Keywords metastatic carcinoma - paranasal sinuses - paranasal sinus metastases - sinusitis
Introduction
Paranasal sinus metastases are uncommon. Since 1951 there have been 167 cases reported
in the literature. The broad spectrum of signs and symptoms and rhinoscopic and imaging
findings mimic many more common conditions, and the true etiology may be overlooked
or missed for a considerable period. We describe a patient with known adenocarcinoma
of the lung who was treated for recurrent sinusitis for 2 months before metastases
to the paranasal sinus were identified. The results of an extensive review of the
literature are presented.
Case Report
A 71-year-old man with adenocarcinoma of the lung was admitted with headaches, lethargy,
fever, and facial swelling. His cancer diagnosed 1 year earlier was managed with chemotherapy
(cis-platinum and paclitaxel), because advanced chronic obstructive lung disease precluded
adequate resection. The medical history also included coronary artery disease with
prior stent placement. He continued to smoke heavily and had abused alcohol in the
past. Two months earlier he had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and
treated successfully for septic shock attributed to chronic sinusitis. Computed tomography
(CT) at that time showed extensive sinusitis involving the sphenoid, ethmoid, and
maxillary sinuses. Prominent soft tissue was seen in the posterior nasopharynx. A
bone scan showed focal areas of increased activity compatible with metastatic disease
in both maxillary sinuses, the right orbit, posterior midline skull, base of the skull,
ribs, sternum, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, pelvis, left ischium, and right proximal
tibia. Further chemotherapy was planned.
On the current admission, the nasal mucosa was markedly edematous and necrotic debris
was visible on the left side. There was periorbital edema and ptosis on the left.
He again developed septic shock and the only identifiable source was again sinusitis.
Rhinoscopy showed necrotic debris in the nose. Nasal cultures grew methicillin-sensitive
Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus. Blood cultures were negative. He was managed in the ICU and improved with broad-spectrum
antibiotic coverage. CT now showed complete opacification of the nasal cavities and
all paranasal sinuses bilaterally. There was a soft tissue mass bulging into the left
orbital cavity ([Fig. 1 ]).
Figure 1 Opacification of ethmoid sinuses and soft tissue bulging into the left orbital cavity.
An orbital abscess was suspected, and there was concern about a possible fungal etiology
with superimposed bacterial infection. As the nose was filled with soft tissue and
necrotic debris, he underwent external ethmoidectomy. When the ethmoid was opened
a tumor mass was found. Biopsy showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma histologically
similar to the prior lung biopsies. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed metastatic
adenocarcinoma of the lung. The patient expired several weeks later due to intracerebral
hemorrhage.
Discussion
Solid tumor metastases involving the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses are uncommon.
A review of the literature from July 1951 to June 2011 yielded a total of 167 cases.
Metastatic disease to the head and neck from distant sites is usually localized within
the regional lymphatic chains.[1 ] In a majority of cases metastatic disease involves only one of the paranasal sinuses,
and the maxillary sinuses are the most frequent sites.[2 ]
[3 ]
[4 ] In our patient, although metastatic tumor was documented only in the left ethmoid
sinus, metastases to multiple sinuses were likely. The bone scan showed increased
uptake in both maxillary sinuses and the degree of resolution obtained with this technique
is often not sufficient to clearly separate uptake in adjacent structures. Moreover,
the bone scan would not identify soft tissue metastases within the sinuses. Neither
positron emission tomography (PET) scan nor postmortem examination was available to
fully identify the extent of paranasal sinus involvement in our patient.
Renal carcinomas, the most common primary tumors that spread to the paranasal sinuses,
probably do so via the vertebral vein plexus,[5 ] which communicates with the great venous plexus of the head and the plexus of the
paranasal sinuses.[6 ] Hematogenous spread from occult lung metastases, and transcribrosal spread when
there is meningeal involvement, are other possible routes.[7 ]
Of the 71 cases of renal cancer reported in the literature, clear cell carcinoma (hypernephroma),
is by far the most frequent. Only 2 were adenocarcinomas. Breast cancer is the next
most common primary accounting for 22 cases. Lung cancer was the third most frequent
and prostate cancer the fourth, responsible for 17 and 16 cases, respectively.[3 ]
[8 ]
[9 ]
[10 ] Thyroid carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon, rectal, endometrial, bladder,
fallopian tube, laryngeal, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, and cervical carcinomas
are each responsible for a few cases, as are melanomas, plasmacytomas, and Ewing sarcomas.
Histologically, adenocarcinoma is the most commonly encountered cell type.[2 ]
Metastases to the paranasal sinuses present with a wide range of symptoms and physical
findings. Headaches, visual disturbances, facial masses, facial pain, nasal swelling,
nasal obstruction, and epistaxis are the most common presenting complaints.[2 ]
[8 ]
[11 ] Orbital symptoms may include proptosis, diplopia, lid edema, decreased vision, ptosis,
blepharoptosis, and epiphora. Visual impairment is most often seen when metastases
involve the sphenoid sinus because of its proximity to cranial nerves II, III, IV,
and VI.[2 ] Metastases to the frontal sinuses often present as a forehead mass. A patient with
metastases to the frontal sinuses from bronchogenic carcinoma masquerading as a Pott
puffy tumor has been reported.[12 ] Maxillary sinus metastases present with epistaxis, facial pain, and proptosis.[2 ]
The differential diagnosis of paranasal sinus metastases includes Wegener's granulomatosis,
midline granuloma, and primary neoplasms of the sinonasal tract. CT, magnetic resonance
imaging, and angiography may show soft tissue masses involving the sinus cavities.
Rhinoscopy may show a mass or bulging of soft tissues. Definitive diagnosis requires
biopsy confirmation[11 ] that may be obtained via endoscopic or open surgical procedures. Autopsy remains
a not infrequent means of diagnosis since the true nature of nasal, sinus, or facial
complaints may be missed antemortem.
Treatment of paranasal sinus metastatic disease in the majority of affected patients
will be palliative only.[1 ]
[8 ]
[11 ]
[13 ] Chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy are the usual options, although in selected
cases surgical excision may be of benefit.[2 ]
[8 ]
[14 ] Mean survival time is 5.7 months. However, paranasal sinus metastases due to renal
carcinomas, the most frequent underlying primary, may be associated with 5-year survival
rates as high as 15 to 30%.[8 ]
[11 ]
Conclusion
Metastases to the paranasal sinuses from distant primary carcinomas are unusual and
often misdiagnosed. It behooves otolaryngologists to be familiar with this entity
and consider this possibility in patients with nasal, sinus, or facial complaints
who have a history of cancer, especially renal cancer.
