Keywords
cough - parasites - larynx
Introduction
The cough is symptom of a great variety of pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases.
It produces several alterations in the individual lifestyle; it is one of the most
important causes of search for medical attention, and it may result in high costs
on diagnostic exams and medications.[1]
The dry cough is difficult to diagnose and chronic cough (when it lasts longer than
8 weeks) is even a diagnostic challenge.[1]
[2] Brazilian and international guidelines lead the investigation to the most common
causes: asthma, reflux disease, and rhinopathies.[1]
[3] Among several uncommon causes of chronic cough can be parasitism, through the pulmonary
cycle or chronic parasitism of upper airways, a rare condition.[2]
We introduce the case of a patient who presented chronic cough due to parasitism of
upper airways.
Case Report
A 41-year-old Caucasian Brazilian woman presented to our hospital with a chronic cough
and a foreign body sensation in her throat for 5 months. She had no other symptoms.
In this period she had visited many physicians and used several types of medication
without improvement of her condition. There was no history of contact with birds,
cattle, or even pets.
The physical examination showed no abnormalities. In the video laryngoscopy we observed
a reddish vermiform organism with active movements, ∼15 mm in length. It had one end
attached to the base of the epiglottis ([Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 Video laryngoscopy showing a vermiform organism on the larynx.
The organism was removed by direct laryngoscopy. It was a Y-shaped worm. The material
was sent to biological analysis. It was identified as a couple of Mammomonogamus (Syngamus) laryngeus, a nematode from Syngamidae family.
At the 30-day follow-up appointment, the patient had no symptoms. A new laryngoscopy
exam was performed and was normal ([Fig. 2]).
Fig. 2 Video laryngoscopy after treatment.
Discussion
Nematodes of the family Syngamidae parasitize the upper respiratory tract of cattle,
buffaloes, goats, and wild and domestic birds. Humans can be accidentally infected.[4]
[5]
The species Syngamus laryngeus (Mammomonogamus laryngeus) was first demonstrated in 1899 by Railliet. The first case of human disease caused
by this organism was reported in 1913 by Leiper in the West Indies. In Brazil, Travassos
described the first case of human disease in Salvador (state of Bahia) in 1921.[4]
[6] There are ∼100 cases of human infection, and almost all of them were originated
in the Caribbean Islands and Brazil.[5]
[6]
S. laryngeus is a reddish nematode found in couple, in permanent copula, which is why the pair
appears as a Y. The female measures 8 to 23 mm and the male measures 3 to 6 mm.[6]
[7] The life cycle of the parasite includes the elimination of eggs in the soil by coughing
or by the stool (when they are swallowed). These eggs hatch and release larvae, which
infect animals through contaminated water and food.[7]
[8] Humans are parasitized at this same way, and the worms develop themselves in larynx
or trachea, causing laryngotracheal irritation that results in cough with or without
hemoptysis and bronchospasm. It is not clear if these parasites migrate from pharynx
to the larynx or if they lodge in the airways after going through the gastrointestinal
tract/bloodstream/lung/larynx cycle.[5]
[8]
The blood cell count does not reveal relevant eosinophilia.[4]
[7] The diagnosis is usually made when the worms are expelled during an episode of cough
or when visualized in an endoscopic exam.[5]
[7]
The treatment consists in the removal of the worm and it is the only effective approach.
Some studies report the use of mebendazole and thiabendazole, with favorable outcome.[4]
[7]
Conclusion
Otolaryngologic causes must be considered in initial management of patients with chronic
dry cough after you can eliminate the most common diagnoses. The endoscopic exam of
the larynx is easy to perform and is essential in differential diagnosis of a great
variety of diseases that curses with chronic cough including parasitism of upper airways.
This is a rare entity but must be considered in Brazil where many cases where described.
