Preoperative Planning and Postoperative Imaging in Shoulder Arthroplasty

Abstract

The number of shoulder arthroplasties performed in the United States has more than doubled in the last decade. Additionally, there has been a trend toward use of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and minimally invasive surgical techniques, such as resurfacing humeral head arthroplasty. Thus radiologists will more frequently encounter imaging of shoulder arthroplasty and these new designs. Successful postoperative radiologic evaluation of shoulder reconstructions requires an understanding of their fundamental hardware design, physiologic objective, preoperative imaging assessment, normal postoperative radiologic appearance, and findings and types of complication. This article discusses the designs of prostheses used around the shoulder joint, delineates indications and alternatives for each of the different types of hardware, reviews radiographic and cross-sectional preoperative imaging of shoulder arthroplasty, illustrates normal postoperative imaging findings and measurements, and provides examples of hardware complications.

Keywords

shoulder - arthroplasty - resurfacing - imaging - radiology

• References

• 1 Kaback LA, Green A, Blaine TA. Glenohumeral arthritis and total shoulder replacement. Med Health R I 2012; 95 (4) 120-124
• 2 Kim SH, Wise BL, Zhang Y, Szabo RM. Increasing incidence of shoulder arthroplasty in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93 (24) 2249-2254
• 3 Merolla G, Nastrucci G, Porcellini G. Shoulder arthroplasty in osteoarthritis: current concepts in biomechanics and surgical technique. Transl Med UniSa 2013; 6: 16-28
• 4 Raymond AC, McCann PA, Sarangi PP. Magnetic resonance scanning vs axillary radiography in the assessment of glenoid version for osteoarthritis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2013; 22 (8) 1078-1083
• 5 Sabesan V, Callanan M, Ho J, Iannotti JP. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty with bone graft for osteoarthritis with severe glenoid bone loss. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95 (14) 1290-1296
• 6 Keller J, Bak S, Bigliani LU, Levine WN. Glenoid replacement in total shoulder arthroplasty. Orthopedics 2006; 29 (3) 221-226
• 7 Neyton L, Walch G, Nové-Josserand L, Edwards TB. Glenoid corticocancellous bone grafting after glenoid component removal in the treatment of glenoid loosening. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006; 15 (2) 173-179
• 8 Walch G, Badet R, Boulahia A, Khoury A. Morphologic study of the glenoid in primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis. J Arthroplasty 1999; 14 (6) 756-760
• 9 Nyffeler RW, Jost B, Pfirrmann CW, Gerber C. Measurement of glenoid version: conventional radiographs versus computed tomography scans. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2003; 12 (5) 493-496
• 10 Friedman RJ, Hawthorne KB, Genez BM. The use of computerized tomography in the measurement of glenoid version. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992; 74 (7) 1032-1037
• 11 Hoenecke Jr HR, Hermida JC, Flores-Hernandez C, D'Lima DD. Accuracy of CT-based measurements of glenoid version for total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2010; 19 (2) 166-171
• 12 Budge MD, Lewis GS, Schaefer E, Coquia S, Flemming DJ, Armstrong AD. Comparison of standard two-dimensional and three-dimensional corrected glenoid version measurements. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2011; 20 (4) 577-583
• 13 Saupe N, Pfirrmann CWA, Schmid MR, Jost B, Werner CM, Zanetti M. Association between rotator cuff abnormalities and reduced acromiohumeral distance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187 (2) 376-382
• 14 Norwood LA, Barrack R, Jacobson KE. Clinical presentation of complete tears of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989; 71 (4) 499-505
• 15 Fealy S, Sperling JW, Warren RF, Craig EV. Shoulder Arthroplasty. Complex Issues in the Primary and Revision Setting. New York, NY: Thieme; 2008
• 16 Lugli T. Artificial shoulder joint by Péan (1893): the facts of an exceptional intervention and the prosthetic method. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1978; (133) 215-218
• 17 Neer II CS, Watson KC, Stanton FJ. Recent experience in total shoulder replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982; 64 (3) 319-337
• 18 Sanchez-Sotelo J. Total shoulder arthroplasty. Open Orthop J 2011; 5: 106-114
• 19 Hacker SA, Boorman RS, Lippitt SB, Matsen 3rd FA. Impaction grafting improves the fit of uncemented humeral arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2003; 12 (5) 431-435
• 20 Wiater JM, Fabing MH. Shoulder arthroplasty: prosthetic options and indications. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2009; 17 (7) 415-425
• 21 Boileau P, Sinnerton RJ, Chuinard C, Walch G. Arthroplasty of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2006; 88 (5) 562-575
• 22 Lazarus MD, Jensen KL, Southworth C, Matsen III FA. The radiographic evaluation of keeled and pegged glenoid component insertion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002; 84-A (7) 1174-1182
• 23 Radnay CS, Setter KJ, Chambers L, Levine WN, Bigliani LU, Ahmad CS. Total shoulder replacement compared with humeral head replacement for the treatment of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis: a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2007; 16 (4) 396-402
• 24 Sperling JW, Cofield RH, Rowland CM. Minimum fifteen-year follow-up of Neer hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty in patients aged fifty years or younger. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2004; 13 (6) 604-613
• 25 Thai DM, Kitagawa Y, Choong PF. Outcome of surgical management of bony metastases to the humerus and shoulder girdle: a retrospective analysis of 93 patients. Int Semin Surg Oncol 2006; 3: 5
• 26 Merolla G, Di Pietto F, Romano S, Paladini P, Campi F, Porcellini G. Radiographic analysis of shoulder anatomical arthroplasty. Eur J Radiol 2008; 68 (1) 159-169
• 27 Sanchez-Sotelo J, Wright TW, O'Driscoll SW, Cofield RH, Rowland CM. Radiographic assessment of uncemented humeral components in total shoulder arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2001; 16 (2) 180-187
• 28 Gruen TA, McNeice GM, Amstutz HC. “Modes of failure” of cemented stem-type femoral components: a radiographic analysis of loosening. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979; (141) 17-27
• 29 Saltzman MD, Marecek GS, Edwards SL, Kalainov DM. Infection after shoulder surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2011; 19 (4) 208-218
• 30 Nagels J, Stokdijk M, Rozing PM. Stress shielding and bone resorption in shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2003; 12 (1) 35-39
• 31 Athwal GS, Sperling JW, Rispoli DM, Cofield RH. Periprosthetic humeral fractures during shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91 (3) 594-603
• 32 Wright TW, Cofield RH. Humeral fractures after shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77 (9) 1340-1346
• 33 Ives EP, Nazarian LN, Parker L, Garrigues GE, Williams GR. Subscapularis tendon tears: a common sonographic finding in symptomatic postarthroplasty shoulders. J Clin Ultrasound 2013; 41 (3) 129-133
• 34 Brown TD, Bigliani LU. Complications with humeral head replacement. Orthop Clin North Am 2000; 31 (1) 77-90
• 35 Talbot M, Blanchette D, Turcotte R, Isler M. Functional outcome and instability following oncologic proximal humeral replacement prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008; 90-B (Suppl I ): 55
• 36 Bohsali KI, Wirth MA, Rockwood Jr CA. Complications of total shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88 (10) 2279-2292
• 37 Gregory T, Hansen U, Khanna M , et al. A CT scan protocol for the detection of radiographic loosening of the glenoid component after total shoulder arthroplasty. Acta Orthop 2014; 85 (1) 91-96
• 38 Franklin JL, Barrett WP, Jackins SE, Matsen III FA. Glenoid loosening in total shoulder arthroplasty. Association with rotator cuff deficiency. J Arthroplasty 1988; 3 (1) 39-46
• 39 Arnold RM, High RR, Grosshans KT, Walker CW, Fehringer EV. Bone presence between the central peg's radial fins of a partially cemented pegged all poly glenoid component suggest few radiolucencies. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2011; 20 (2) 315-321
• 40 Churchill RS, Zellmer C, Zimmers HJ, Ruggero R. Clinical and radiographic analysis of a partially cemented glenoid implant: five-year minimum follow-up. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2010; 19 (7) 1091-1097
• 41 Baulot E, Garron E, Grammont PM. Grammont prosthesis in humeral head osteonecrosis. Indications—results [in French]. Acta Orthop Belg 1999; 65 (Suppl. 01) 109-115
• 42 Scarlat MM. Complications with reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and recent evolutions. Int Orthop 2013; 37 (5) 843-851
• 43 Jarrett CD, Brown BT, Schmidt CC. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Orthop Clin North Am 2013; 44 (3) 389-408 , x
• 44 Grammont P, Trouilloud P, Laffay JP, Deries X. Concept study and realization of a new total shoulder prosthesis. Rhumatologie 1987; 39: 407-418
• 45 Cazeneuve JF, Cristofari DJ. Delta III reverse shoulder arthroplasty: radiological outcome for acute complex fractures of the proximal humerus in elderly patients. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2009; 95 (5) 325-329
• 46 Roberts CC, Ekelund AL, Renfree KJ, Liu PT, Chew FS. Radiologic assessment of reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Radiographics 2007; 27 (1) 223-235
• 47 Harman M, Frankle M, Vasey M, Banks S. Initial glenoid component fixation in “reverse” total shoulder arthroplasty: a biomechanical evaluation. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2005; 14 )1, Suppl S ): 162S-167S
• 48 Virani NA, Cabezas A, Gutiérrez S, Santoni BG, Otto R, Frankle M. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty components and surgical techniques that restore glenohumeral motion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2013; 22 (2) 179-187
• 49 Sirveaux F, Favard L, Oudet D, Huquet D, Walch G, Molé D. Grammont inverted total shoulder arthroplasty in the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis with massive rupture of the cuff. Results of a multicentre study of 80 shoulders. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2004; 86 (3) 388-395
• 50 Boileau P, Watkinson D, Hatzidakis AM, Hovorka I. Neer Award 2005: The Grammont reverse shoulder prosthesis: results in cuff tear arthritis, fracture sequelae, and revision arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006; 15 (5) 527-540
• 51 Boileau P, Watkinson DJ, Hatzidakis AM, Balg F. Grammont reverse prosthesis: design, rationale, and biomechanics. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2005; 14 (1, Suppl S ): 147S-161S
• 52 Wahlquist TC, Hunt AF, Braman JP. Acromial base fractures after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: report of five cases. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2011; 20 (7) 1178-1183
• 53 Crosby LA, Hamilton A, Twiss T. Scapula fractures after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: classification and treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469 (9) 2544-2549
• 54 Walch G, Mottier F, Wall B, Boileau P, Molé D, Favard L. Acromial insufficiency in reverse shoulder arthroplasties. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2009; 18 (3) 495-502
• 55 Farshad M, Gerber C. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty—from the most to the least common complication. Int Orthop 2010; 34 (8) 1075-1082
• 56 Favard L, Levigne C, Nerot C, Gerber C, De Wilde L, Mole D. Reverse prostheses in arthropathies with cuff tear: are survivorship and function maintained over time?. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469 (9) 2469-2475
• 57 Nowinski RJ, Gillespie RJ, Shishani Y, Cohen B, Walch G, Gobezie R. Antibiotic-loaded bone cement reduces deep infection rates for primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a retrospective, cohort study of 501 shoulders. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2012; 21 (3) 324-328
• 58 Lädermann A, Lübbeke A, Mélis B , et al. Prevalence of neurologic lesions after total shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93 (14) 1288-1293
• 59 Alizadehkhaiyat O, Kyriakos A, Singer MS, Frostick SP. Outcome of Copeland shoulder resurfacing arthroplasty with a 4-year mean follow-up. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2013; 22 (10) 1352-1358
• 60 Copeland SA. Cementless total shoulder replacement. In: Post M, Morrey BF, Hawkins RJ, , eds. Surgery of the Shoulder. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book; 1990: 289-293
• 61 Burgess DL, McGrath MS, Bonutti PM, Marker DR, Delanois RE, Mont MA. Shoulder resurfacing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91 (5) 1228-1238
• 62 Widnall JC, Dheerendra SK, Macfarlane RJ, Waseem M. The use of shoulder hemiarthroplasty and humeral head resurfacing: a review of current concepts. Open Orthop J 2013; 7 (Suppl. 03) 334-337
• 63 Thomas SR, Wilson AJ, Chambler A, Harding I, Thomas M. Outcome of Copeland surface replacement shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2005; 14 (5) 485-491
• 64 Buchner M, Eschbach N, Loew M. Comparison of the short-term functional results after surface replacement and total shoulder arthroplasty for osteoarthritis of the shoulder: a matched-pair analysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2008; 128 (4) 347-354
• 65 Levy O, Copeland SA. Cementless surface replacement arthroplasty (Copeland CSRA) for osteoarthritis of the shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2004; 13 (3) 266-271
• 66 Uribe JW, Botto-van Bemden A. Partial humeral head resurfacing for osteonecrosis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2009; 18 (5) 711-716
• 67 Scalise JJ, Miniaci A, Iannotti JP. Resurfacing arthroplasty of the humerus: indications, surgical techniques and clinical results. Curr Ortho Pract 2008; 19 (4) 443-450
• 68 Delaney RA, Freehill MT, Higgins LD, Warner JJP. Durability of partial humeral head resurfacing. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23 (1) e14-e22