Einfluss von kohlenhydratreduziertem, eiweißreichem Brot auf die postprandiale Thermogenese

Zusammenfassung

Fragestellung: Diäten zur Gewichtsreduktion beruhen häufig auf Veränderungen der Makronährstoffzusammensetzung. Eine Reduktion der Kohlenhydrate (KH) ist entweder generell oder beschränkt auf die Abendmahlzeit propagiert worden. Für eine KH-reduzierte Ernährung wurde vor Kurzem ein kohlenhydratreduziertes, eiweißreiches Brot entwickelt, das einen niedrigen glykämischen Index und geringe insulinstimulierende Wirkung hat. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte geklärt werden, ob bei der Stimulation der postprandialen Thermogenese, diese „Eiweißbrote“ einen zu einer eiweißreichen Testmahlzeit vergleichbaren Effekt haben.

Methodik: Ruheenergieverbrauch und postprandiale Thermogenese wurden bei 8 männlichen, gesunden Probanden mittels indirekter Kalorimetrie untersucht.

Ergebnis: Die postprandiale Thermogenese stieg nach der eiweißreichen Testmahlzeit signifikant über 4 h an. Nach der kohlenhydrat- und fettreichen Mahlzeit war ebenfalls ein signifikanter Anstieg gegenüber dem Ruheenergieverbrauch vorhanden, dieser betrug aber nur 40 % der Eiweißmahlzeit. Bei den beiden untersuchten „Eiweißbroten“ war lediglich zu einem Messzeitpunkt ein signifikanter Anstieg vorhanden, während die 4-stündige Thermogenese nicht signifikant verändert war.

Schlussfolgerung: Kohlenhydratreduzierte, eiweißreiche Brote haben keinen Effekt auf die postprandiale Thermogenese, der mit einer eiweißreichen Testmahlzeit vergleichbar ist, sodass dieser Mechanismus für einen möglichen, aber noch zu belegenden Effekt auf die Gewichtsreduktion, nicht ursächlich infrage kommt.

Abstract

Introduction: Diets for weight reduction are frequently based on alterations of the macronutrient ratio. A reduction of carbohydrates has been proposed either during all or selectively during the evening meal. For a carbohydrate-reduced food intake a protein-rich, carbohydrate-poor bread has been developed with low glycemic index and lower insulin-stimulating capacity. The present study should clarify whether or not this bread stimulates postprandial thermogenesis similar to a protein test meal.

Methods: Resting energy expenditure and postprandial thermogenesis were examined in 8 healthy, male subjects by indirect calorimetry.

Results: Postprandial thermogenesis increased significantly after ingestion of the protein-rich meal during the entire study period. The stimulating effect of the carbohydrate- and the fat-rich test meals was 60 % less while two different protein-enriched breads had no stimulatory effect over the 4 h period.

Conclusion: Carbohydrate-reduced, protein-enriched bread has no effect on postprandial thermogenesis, that is comparable to a protein-rich test meal which means that this mechanism would not be relevant in case that future studies reveal a positive effect on weight reduction.

Schlüsselwörter

Thermogenese - Energiedichte - Brot - Eiweiß - Kohlenhydrate - Fett

Keywords

thermogenesis - energy density - bread - carbohydrate - fat - protein

• Literatur

• 1 Schutz Y, Jéquier E. Resting energy expenditure, thermic effects of food, and total energy expenditure. In: Bray G, Bouchard C, James WPT, Dekker M, eds. Handbook of Obesity. 1998: 433-455
• 2 Bessard T, Schutz Y, Jéquier E. Energy expenditure and postprandial thermogenesis in obese women before and after weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 38: 680-693
• 3 Weinsier RL, Bracco D, Schutz Y. Predicted effects of small decreases in energy expenditure on weight gain in adult women. Int J Obes 1993; 17: 693-700
• 4 De Jong L, Bray GA. The thermic effect of food and obesity: a critical review. Obes Res 1997; 6: 622-631
• 5 D’Alessio DA, Kavie EC, Mozzoli MA et al. Thermic effect of food in lean and obese men. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 1781-1789
• 6 Flatt JP. The biochemistry of energy expenditure. In: Bray G, ed. Recent advances in obesity research II. London: Newman; 1978: 211-218
• 7 Karst H, Steininger J, Noack R et al. Diet-induced thermogenesis in man: Thermic effects of single proteins, carbohydrates and fats depending on their energy amount. Ann Nutr Metab 1984; 28: 245-252
• 8 Raben A, Agerholm-Larsen L, Flint A et al. Meals with similar energy densities but rich in protein, fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol have different effects on energy expenditure and substrate metablolism but not on appetite and energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 91-100
• 9 Verboeket-van-de Venne WPHG, Westerterp KR. Effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate exchange on human energy metabolism. Appetite 1996; 26: 287-300
• 10 Swaminathan R, King RFGJ, Holmfield J et al. Thermic effect of feeding carbohydrate, fat, protein and mixed meal in lean and obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 42: 177-181
• 11 Bobbione-Harsch E, Habicht F, Lehmann T et al. Energy expenditure and substrates oxidative patterns, after glucose, fat or mixed load in normal weight subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51: 370-374
• 12 LeBlanc J, Diamond P, Nadeau A. Thermogenic and hormonal responses to palatable protein and carbohydrate rich food. Horm Metab Res 1991; 23: 336-340
• 13 Weir JB. New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein. J Physiol 1949; 109: 1-9
• 14 World Health Organisation Consultation on obesity. Global prevalence and secular trends in obesity. Obesity preventing and managing the global epidemic. World Health Organisation Switzerland 1998; 17-40
• 15 Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Thun M et al. Intentional weight loss and mortality among overweight individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 223: 1499-1504
• 16 Sjostrom L, Narbo K, Sjostrom CD et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 741-752
• 17 Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC et al. Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 753-761
• 18 Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL et al. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1545-1552
• 19 Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat diets, on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 285-293
• 20 Skov AR, Tourbo S, Ronn B et al. Randomized trial on protein vs. carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 528-536
• 21 Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR et al. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomized 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 1283-1290
• 22 Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL et al. Comparison on the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293: 43-53
• 23 Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl Med 2008; 359: 229-241
• 24 Sacks FM, Bray GA, Cary VJ et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 859-873
• 25 Torgerson JS, Hauptmann J, Boldrin MN et al. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) Study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of typ 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 155-161
• 26 Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 579-584
• 27 Douketis JD, Macie C, Thabane L et al. Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29: 1153-1167
• 28 Dansinger ML, Tatsioni A, Wong JB et al. Meta-analysis: the effect of dietary counselling for weight loss. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 41-50
• 29 Atkins RC. Dr. Atkins’ diet revolution: the high calorie way to stay thin forever. New York: David McKay; 1972
• 30 Hasler WL. The physiology of gastric motility and gastric emptying. In: Yamada T, Alpers DH, Kalloo AN, et al., eds. Textbook of Gastroenterology. 5th. ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009: 207-230