Musculotendinous Disorders in the Upper Extremity: Part 2. MRI of the Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, and Hand

Russell C. Fritz; Robert D. Boutin

doi:10.1055/s-0037-1604008

Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology, Table of Contents

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2017; 21(04): 376-391
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1604008

Review Article

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Musculotendinous Disorders in the Upper Extremity: Part 2. MRI of the Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, and Hand

Russell C. Fritz

¹National Orthopedic Imaging Associates, Greenbrae, California

,

Robert D. Boutin

²Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Muscle and tendon injuries about the elbow and more distal aspect of the upper arm are commonly evaluated and characterized with magnetic resonance imaging. This article reviews our experience with muscle and tendon injury as well as denervation of muscles. We focus on abnormalities of the biceps and the triceps tendons about the elbow as well as abnormalities of the flexor and extensor tendons about the elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. We also discuss and illustrate our experience with lacerations, crush injuries, and muscle hernias in the forearm.

Keywords

muscle - tendon - injury - strain - elbow - forearm - wrist - MRI

Full Text

References

References
1 Fritz RC. The elbow. In: Edelman R, Hesselink J, Zlatkin M. , eds. Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2006: 3280-3308
2 Fritz RC. Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist and elbow in athletes. Atlas Hand Clin 2006; 29: 5-15
3 Britz GW, Haynor DR, Kuntz C. , et al. Ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging, clinical, electrodiagnostic, and intraoperative findings. Neurosurgery 1996; 38 (03) 458-465 ; discussion 465
4 Beltran J, Rosenberg ZS, Kawelblum M, Montes L, Bergman AG, Strongwater A. Pediatric elbow fractures: MRI evaluation. Skeletal Radiol 1994; 23 (04) 277-281
5 Morrey BF. Reoperation for failed surgical treatment of refractory lateral epicondylitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1992; 1 (01) 47-55
6 O'Driscoll SW. Classification and evaluation of recurrent instability of the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000; (370) 34-43
7 Garrigues GE, Patel MB, Colletti TP, Weaver JP, Mallon WJ. Thrombosis of the brachial artery after closed dislocation of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2009; 91 (08) 1097-1099
8 Stannard JP, Bucknell AL. Rupture of the triceps tendon associated with steroid injections. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21 (03) 482-485
9 Mair SD, Isbell WM, Gill TJ, Schlegel TF, Hawkins RJ. Triceps tendon ruptures in professional football players. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32 (02) 431-434
10 Clayton ML, Thirupathi RG. Rupture of the triceps tendon with olecranon bursitis. A case report with a new method of repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1984; (184) 183-185
11 Seiler III JG, Parker LM, Chamberland PDC, Sherbourne GM, Carpenter WA. The distal biceps tendon. Two potential mechanisms involved in its rupture: arterial supply and mechanical impingement. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1995; 4 (03) 149-156
12 Eames MH, Bain GI, Fogg QA, van Riet RP. Distal biceps tendon anatomy: a cadaveric study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89 (05) 1044-1049
13 Voleti PB, Berkowitz JL, Konin GP, Cordasco FA. Rupture of the short head component of a bifurcated distal biceps tendon. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2017; 26 (03) 403-408
14 Morrey ME, Abdel MP, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Morrey BF. Primary repair of retracted distal biceps tendon ruptures in extreme flexion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23 (05) 679-685
15 Schmidt CC, Diaz VA, Weir DM, Latona CR, Miller MC. Repaired distal biceps magnetic resonance imaging anatomy compared with outcome. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2012; 21 (12) 1623-1631
16 Beks RB, Claessen FM, Oh LS, Ring D, Chen NC. Factors associated with adverse events after distal biceps tendon repair or reconstruction. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2016; 25 (08) 1229-1234
17 Skaf AY, Boutin RD, Dantas RW. , et al. Bicipitoradial bursitis: MR imaging findings in eight patients and anatomic data from contrast material opacification of bursae followed by routine radiography and MR imaging in cadavers. Radiology 1999; 212 (01) 111-116
18 Spinner RJ, Lins RE, Collins AJ, Spinner M. Posterior interosseous nerve compression due to an enlarged bicipital bursa confirmed by MRI. J Hand Surg [Br] 1993; 18 (06) 753-756
19 Liessi G, Cesari S, Spaliviero B, Dell'Antonio C, Avventi P. The US,CT and MR findings of cubital bursitis: a report of five cases. Skeletal Radiol 1996; 25 (05) 471-475
20 Bredella MA, Tirman PF, Fritz RC, Wischer TK, Stork A, Genant HK. Denervation syndromes of the shoulder girdle: MR imaging with electrophysiologic correlation. Skeletal Radiol 1999; 28 (10) 567-572
21 Viddeleer AR, Sijens PE, van Ooyen PM, Kuypers PD, Hovius SE, Oudkerk M. Sequential MR imaging of denervated and reinnervated skeletal muscle as correlated to functional outcome. Radiology 2012; 264 (02) 522-530
22 Sanders BS, Bruce J, Robertson J. Treatment of a symptomatic forearm muscle herniation with a mesh graft. Sports Health 2011; 3 (02) 179-181
23 Kramer DE, Pace JL, Jarrett DY, Zurakowski D, Kocher MS, Micheli LJ. Diagnosis and management of symptomatic muscle herniation of the extremities: a retrospective review. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41 (09) 2174-2180
24 Naito K, Sugiyama Y, Dilokhuttakarn T. , et al. A survey of extensor pollicis longus tendon injury at the time of distal radius fractures. Injury 2017; 48 (04) 925-929
25 Cooper HJ, Shevchuk MM, Li X, Yang SS. Proliferative extensor tenosynovitis of the wrist in the absence of rheumatoid arthritis. J Hand Surg Am 2009; 34 (10) 1827-1831
26 Yoo MJ, Chung KT, Kim JP, Kim MJ, Lee KJ. Tendon impingement of the extensor digiti minimi: clinical cases series and cadaveric study. Clin Anat 2012; 25 (06) 755-761
27 Taleisnik J, Gelberman RH, Miller BW, Szabo RM. The extensor retinaculum of the wrist. J Hand Surg Am 1984; 9 (04) 495-501
28 Jeantroux J, Becce F, Guerini H, Montalvan B, Le Viet D, Drapé JL. Athletic injuries of the extensor carpi ulnaris subsheath: MRI findings and utility of gadolinium-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted sequences with wrist pronation and supination. Eur Radiol 2011; 21 (01) 160-166
29 Verellen K, Dauwe D, Demuynck M, Kestelijn P, Vanden Berghe L. Spontaneous ruptures of the flexor carpi radialis tendon secondary to STT osteoarthritis. Acta Orthop Belg 1992; 58 (04) 474-476
30 Azzi AJ, Aldekhayel S, Boehm KS, Zadeh T. Tendon rupture and tenosynovitis following internal fixation of distal radius fractures: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139 (03) 717e-724e
31 Rodríguez-Niedenführ M, Vázquez T, Golanó P, Parkin I, Sañudo JR. Extensor digitorum brevis manus: anatomical, radiological and clinical relevance. A review. Clin Anat 2002; 15 (04) 286-292
32 Lopez-Ben R, Lee DH, Nicolodi DJ. Boxer knuckle (injury of the extensor hood with extensor tendon subluxation): diagnosis with dynamic US—report of three cases. Radiology 2003; 228 (03) 642-646
33 Guntern D, Goncalves-Matoso V, Gray A, Picht C, Schnyder P, Theumann N. Finger A2 pulley lesions in rock climbers: detection and characterization with magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla—initial results. Invest Radiol 2007; 42 (06) 435-441
34 Lourie GM, Hamby Z, Raasch WG, Chandler JB, Porter JL. Annular flexor pulley injuries in professional baseball pitchers: a case series. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39 (02) 421-424