, Tohma H, Kikuchi K, Tamura Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989; 30: 1119
    • 11d Kita Y, Tohma H, Kikuchi K, Inagaki M, Yakura T. J. Org. Chem. 1991; 56: 435
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    • 11f Kita Y, Tohma H, Inagaki M, Hatanaka K, Yakura T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992; 114: 2175
    • 12a Kita Y, Tohma H, Inagaki M, Hatanaka K, Yakura T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991; 32: 4321
    • 12b Kita Y, Tohma H, Hatanaka K, Takada T, Fujita S, Mitoh S, Sakurai H, Oka S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994; 116: 3684

      For the utility of fluoroalcohol solvents, see ref. 9b and the following reviews and accounts:
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    • 13d Khaksar S. J. Fluorine Chem. 2015; 172: 51

      Intramolecular cyclizations of azides:
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    • 14b Kita Y, Watanabe H, Egi M, Saiki T, Fukuoka Y, Tohma H. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1998; 635
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    • 14d Kita Y, Egi M, Ohtsubo M, Saiki T, Okajima A, Takada T, Tohma H. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1999; 47: 241
    • 14e Kita Y, Egi M, Takada T, Tohma H. Synthesis 1999; 885

      See ref. 9b and selected examples for introducing heteroatoms:
    • 15a Kita Y, Takada T, Mihara S, Tohma H. Synlett 1995; 211
    • 15b Kita Y, Takada T, Mihara S, Whelan BA, Tohma H. J. Org. Chem. 1995; 60: 7144
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      Recent reviews on dehydrogenative aromatic C–H aminations:
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    • 16b Subramanian P, Rudolf GC, Kaliappan KP. Chem. Asian J. 2016; 11: 168
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    • Metal-free hypervalent iodine strategy:
    • 16h Samanta R, Matcha K, Antonchick AP. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013; 5769
    • 16i Samanta R, Antonchick AP. Synlett 2012; 23: 809
  • 17 Kikugawa Y, Kawase M. Chem. Lett. 1990; 581
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    • 18c Serna S, Tellitu I, Dominguez E, Moreno I, SanMartin R. Tetrahedron 2004; 60: 6533

      For other early applications, see:
    • 19a Romero AG, Darlington WH, McMillan MW. J. Org. Chem. 1997; 62: 6582
    • 19b Correa A, Tellitu I, Dominguez E, Moreno I, SanMartin R. J. Org. Chem. 2005; 70: 2256
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    • 19d Wardrop DC, Zhang W. Org. Lett. 2001; 3: 2353

      For reviews on catalytic utilizations of hypervalent iodine reagents, see:
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    • 20b Ochiai M, Miyamoto K. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2008; 4429
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    • 20d Yusubov MS, Zhdankin VV. Mendeleev Commun. 2010; 20: 2073
    • 20e Singh FV, Wirth T. Chem. Asian J. 2014; 9: 950

      For the first report of C–N bond-forming reaction using a catalytic amount of hypervalent iodine, see:
    • 21a Dohi T, Maruyama A, Minamitsuji Y, Takenaga N, Kita Y. Chem. Commun. 2007; 1224
    • 21b Moroda A, Togo H. Synthesis 2008; 1257

      For early studies, see:
    • 22a Alcock NW, Waddington TC. J. Chem. Soc. 1963; 4103
    • 22b Gallos J, Varvoglis A, Alcock NW. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1985; 757

      We have recently met the notably high reactivity of μ-oxo-bridged PIFA dimer in organic solvents as well as in water, see:
    • 23a Dohi T, Uchiyama T, Yamashita D, Washimi N, Kita Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2011; 52: 2212
    • 23b Takenaga N, Uchiyama T, Kato D, Fujioka H, Dohi T, Kita Y. Heterocycles 2011; 82: 1327
    • 23c Dohi T, Nakae T, Takenaga N, Uchiyama T, Fukushima K, Fujioka H, Kita Y. Synthesis 2012; 44: 1183
  • 24 Dohi T, Takenaga N, Fukushima K, Uchiyama T, Kato D, Shiro M, Fujioka H, Kita Y. Chem. Commun. 2010; 46: 7697
  • 25 For utilizations of our μ-oxo catalysts in other reactions, see: Ito M, Kubo H, Itani I, Morimoto K, Dohi T, Kita Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013; 135: 14078 ; see also ref. 26
    • 26a Dohi T, Nakae T, Ishikado Y, Kato D, Kita Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2011; 9: 6899
    • 26b Dohi T, Kato D, Hyodo R, Yamashita D, Shiro M, Kita Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011; 50: 3784
    • 26c Dohi T, Mochizuki E, Yamashita D, Miyazaki K, Kita Y. Heterocycles 2014; 88: 245

      X-ray crystal structure data of PIFA:
    • 27a Stergioudis GA, Kokkou SC, Bozopoulos AP, Rentzeperis PJ. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C 1984; 40: 877

    • PIDA:
    • 27b Lee C.-K, Mak TC. W, Li W.-K. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 1977; 33: 1620
    • 27c The reported bond lengths of iodine(III) ligands in the hypervalent iodine reagents, PIDA and PIFA as well as μ-oxo-bridged PIFA dimer and our biaryl alternative Ib (see Figure 1 for the structures), are summarized in Table 2 below.

      The existence of strong secondary bondings between the iodine atoms and the ligand’s carbonyl oxygens appears in the structure, which was confirmed by the lower shift of carbonyl frequencies for the μ-oxo PIFA in the infrared resonance spectra compared to that of PIFA. These observations clearly account for the enhanced cationic character of the iodine center, see:
    • 28a Alcock NW, Countryman RM, Esperas S, Sawyer JF. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1979; 854
    • 28b Alcock NW, Harrison WD. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984; 1709
    • 28c Bell R, Morgan KJ. J. Chem. Soc. 1960; 1209
  • 29 Samanta R, Bauer JO, Strohmann C, Antonchick AP. Org. Lett. 2012; 14: 5518
    • 30a Minamitsuji Y, Kato D, Fujioka H, Dohi T, Kita Y. Aust. J. Chem. 2009; 62: 648
    • 30b Dohi T, Yamaoka N, Itani I, Kita Y. Aust. J. Chem. 2011; 64: 529
  • 31 The TON of a catalyst, 1,2-diiodobenzene, at the 4 mol% loading reached 18 times for the reaction between the same substrates (toluene 2a, 15 equiv) in HFIP/DCE (1:1), see: Lucchetti N, Scalone M, Fantasia S, Muñiz K. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2016; 358: 2093

    • For utilities of N-methoxy anilides for unique transformations, see:
    • 32a Kikugawa Y, Shimada M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1989; 1450
    • 32b Matsumoto K, Kato M, Sakamoto T, Kikugawa Y. J. Chem. Res., Synop. 1995; 34
    • 32c Nakamura I, Jo T, Ishida Y, Tashiro H, Terada M. Org. Lett. 2017; 19: 3059
    • 32d Ishida Y, Nakamura I, Terada M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018; 140: 8629; and references cited therein

      See ref 9d and:
    • 33a Dohi T, Ito M, Morimoto K, Minamitsuji Y, Takenaga N, Kita Y. Chem. Commun. 2007; 4152
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      For the reactivities of diaryliodonium(III) salt, see:
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  • 35 For ortho-directing effect of amide-containing reagent involving pseudo-cyclic intermediate in electrophilic aromatic substitutions, see: Shen H, Vollhardt KP. C. Synlett 2012; 23: 208

    • Transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative amidations for aromatic hydrocarbons with stoichiometric hypervalent iodine reagent, see:
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    • The combination of transition metal ([Co]) with photocatalyst:
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    • The use of 0.5 mol% amount of iridium-based photocatalyst was reported, while the product yields was up to 52% in this case:
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    • For a recent review of transition-metal-catalyzed ortho C–H functionalizations of aniline derivatives, see:
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  • 38 Antonchick reported this type of coupling reaction using PIDA as a stoichiometric amount: Antonchick AP, Samanta R, Kulikov K, Lategahn J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011; 50: 8605

    • Representative examples:
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      Related μ-oxo-bridged chiral hypervalent iodine catalysts:
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  • 43 Utilizing our spirobiindane catalysts (see refs 42a and 42b), Cai and co-workers recently developed intramolecular oxidative C–N cyclizations accompanying asymmetric desymmetrization of the substrates, see: Ding Q, He H, Cai Q. Org. Lett. 2018; 20: 4554
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Scheme 1 Direct oxidative coupling between nucleophilic molecules without prefunctionalization
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Scheme 2 Oxidative coupling of N-protected amides 1 (FG = OMe, N-phthalimide) with aromatic hydrocarbons (R2 = alkyl, halogen) or ethers (R2 = alkoxy) by μ-oxo hypervalent iodine organocatalyst
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Scheme 3 Hypervalent iodine(III) induced oxidative C–H azidation of electron-rich aromatics, e.g., anisoles
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Scheme 4 Intermolecular oxidative coupling of N-functionalized amides with aromatic hydrocarbons by using hypervalent iodine reagent (NPhth = phthalimido)
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Figure 1 Hypervalent iodine reagents, PIDA, PIFA, and their μ-oxo dimers­ and designer μ-oxo reagent I
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Scheme 5 Catalytic C–H amidation of arenes 2af using μ-oxo catalyst Ib′. Reagents and conditions: amide 1ad, arene 2af (15 equiv), peracetic acid (9% solution in AcOH, 1.5 equiv), TFA (5 equiv), catalyst (2 mol%), HFIP/DCE (10:1), rt, 2 h, unless otherwise stated. The ortho/meta/para ratio calculated by 1H NMR is indicated in parentheses. a Catalyst: 3 mol%. b Overnight. c ortho/para ratio.
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Scheme 6 Steric influence of μ-oxo catalysts Ia′ (R′ = H) and Ib′ (R′ = Me) in the coupling of N-phthalimide 1e. Reagents and conditions: amide 1e, arene 2a,e,d,g (15 equiv), peracetic acid (9% solution in AcOH, 1.5 equiv), TFA (5 equiv), catalyst (2–3 mol%), HFIP/DCE (10:1), rt, unless otherwise stated. a The ortho and para products are separable. b Exclusively para. c ortho/ para ratio of the mixture, calculated by 1H NMR.
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Scheme 7 Alternative solvent for the oxidative C–H amidation of electron-rich aromatic substrate. Product yield when using catalyst Ib′ (2 mol%) in HFIP/DCE (10:1) for 2 hours was less than 5%. a The regioisomeric ratio is calculated by 1H NMR.
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Scheme 8 Oxidative amidation over ortho C–C coupling in the hypervalent iodine-catalyzed reaction of anilides 4a and 4b