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Semin Reprod Med 2014; 32(05): 337-345
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1376353
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Implantation: Mutual Activity of Sex Steroid Hormones and the Immune System Guarantee the Maternal–Embryo Interaction

Yulia Gnainsky
1   Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
,
Nava Dekel
1   Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
,
Irit Granot
2   IVF Unit, Herzliya Medical Center, Herzliya, Israel
› Author Affiliations
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Publication History

Publication Date:
24 June 2014 (online)

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Abstract

Implantation is strictly dependent on the mutual interaction between a receptive endometrium and the blastocyst. Hence, synchronization between blastocyst development and the acquisition of endometrial receptivity is a prerequisite for the success of this process. This review depicts the cellular and molecular events that coordinate these complex activities. Specifically, the involvement of the sex steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone, as well as components of the immune system, such as cytokines and specific blood cells, is elaborated.

Keywords

endometrium - immune cells - estrogen - progesterone - cytokines
 

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