Hydrocephalus Following Bilateral Dumbbell-Shaped C2 Spinal Neurofibromas Resection and Postoperative Cervical Pseudomeningocele in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: A Case Report

Abstract

Study Design Case report.

Objective To present a rare case of hydrocephalus following bilateral dumbbell-shaped C2 spinal neurofibromas resection and postoperative cervical pseudomeningocele in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).

Methods The patient's clinical course is retrospectively reviewed. A 37-year-old man affected by NF1 referred to our department for progressive weakness of both lower extremities and gait disturbance. Radiological imaging showed bilateral dumbbell-shaped C2 spinal neurofibromas. After its resection, at the 1-month follow-up evaluation, the patient reported headache and nausea. A CT brain scan showed a postoperative cervical pseudomeningocele and an increase in the ventricular sizes, resulting in hydrocephalus.

Results A ventriculoperitoneal shunting was performed using a programmable valve opening pressure set to 120 mmH₂0. After surgery, the patient's neurological status markedly improved.

Conclusion Hydrocephalus must be considered a possible complication of cervical spine tumor resection.

Keywords

spinal cord tumor - cervical spine - dumbbell-shaped neurofibroma - hydrocephalus - postoperative cervical pseudomeningocele - neurofibromatosis type 1

Introduction

Although reports of the coexistence of hydrocephalus and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have already been published, and cervical spine neurofibromas in patients with NF1 are common, a bilateral dumbbell-shaped C2 spinal roots location and the onset of hydrocephalus following its resection are not.

Case Report

We present a 37-year-old man affected by NF1, referred to our department for progressive weakness of both lower extremities and gait disturbance. A physical examination revealed a 4 to 5/5 muscle strength in lower limbs and hypesthesia below the C3 level. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine disclosed a bilateral dumbbell-shaped enhancing lesion located around the C1 and C2 segments, compressing the spinal cord posteriorly ([Fig. 1]). The patient underwent C1–C2 laminectomy through a posterior approach, and both sides of the tumors were resected intralesionally ([Fig. 2]). Pathological examination revealed neurofibromas. After surgery, we found improved motor function. However, at the 1-month follow-up evaluation, the patient complained of headaches and nausea. A CT scan of the brain showed a postoperative cervical pseudomeningocele and an increase in the ventricular sizes, resulting in hydrocephalus ([Fig. 3a, b]). Ventriculoperitoneal shunting was performed using a programmable valve opening pressure set to 120 mmH₂0. After surgery, the patient's neurological status markedly improved. CT cervical and brain scans showed resolution of hydrocephalus ([Fig. 3c, d]).

Fig. 1 Preoperative sagittal (a) and axial (b) T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced MRI scan showing a bilateral C1–C2 dumbbell-shaped enhancing lesion. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Fig. 2 Operative view showing right neurofibroma removal (a, b) and left tumor excision (c, d) resecting C2 nerve roots, after C1–C2 spinolaminectomy through a posterior approach.

Fig. 3 Postoperative CT brain scan showing a postoperative cervical pseudomeningocele with ventricular size enlarged (a, b) and subsequent resolution of hydrocephalus after a ventriculoperitoneal shunting (c, d). CT, computed tomography.

Discussion

NF1, also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is a genetic autosomal dominant disorder caused by the mutation of a gene on chromosome 17 that is responsible for the control of cell division. According to NIH Consensus Development Conference Criteria, clinical manifestations of NF1 are neurofibromas, multiple café-au-lait spots, axillary freckling, Lisch nodules on the iris, and intracerebral hamartomas.[1] It is estimated that in ∼2% of patients with NF1, symptomatic spinal nerve root tumors develop.[2] In patients with NF1, cervical spine neurofibromas are common and even bilateral dumbbell-shaped cervical spine roots locations are not so rare.[3] [4] The coexistence of hydrocephalus and NF1 has already been published, even if the main causes for hydrocephalus at initial presentation associated with NF1 were reported as posterior fossa tumors, aqueduct stenosis due to periaqueductal/tectal hamartomas, and rarely brain stem glioma or tectal glioma.[5] [6] [7] [8] Hydrocephalus at initial presentation due to intraspinal tumors is well-known, even if it is a rare condition, since ∼1% of patients with spinal cord tumors have various degrees of hydrocephalus.[9] The pathogenesis of hydrocephalus reported as a result of spinal tumor pathology is caused by a disruption of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, impaired absorption due to elevated CSF protein content, tumor infiltration into basal cisterns, or compression of the spinal venous plexus.[10] [11] In our case, there was no residual cervical spine tumor, and the hydrocephalus, which was not present at initial presentation, could be a consequence of CSF flow obstruction due to cervical postoperative pseudomeningocele. In our opinion, a tear in the dura and the following accumulation of CSF in the epidural space may be found in a ball valve mechanism allowing egress of CSF and resulting in a tense pseudomeningocele, which causes obstruction of free CSF and hydrocephalus.

In summary, we report an unusual case of hydrocephalus following bilateral dumbbell-shaped C2 spinal neurofibromas resection and postoperative cervical pseudomeningocele in patients with NF1. Surgical treatment of cervical dumbbell-shaped neurofibromas is highly successful due to the benign nature of the tumors. Our case report focuses on a possible complication of cervical spine tumor resections. Whenever a postoperative pseudomeningocele occurs, the possibility of concurrent hydrocephalus may have to be considered; neurological examination can help in obtaining the correct diagnosis and deciding the best surgical strategy. After surgical treatment, a long-term clinical and radiological follow-up is mandatory.

Commentary on: “Hydrocephalus Following Bilateral Dumbbell-Shaped C2 Spinal Neurofibromas Resection and Postoperative Cervical Pseudomeningocele in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: A Case Report”

Disclosures

Nicola Montemurro, none
Ardico Cocciaro, none
Antonio Meola, none
Ludovico Lutzemberger, none
Riccardo Vannozzi, none

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