ABSTRACT
Study design: Retrospective case review.
Introduction: Ischemic insults from blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) can lead to significant
cranial and spinal injury. Specific spine fracture patterns have been identified as
more predictive of BCVI, such as vertebral subluxation, fractures through the foramen
transversarium, and C1 through C3 fractures. Adequate screening and early treatment
has led to a decrease in devastating neurological deficits from associated strokes
[1]. However, BCVI in association with injuries of the craniocervical junction have
been anecdotally reported but their true incidence is still unknown. We hypothesized
that craniocervical dissociation (CCD), due to its distractive nature, is also associated
with a high incidence of BCVI.
Objective: To evaluate the incidence of BCVI in a large series of patients with CCD admitted
to a single-level 1 trauma institution.
Methods: A retrospective review of all consecutive patients diagnosed with unstable craniocervical
distraction injuries (defined as abnormal widening of the C0-C1 and/or C1-2 joints)
that were surgically treated from 2003–2009 was performed. All patients with CCD injuries
who had a screening catheter angiogram or computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of
the neck to exclude BCVI entered the study.
Results: Among 39 consecutive patients identified with CCD (26 men [67%] and 13 women [33%]
with a mean age of 28.8 years), 28 were screened for BCVI through catheter angiography
or CTA. Additional injuries are displayed in [Table 1]. A total of 14 patients (50%) who were screened had 25 BCVI, with 12 carotid artery
and 13 vertebral artery injuries. These injuries were further subclassified according
to the Biffl classification system [2] ([Table 2]): Biffl 1 (10 patients); Biffl 2 (6 patients); Biffl 3 (5 patients); Biffl 4 (3
patients), and Biffl 5 (1 patient). Among the 18 patients with a purely ligamentous
injury of the craniocervical junction, 8 (44%) had a BCVI (10 carotid artery and 7
vertebral artery injuries). Among the 10 patients with additional spine fractures
that are known risk factors for BCVI, 6 (60%) had a vessel injury (6 vertebral artery
and 2 carotid artery injuries). Three patients among the 14 with BCVI had a stroke,
as opposed to none among the other 14 without BCVI. There was no significant correlation
between the presence of BCVI injuries and the presence of abnormal craniocervical
distraction as measured by the Harris lines criteria [3].
Conclusions: In patients with craniocervical distraction injuries, the incidence of BCVI is high.
Those patients with purely ligamentous injuries had a higher incidence of carotid
artery injuries whereas those with associated spine fracture patterns that are known
predictive risk factors for BCVI had a higher incidence of vertebral artery injuries.
We suggest inclusion of craniocervical distraction injuries as another spine fracture
pattern indicative for routine screening of BCVI.
Table 1
Associated injuries in patients screened for BCVI.*
|
Associated injury
|
BCVI present (14), No. (%)
|
BCVI absent (14), No. (%)
|
|
Traumatic brain injury
|
9 (64)
|
7 (50)
|
|
Craniofacial injury
|
8 (57)
|
1 (7)
|
|
Additional C-spine fractures
|
6 (43)
|
4 (29)
|
|
Skull base fractures
|
4 (29)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Abdominal injury
|
3 (21)
|
2 (14)
|
* BCVI indicates blunt cerebrovascular injuries.
Table 2
Biffl grading system for blunt traumatic cerebrovascular injuries.
|
Grade
|
Finding
|
|
1
|
Luminal irregularity or dissection with < 25% stenosis
|
|
2
|
Dissections with > 25% luminal narrowing or a raised intimal flap
|
|
3
|
Pseudoaneurysm
|
|
4
|
Complete occlusion
|
|
5
|
Transection of carotid artery, with free extravasation of contrast or significant
AV fistula
|
