Keywords
clivus - radiosurgery - metastasis
Introduction
The clivus is located at an anatomically critical location next to brainstem and the
majority of the cranial nerves. The most frequent differential diagnosis for a clival
lesion is a chordoma, with a 8/100000 incidence rate.[1] Although clival metastases are rare, prostate and thyroid carcinomas are the most
frequent metastasis sites,[2] followed by hepatocellular, renal, gastric carcinomas, melanomas, and liposarcomas.
Although cancers tend to spread via the lymphoid system, metastasis to the clivus
occurs through hematogenous spread.[2]
Here we report a unique example of bone metastasis without a local recurrence of the
primary disease as determined radiographically. Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKR) was
used as the primary treatment method; the patient also underwent subsequent chemotherapy
as a neoadjuvant treatment for breast cancer recurrence.
This case report proposes GKR may cure clinical manifestations of clivus metastasis
even before obvious shrinkage occurs.
Case Report
A 62-year-old woman presented with unilateral sixth nerve palsy and diplopia ([Fig. 1A]). Her medical history revealed an invasive ductal carcinoma diagnosed 20 years prior.
Modified radical mastectomy was performed, and the pathologic evaluation revealed
the tumor stage was T3N2M0. The patient was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (Endoxan + 5
fluorouracil + tamoxifen citrate) for six cycles. The patient did not show any signs
of recurrence or distant metastasis for 10 years, after which time the patient had
local recurrence. Conventional radiotherapy + anastrazole chemotherapy were used to
treat the relapsed cancer. The recurrent tumor disappeared following treatment.
Fig. 1 (A) Patient had left-sided sixth nerve palsy. Pretreatment photograph. (B) Recovered
sixth nerve palsy. Posttreatment second month.
Current day, the patient visited our hospital with the aforementioned complaint. A
cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed and an irregular heterogeneously
contrast enhancing, osteolytic lesion was detected on the left half of the clivus
([Fig. 2A–C]).
Fig. 2 (A) Preoperative contrast enhanced axial T1 magnetic resonance imaging. (B) Preoperative
contrast enhanced coronal T1 MRI. (C) Preoperative contrast enhanced saggital T1 MRI.
(D, E) Preoperative positron emission tomography images of cranial base. (F) Preoperative
PET images of body, showing no fluorodeoxyglucose enhancement. (G) Gamma knife treatment
planning of clivus lesion.
In consideration of the patient's history, the detection of the intracranial lesion
was considered a metastasis and a positron emission tomography (PET) was performed
to detect the possible origin of the lesion. The results did not detect a relapse
on either breast or elsewhere in the body, but a fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was demonstrated
on the clivus consistent with other imaging studies ([Fig. 2D–F]).
Although there was no radiologic evidence of recurrence in the breast tissue, the
lesion was considered as metastasis due to the patient history and location of the
intracranial lesion. In addition, serum CA 15–3 levels were found above normal levels
(55.44 U/L).
Following this diagnosis, the patient underwent gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery
for clival metastasis that encompassed 15 Gy to 50% isodose area ([Fig. 2G]). The patient was further treated with 50 mg IM prednisolone and discharged the
same day with regular control tests planned for every 2 months.
The first postoperative visit determined that even though the tumor size was not altered,
a neurologic examination indicated a full recovery of the sixth nerve palsy ([Fig. 1B]). Because of high CA 15–3 levels, the patient received six cycles of docetaxel + capecitabine + ibandronic
acid treatment for a radiologically invisible breast cancer relapse following the
clinical recovery of the damage to the sixth cranial nerve.
Discussion
GKR is an effective treatment modality with a good tumor control rate and minimal
morbidity. GKR can be used as either a primary treatment or a secondary addition to
the surgery to combat either metastasizes or primary skull base tumors.[3] Although radiotherapy may cause morbidities such as cranial nerve damage or cerebro
spinal fluid leakage, GKR has not been reported to result in any of these complications.[3] This case report is an example of a clivus-skull base metastasis that was successfully
treated by GKR with a rapid recovery of neurologic damage.
Bone metastases are frequently detected in many types of cancers in the advanced stages
of disease, with the highest occurrence rates in patients with advanced breast and
lung cancer. It has been reported that prostate carcinoma in men and breast cancer
in women are the primary source of skull base metastasis. Other cancers that lead
to clivus metastasis include prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, or hepatocarcinoma.[2]
Breast cancers most frequently metastasize to the bone and result in a poor prognosis
following spreading; only 20% of breast cancer patients survive 5 years postdiagnosis
of metastasis.[4] There are two types of bone metastasis: osteolytic and osteoblastic. Osteolytic
metastases often presents with pain, hypercalcemia, or nerve compression syndromes.
This case study presented with sixth nerve palsy due to the osteolytic effect around
the Dorello's canal.
There are few reported cases that describe metastasis without local tumor recurrence.
A review by Pallini et al (need reference number linked here) found that 6 out of
34 patients in the literature displayed symptoms caused by metastasis whereas the
primary tumor was clinically silent.[2] Similarly, the case study we present here presented with only the sixth nerve palsy,
but it was treated as a local recurrence due to the high CA15–3 levels even in the
absence of tumor relapse at the primary location as determined by PET scan. Therefore,
the patient was treated with chemotherapy for six cycles.
Although Patanaphan et al reported the median time from breast cancer diagnosis to
bone metastasis was 12 months,[5] our case study presented with a metastasis 240 months following the primary diagnosis.
According to the literature, this case study is longest reported time interval for
a breast cancer patient to present with a bone metastasis.
Conclusion
Breast cancer may spread to other tissues even in the absence of evidence for a local
recurrence. Given that clivus is in an anatomically challenging location to resect
the lesion using current surgical techniques, we emphasize the value of GKR on the
treatment of breast cancer metastasis of clivus and may rapidly improve clinical symptoms.
