Efficient Synthesis of Imidazole-Fused Benzodiazepines Using Palladium-Catalyzed­ Intramolecular C–N Bond Formation Reaction

Sudipta Mitra; Heena Darira; Partha Chattopadhyay

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1316828

Synthesis, Table of Contents

Synthesis 2013; 45(1): 85-92
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1316828

paper

Efficient Synthesis of Imidazole-Fused Benzodiazepines Using Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular C–N Bond Formation Reaction

Authors

Sudipta Mitra

Department of Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India Fax: +91(33)24735197 Email: partha@iicb.res.in
Heena Darira

Department of Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India Fax: +91(33)24735197 Email: partha@iicb.res.in
Partha Chattopadhyay*

Department of Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India Fax: +91(33)24735197 Email: partha@iicb.res.in

Abstract

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Key words

palladium - catalysis - amination - cyclization - benzodiazepine

There is a growing interest over the past few years in the synthesis of nitrogen containing heterocycle-fused benzazepines and benzodiazepines due to their crucial role as main structural motif in many pharmacologically active molecules. The clinical importance and commercial success associated with the benzodiazepine class of central nervous system (CNS)-active agents and the utility of 1,4-diazepines as peptidomimetic scaffolds have led the medicinal chemists to recognize them as privileged structures. Particularly, imidazobenzodiazepines[ ¹ ] and related ligands interact selectively for a neuro-inhibitory, postsynaptic GABA_A receptor[1f] [g] with high affinity. Accordingly, they may act as agonists, partial agonists,[ ^1b ] and antagonists. The therapeutic applications of benzodiazepines include anxiolytics,[ ² ] antiarrhythmics,[ ³ ] vasopressin antagonists,[ ⁴ ] and cholecystokinin antagonists.[ ⁵ ] Some of the benzodiazepines such as arfendazam, lofendazam,[ ⁶ ] triflubazam,[ ⁷ ] and clobazam exhibit a wide range of biological activities while others like telenzepine act as antisecretory agents.[ ⁸ ] Recently, several compounds have been formally licensed for clinical use (e.g., Nevirapine) and others are at the preclinical and/or clinical development stage (e.g., Tivirapine and UK-129 485[ ⁹ ]). Tetrahydroimidazo[4,5,1-jk][l,4]benzodiazepin-2(1H)-thione, assigned the acronym TIBO,[1d] [e] is the first member of a series of potent selective and noncompetitive inhibitors of HIV-l reverse transcriptase.

Despite the immense importance of imidazobenzodiazepines, only a few groups[ ¹ ] have reported their synthesis. These methods either require lengthy sequence of reactions or harsh reaction conditions. For quite some time, we have been engaged in the synthesis of several benzannulated and dibenzannulated medium ring heterocycles employing palladium-catalyzed intramolecular C–N bond forming cyclization reaction.[10] [11] [12] The copper- or palladium-catalyzed intramolecular Buchwald–Hartwig aryl amination reaction[ ¹³ ] appeared particularly suitable for this purpose. In continuation of these efforts, we became interested in applying this method in the synthesis of imidazole-fused benzodiazepines. To the best of our knowledge no other group has reported the synthesis of this important synthetic target using this method.

The requisite starting materials 3a–c were prepared in good to excellent yields by reaction between imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (1) and either 2-bromobenzyl bromide (2a) or substituted 2-bromobenzyl bromides 2b,c in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate in anhydrous DMF at room temperature (Table 1).

Table 1 Synthesis of N-Benzylated Imidazo-2-carbaldehydes^a

Entry	R¹	R²	Benzyl bromide	Product	Time (h)	Yield (%)^b
1	H	H	2a	3a	16	95
2	OCH₂O		2b	3b	17	92
3	OMe	H	2c	3c	16	94

^a Reaction conditions: imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (1 equiv), 2-bromobenzyl bromide (1.2 equiv), K₂CO₃ (2 equiv), anhyd DMF (5 mL/mmol), r.t., 16–17 h.

^b Isolated yield.

Imine formation with aliphatic and aromatic amines and subsequent NaBH₄ reduction in ethanol afforded the desired amine precursors 4a–l in good yields (Table 2).

Table 2 Synthesis of Imidazo N-Alkylated Amines 4a–l ^a

Entry	R¹	R²	R³	Product	Yield (%)^b
1	H	H	Ph	4a	72
2	H	H	i-Pr	4b	70
3	H	H		4c	73
4	OMe	H	i-Pr	4d	77
5	OMe	H	Ph	4e	75
6	OMe	H	Bn	4f	74
7	OMe	H		4g	71
8	OCH₂O		i-Pr	4h	69
9	OCH₂O		Bn	4i	68
10	OCH₂O		Ph	4j	71
11	OCH₂O		4-MeOC₆H₄	4k	75
12	OCH₂O			4l	73

^a Reaction conditions: 1) N-benzylated imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (1 equiv), amines (1.5 equiv), EtOH (10 mL/mmol), r.t., 12 h. 2) NaBH₄ (2.5 equiv), EtOH (20 mL/mmol), 0 °C, 2–3 h.

^b Isolated yield.

The amine precursor 4a was then used as model substrate for the optimization of intramolecular cycloamination reaction. Initially with the conditions used by Buchwald[ ^13a ] (Table 3, entry 1) no desired product was obtained and the starting material 4a was recovered. Changing the catalyst to Pd₂(dba)₃ or Pd(OAc)₂ also failed to afford the desired product in the absence of a ligand (entries 2, 3). The reaction did take place in the presence of a ligand, with Pd₂(dba)₃ proving superior to Pd(OAc)₂ at equivalent (10 mol% Pd) catalyst loading (entries 4–7), but the yield was still low (58%). Then, the Pd loading was varied from 6 to 40 mol% using Pd₂(dba)₃ as Pd source, which improved the yield to 73% at 20% Pd loading (entry 9). Changing the base to Cs₂CO₃, using other monodentate (tri-o-tolylphosphine) or bidentate (DPPF) ligands and employing different solvents (DME or 1,4-dioxane) proved less satisfactory (entries 12–16).

Table 3 Optimization of the Cycloamination Reaction of 4a
Entry	Reaction conditions	Pd (mol%)^a	Yield (%)^b
1	Pd(PPh₃)₄, K₂CO₃, toluene, reflux, 16 h	10	–^c
2	Pd₂(dba)₃, K₂CO₃, DMF, 120 °C, 17 h	10	–^c
3	Pd(OAc)₂, K₂CO₃, DMF, 120 °C, 16 h	10	–^c
4	Pd(OAc)₂, (o-tol)₃P, t-BuOK, toluene, reflux, 18 h	10	20
5	Pd(OAc)₂, DPPF, K₂CO₃, toluene, reflux, 17 h	10	22
6	Pd(OAc)₂, DPPF, t-BuOK, toluene, reflux, 18 h	10	30
7	Pd₂(dba)₃, (±)-BINAP, t-BuOK, toluene, reflux, 16 h	10	58
8	Pd₂(dba)₃, (±)-BINAP, t-BuOK, toluene, reflux, 17 h	6	43
9	Pd₂(dba)₃, (±)-BINAP, t-BuOK, toluene, reflux, 16 h	20	73^d
10	Pd₂(dba)₃, (±)-BINAP, t-BuOK, toluene, reflux, 17 h	30	70
11	Pd₂(dba)₃, (±)-BINAP, t-BuOK, toluene, reflux, 17 h	40	67
12	Pd₂(dba)₃, (±)-BINAP, t-BuOK, DME, reflux, 17 h	20	35
13	Pd₂(dba)₃, (±)-BINAP, t-BuOK, 1,4-dioxane, reflux, 17 h	20	43
14	Pd₂(dba)₃, (±)-BINAP, Cs₂CO₃, toluene, reflux, 17 h	20	35
15	Pd₂(dba)₃, (o-tol)₃P, t-BuOK, toluene, reflux, 18 h	20	30
16	Pd₂(dba)₃, DPPF, t-BuOK, toluene, reflux, 18 h	20	56

^a Pd (10 mol%) refers to Pd₂(dba)₃(5 mol%), Pd(OAc)₂ (10 mol%), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (10 mol%).

^b Isolated yield.

^c No desired product was isolated.

^d Optimized reaction conditions: 4a (1 equiv), Pd₂(dba)₃(10 mol%; 20 mol% in Pd), (±)-BINAP (10 mol%), t-BuOK (2 equiv), toluene (10 mL/mmol), reflux.

Use of copper catalyst (CuI, 5 mol%) and t-BuOK (2 equiv) with different ligands [1,10-phenanthroline or (±)-trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine or N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine, 10 mol%] and solvents like DMF (at 120 °C) or toluene (reflux) also did not lead to the desired cyclic product.

The optimized protocol for the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular aryl amination of 4a thus employs Pd₂(dba)₃(10 mol%) as catalyst, (±)-BINAP (10 mol%) as ligand, t-BuOK (2 equiv) as base, and toluene as solvent at reflux to furnish 5a. Employing these conditions, other substrates 4b–l were treated to afford 5b–l in 63–76% yield (Table 4). A probable mechanism[13b] [c] [14] of intramolecular aryl amination for the synthesis of benzodiazepines is outlined in Scheme [1].

Scheme 1 Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of imidazobenzodiazepine

Table 4 Synthesis of Imidazobenzodiazepines 5b–l ^a

Entry	Substrate	Product	Time (h)	Yield (%)^a
1	4b	5b	18	68
2	4c	5c	17	65
3	4d	5d	16	71
4	4e	5e	18	68
5	4f	5f	15	76
6	4g	5g	14	72
7	4h	5h	16	70
8	4i	5i	18	75
9	4j	5j	15	74
10	4k	5k	17	67
11	4l	5l	16	63

^a Isolated yield.

The assigned structures of 5b–l were determined on the basis of their IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, mass spectra, and elemental analysis. The ¹H NMR spectrum of 5a consisted of two singlets at δ = 4.95 and 4.86 for the benzylic methylene protons and methylene protons attached to nitrogen of the aniline moiety, along with signals for eleven aromatic protons (δ = 6.77–7.42). The ¹³C NMR spectrum showed signals assignable to 17 carbons in agreement with the structure. The mass spectrum displayed a peak at m/z 262 for the [M + H]⁺ ion. The features of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of compounds 5b–l were broadly similar to those of 5a, except for the signals for the aromatic moieties and the alkyl/aryl groups, which exhibited the expected changes in signal patterns.

The present strategy thus establishes transition-metal-catalyzed cycloamination as a suitable synthetic tool for the preparation of imidazole-fused benzodiazepine. But it could not be extended to the synthesis of pyrrole-fused benzodiazepines.

In summary, we have established a straightforward efficient three-step synthetic route to imidazole-fused seven-membered diazacycles from imidazole-2-carbaldehyde using palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cycloamination reaction as the key step. Development of new analogues of benzodiazepines is highly desirable as this may lead to a promising antidepressant drug. This finding opens up the possibility of obtaining synthetically challenging imidazole-fused seven-membered benzoheterocycles.

Reactions at r.t. imply a temperature of 25 °C. Required reagents were obtained from commercial sources and used without purification. The solvents used were of technical grade, and freshly distilled prior to use. All melting points were obtained on a laboratory melting point bath and are uncorrected. ¹H (300 MHz, 600 MHz) and ¹³C (75 MHz, 150 MHz) NMR spectra were recorded using CDCl₃ as solvent and TMS as internal standard on Bruker DPX 300 MHz and Bruker DRX 600 MHz NMR instruments. Chemical shifts are stated in parts per million in δ scales. IR spectra were recorded on a Jasco-FTIR Model-410 using KBr pellets or in neat condition. Mass spectra were measured in ESIMS (+) or EIMS mode. DI-EIMS were recorded on a Shimadzu GCMS (model no QP5050A) and ESIMS were done on a Waters Micromass Q-TOF micro^TM mass spectrometer. TLC was performed on precoated plates (0.25 nm, silica gel 60 F₂₅₄). Petroleum ether (PE) used refers to the fraction boiling in the 60–80 °C range.

1-(2-Bromobenzyl)-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehydes 3a–c; General Procedure

To a stirred solution of imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (1; 0.5 g, 5.2 mmol) in anhyd DMF (20 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (1.4 g, 10.41 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min. Thereafter, the appropriate 2-bromobenzyl bromide 2 (6.25 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was added and the stirring was continued for about 16–17 h at r.t. On completion of the reaction as monitored by TLC (eluent: PE–EtOAc, 1:1), the solution was poured into H₂O (70 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (4 × 30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (40 mL), followed by brine (30 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified via column chromatography over neutral alumina (EtOAc–PE, 1:9) to give 3a–c.

1-(2-Bromobenzyl)-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (3a)

Yield: 1.30 g (95%); yellow solid; mp 80–82 °C; R_f = 0.55 (PE–EtOAc, 3:2).

IR (KBr): 2846, 1678, 1465, 1411, 1337, 1294, 1244, 1155, 1024, 774, 664 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 5.73 (s, 2 H), 6.91 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.15 (s, 1 H), 7.18–7.30 (m, 2 H), 7.32 (s, 1 H), 7.61 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 9.87 (s, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 50.8 (CH₂), 123.2 (C), 126.2 (CH), 128.0 (CH), 129.1 (CH), 129.9 (CH), 131.9 (CH), 133.1 (CH), 135.2 (C), 143.4 (C), 182.1 (CHO).

MS (ESI): m/z = 265, 267 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br), 287, 289 ([M + Na⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₁H₉BrN₂O: C, 49.84; H, 3.42; N, 10.57. Found: C, 49.64; H, 3.47; N, 10.67.

1-(2-Bromo-4,5-methylenedioxybenzyl)-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (3b)

Yield: 1.47 g (92%); white solid; mp 84–86 °C; R_f = 0.65 (PE–EtOAc, 3:7).

IR (KBr): 2908, 2842, 1681, 1626, 1478, 1412, 1249, 1110, 1036, 929, 858, 763, 681, 521 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 5.64 (s, 2 H), 5.99 (s, 2 H), 6.54 (s, 1 H), 7.05 (s, 1 H), 7.20 (s, 1 H), 7.31 (s, 1 H), 9.87 (s, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 50.4 (CH₂), 102.0 (CH₂), 109.3 (CH), 112.9 (CH), 114.1 (C), 125.9 (CH), 128.1 (C), 131.9 (CH), 143.1 (C), 147.9 (C), 148.5 (C), 182.2 (CH).

MS (ESI): m/z = 309, 311 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br), 331, 333 ([M + Na⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₂H₉BrN₂O₃: C, 46.63; H, 2.93; N, 9.06. Found: C, 46.85; H, 2.88; N, 9.18.

1-(2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (3c)

Yield: 1.48 g (94%); white solid; mp 78–80 °C; R_f = 0.65 (PE–EtOAc, 2:3).

IR (KBr): 2863, 1683, 1569, 1476, 1412, 1339, 1259, 1159, 1044, 1018, 919, 879, 805, 745, 598 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.70 (s, 3 H), 5.67 (s, 2 H), 6.48 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.73 (dd, J = 3.0 Hz, 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.17 (s, 1 H), 7.30 (s, 1 H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 9.85 (s, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 50.7 (CH₂), 55.4 (OCH₃), 113.4 (C), 115.2 (2 CH), 126.2 (CH), 131.9 (CH), 133.7 (CH), 136.1 (C), 143.3 (C), 159.4 (C), 182.1 (CHO).

MS (ESI): m/z = 295, 297 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₂H₁₁BrN₂O₂: C, 48.84; H, 3.76; N, 9.49. Found: C, 48.64; H, 3.80; N, 9.59.

1-(2-Bromobenzyl)-2-(phenylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazoles 4a–l; General Procedure

To an ethanolic solution (20 mL) of 3a–c (0.85–1.89 mmol, 1 equiv) was added the respective alkyl/aryl amine (1.27–2.83 mmol, 1.5 equiv) and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 12 h. After cooling to 0 °C, NaBH₄ (2.12–4.72 mmol, 2.5 equiv) was added portionwise and the mixture was stirred for 2–3 h. On completion of the reaction as monitored by TLC (eluent: EtOAc), the solvent was removed under vacuum. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 × 20 mL), and the combined organic extracts were washed with sat. aq NaHCO₃ (25 mL) and H₂O (2 × 20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography over neutral alumina (EtOAc–PE, 3:1) to afford the compounds 4a–l.

1-(2-Bromobenzyl)-2-(phenylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4a)

Yield: 0.22 g (72%); brownish sticky mass; R_f = 0.38 (PE–EtOAc, 1:1).

IR (neat): 2923, 1685, 1601, 1501, 1436, 1315, 1262, 1216, 1105, 1026, 752 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 4.30 (s, 2 H), 5.24 (s, 2 H), 6.64–6.76 (m, 4 H), 6.89 (s, 1 H), 7.08 (s, 1 H), 7.14–7.26 (m, 4 H), 7.60 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 41.1 (CH₂), 49.7 (CH₂), 113.2 (2 CH), 118.2 (CH), 121.0 (CH), 122.5 (C), 127.7 (CH), 128.0 (CH), 128.1 (CH), 129.2 (2 CH), 129.7 (CH) 133.1 (CH), 135.3 (C), 145.4 (C), 147.4 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 342, 344 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₇H₁₆BrN₃: C, 59.66; H, 4.71; N, 12.28. Found: C, 59.86; H, 4.75; N, 12.18.

1-(2-Bromobenzyl)-2-(isopropylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4b)

Yield: 0.35 g (70%); yellowish sticky mass; R_f = 0.27 (PE–EtOAc, 3:7).

IR (neat): 2964, 2866, 1685, 1643, 1469, 1441, 1346, 1279, 1165, 1117, 1027, 747, 665 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 1.02 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 6 H), 2.76–2.84 (m, 1 H), 3.78 (s, 2 H), 5.30 (s, 2 H), 6.68 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.86 (s, 1 H), 7.02 (s, 1 H), 7.09–7.33 (m, 2 H), 7.59 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 22.6 (2 CH₃), 43.3 (CH₂), 48.4 (CH), 49.6 (CH₂), 120.6 (CH), 122.3 (C), 127.5 (CH), 127.9 (2 CH), 129.4 (CH) 132.8 (CH), 136.0 (C), 146.8 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 308, 310 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₄H₁₈BrN₃: C, 54.56; H, 5.89; N, 13.63. Found: C, 54.77; H, 5.86; N, 13.73.

1-(2-Bromobenzyl)-2-(3,4- methylenedioxybenzylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4c)

Yield: 0.25 g (73%); yellowish sticky mass; R_f = 0.30 (PE–EtOAc, 3:7).

IR (neat): 2956, 2860, 1409, 1305, 1161, 1011, 846, 510 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.69 (s, 2 H), 3.80 (s, 2 H), 5.92 (s, 2 H), 6.64–6.75 (m, 4 H), 6.86 (s, 1 H), 7.03 (s, 2 H), 7.14–7.23 (m, 3 H), 7.60 (dd, J = 1.2, 6.6 Hz, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 45.0 (CH₂), 49.6 (CH₂), 53.2 (CH₂), 100.8 (CH₂), 108.0 (CH), 108.6 (CH), 120.6 (CH), 121.2 (CH), 122.3 (C), 127.7 (CH), 127.9 (2 CH), 129.3 (CH), 132.8 (CH), 133.6 (C), 136.1 (C), 146.5 (C), 146.6 (C), 147.6 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 400, 402 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₁₈BrN₃O₂: C, 57.01; H, 4.53; N, 10.50. Found: C, 57.22; H, 4.58; N, 10.50.

1-(2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)-2-(isopropylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4d)

Yield: 0.24 g (77%); yellowish sticky mass; R_f = 0.35 (EtOAc).

IR (neat): 2962, 1593, 1470, 1375, 1288, 1238, 1164, 1118, 1056, 1018, 925, 856, 809, 734 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 1.03 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 6 H), 2.77–2.83 (m, 1 H), 3.67 (s, 3 H), 3.78 (s, 2 H), 5.25 (s, 2 H), 6.25 (s, 1 H), 6.70–6.73 (dd, J = 2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (s, 1 H), 7.02 (s, 1 H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 22.6 (2 CH₃), 43.5 (CH₂), 48.5 (CH), 49.5 (CH₂), 55.3 (OCH₃), 112.4 (C), 113.9 (CH), 114.6 (CH), 120.5 (CH), 127.6 (CH), 133.4 (CH) 137.1 (C), 146.9 (C), 159.4 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 338, 340 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br), 360, 362 ([M + Na⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₅H₂₀BrN₃O: C, 53.26; H, 5.96; N, 12.42. Found: C, 53.48; H, 5.92; N, 12.56.

1-(2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)-2-(phenylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4e)

Yield: 0.33 g (75%); white solid; R_f = 0.58 (PE–EtOAc, 2:3).

IR (KBr): 2927, 2845, 1688, 1600, 1471, 1286, 1160, 1056, 1019, 924, 865, 810, 748 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.59 (s, 3 H), 4.23 (s, 2 H), 5.19 (s, 2 H), 6.19 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.64–6.78 (m, 4 H), 6.90 (s, 1 H), 7.08–7.18 (m, 3 H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 41.2 (CH₂), 49.7 (CH₂), 55.3 (OCH₃), 112.4 (C), 113.2 (2 CH), 113.9 (CH), 115.0 (CH), 118.1 (CH), 121.0 (CH), 128.0 (CH), 129.2 (2 CH), 133.6 (CH), 136.4 (C), 145.4 (C), 147.5 (C), 159.5 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 372, 374 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br), 394, 396 ([M + Na⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₈H₁₈BrN₃O: C, 58.08; H, 4.87; N, 11.29. Found: C, 58.28; H, 4.90; N, 11.40.

1-(2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)-2-(benzylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4f)

Yield: 0.36 g (74%); yellowish sticky mass; R_f = 0.4 (EtOAc).

IR (neat): 2934, 2838, 1645, 1594, 1469, 1350, 1288, 1239, 1161, 1020, 738, 699 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.63 (s, 3 H), 3.79 (s, 2 H), 3.81 (s, 2 H), 5.23 (s, 2 H), 6.24 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.69 (dd, J = 3.0, 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 6.86 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.02 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.22–7.26 (m, 5 H), 7.46 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 44.9 (CH₂), 49.4 (CH₂), 53.1 (CH₂), 55.1 (OCH₃), 112.2 (C), 113.8 (CH), 114.3 (CH), 120.4 (CH), 126.7 (CH), 127.4 (CH), 128.0 (2 CH), 128.1 (2 CH), 133.2 (CH), 136.9 (C), 139.4 (C), 146.3 (C), 159.2 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 386, 388 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br), 408, 410 ([M + Na⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₂₀BrN₃O: C, 59.08; H, 5.22; N, 10.88. Found: C, 59.28; H, 5.19; N, 10.98.

1-(2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)-2-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4g)

Yield: 0.32 g (71%); pale brownish sticky mass; R_f = 0.26 (EtOAc).

IR (neat): 2928, 1720, 1597, 1480, 1245, 1121, 1040, 930, 809, 739 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.65 (s, 3 H), 3.70 (s, 2 H), 3.80 (s, 2 H), 5.22 (s, 2 H), 5.92 (s, 2 H), 6.23 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.69–6.73 (m, 3 H), 6.79 (s, 1 H), 6.87 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.03 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 45.0 (CH₂₎, 49.6 (CH₂₎, 53.2 (CH₂), 55.3 (CH₃), 100.8 (CH₂), 108.0 (CH), 108.6 (CH), 112.4 (C), 114.0 (CH), 114.5 (CH), 120.6 (CH), 121.2 (CH), 127.7 (CH), 133.4 (CH), 133.6 (C), 137.1 (C), 146.5 (C), 146.6 (C), 147.6 (C), 159.4 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 430, 432 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br), 452, 454 ([M + Na⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₂₀H₂₀BrN₃O₃: C, 55.83; H, 4.68; N, 9.77. Found: C, 54.63; H, 4.64; N, 9.90.

1-(2-Bromo-4,5-methylenedioxybenzyl)-2-(isopropylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4h)

Yield: 0.46 g (69%); pale yellowish sticky mass; R_f = 0.28 (PE–EtOAc, 3:7).

IR (neat): 3263, 2963, 2909, 1683, 1488, 1374, 1243, 1162, 1109, 1034, 929, 847, 733, 509 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 1.06 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 6 H), 2.79–2.87 (m, 1 H), 3.80 (s, 2 H), 5.19 (s, 2 H), 5.96 (s, 2 H), 6.30 (s, 1 H), 6.85 (s, 1 H), 7.00 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 2 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 22.7 (2 CH₃), 43.6 (CH₂), 48.5 (CH), 49.3 (CH₂), 101.9 (CH₂), 108.3 (CH), 112.8 (CH), 112.9 (C), 120.3 (CH), 127.6 (CH), 129.2 (C) 146.8 (C), 147.9 (C), 148.0 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 352, 354 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₅H₁₈BrN₃O₂: C, 51.15; H, 5.15; N, 11.93. Found: C, 51.35; H, 5.10; N, 11.81.

1-(2-Bromo-4,5-methylenedioxybenzyl)-2-(benzylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4i)

Yield: 0.41 g (68%); yellowish sticky mass; R_f = 0.35 (PE–EtOAc, 3:7).

IR (neat): 3261, 2904, 2788, 1489, 1242, 1106, 1034, 925, 851, 751, 698, 493 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.81 (s, 2 H), 3.84 (s, 2 H), 5.17 (s, 2 H), 5.94 (s, 2 H), 6.26 (s, 1 H), 6.85 (s, 1 H), 7.02 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.27 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 5 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 45.3 (CH₂), 49.4 (CH₂), 53.4 (CH₂), 101.9 (CH₂), 108.2 (CH), 112.8 (CH), 112.9 (C), 120.5 (C), 127.0 (2 CH), 127.7 (CH), 128.1 (2 CH), 128.4 (2 CH), 129.2 (C), 139.7 (C), 146.5 (C), 148.0 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 400, 402 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br), 422, 424 ([M + Na⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₁₈BrN₃O₂: C, 57.01; H, 4.53; N, 10.50. Found: C, 57.21; H, 4.50; N, 10.40.

1-(2-Bromo-4,5-methylenedioxybenzyl)-2-(phenylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4j)

Yield: 0.26 g (71%); white solid; mp 136–138 °C; R_f = 0.75 (PE–EtOAc, 3:7).

IR (KBr): 1605, 1504, 1473, 1414, 1321, 1234, 1107, 1031, 926, 850, 751, 697, 515 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 4.30 (s, 2 H), 5.13 (s, 2 H), 5.95 (s, 2 H), 6.20 (s, 1 H), 6.67 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 6.74 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.88 (s, 1 H), 7.05 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.18 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 41.1 (CH₂), 49.5 (CH₂), 101.9 (CH₂), 108.0 (CH), 112.8 (CH), 112.9 (C), 113.1 (2 CH), 118.0 (CH), 120.8 (CH), 127.8 (CH), 128.4 (C), 129.1 (2 CH), 145.1 (C), 147.4 (C), 147.9 (C), 148.1 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 386, 388 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br), 408, 410 ([M + Na⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₈H₁₆BrN₃O₂: C, 55.97; H, 4.18; N, 10.88. Found: C, 55.77; H, 4.13; N, 10.98.

1-(2-Bromo-4,5-methylenedioxybenzyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4k)

Yield: 0.27 g (75%); brownish sticky mass; R_f = 0.61 (PE–EtOAc, 3:7).

IR (neat): 2919, 2842, 1622, 1510, 1480, 1240, 1115, 1037, 930, 825, 754 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.74 (s, 3 H), 4.29 (s, 2 H), 5.15 (s, 2 H), 5.96 (s, 2 H), 6.19 (s, 1 H), 6.63 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 6.76 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 6.87 (s, 1 H), 7.05 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H).

¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 42.1 (CH₂), 49.6 (CH₂), 55.7 (OCH₃), 102.0 (CH₂), 108.2 (CH), 112.8 (CH), 112.9 (C), 114.7 (4 CH), 120.7 (CH), 127.6 (CH), 128.4 (C) 141.6 (C), 145.5 (C), 148.0 (C), 148.2 (C), 152.6 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 416, 417 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br), 438, 440 ([M + Na⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₁₈BrN₃O₃: C, 54.82; H, 4.36; N, 10.09. Found: C, 54.72; H, 4.40; N, 10.19.

1-(2-Bromo-4,5-methylenedioxybenzyl)-2-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzylaminomethyl)-1H-imidazole (4l)

Yield: 0.28 g (73%); light brown solid; mp 138–140 °C; R_f = 0.30 (PE–EtOAc, 3:7).

IR (KBr): 3250, 2960, 2899, 1680, 1500, 1340, 920, 840 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.70 (s, 2 H), 3.80 (s, 2 H), 5.15 (s, 2 H), 5.92 (s, 2 H), 5.95 (s, 2 H), 6.24 (s, 1 H), 6.72–6.85 (m, 4 H), 7.01 (d like, 2 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 45.0 (CH₂), 49.4 (CH₂), 53.2 (CH₂), 100.8 (CH₂), 101.9 (CH₂), 107.9 (CH), 108.1 (CH), 108.6 (CH), 112.7 (CH), 112.8 (C), 120.5 (CH), 121.2 (CH), 127.7 (CH), 129.2 (C), 129.9 (C), 133.6 (C), 146.5 (C), 147.6 (C), 147.9 (C), 148.0 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 444, 446 ([M + H⁺] for ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br).

Anal. Calcd for C₂₀H₁₈BrN₃O₄: C, 54.07; H, 4.08; N, 9.46. Found: C, 54.29; H, 4.03; N, 9.56.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines 5a–l; General Procedure

To a stirred solution of 4a–l (0.92–1.63 mmol, 1 equiv) in anhyd toluene (15 mL) were added t-BuOK (1.84–3.26 mmol, 2 equiv), (±)-BINAP (10 mol%), and Pd₂(dba)₃ (10 mol%, Pd: 20 mol%). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 14–18 h under N₂ atmosphere. After completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC, eluent: EtOAc), toluene was evaporated under vacuum, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 × 20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3 × 20 mL), followed by brine (30 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The crude mass was purified by column chromatography over neutral alumina to afford the desired compounds 5a–l.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-phenylimidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5a)

Yield: 0.21 g (73%); brownish sticky mass; R_f = 0.51 (PE–EtOAc, 3:7).

IR (neat): 1664, 1596, 1494, 1453, 1304, 1248, 1158, 1123, 1076, 748, 696 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 4.87 (s, 2 H), 4.95 (s, 2 H), 6.77 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2 H), 6.81–6.86 (m, 2 H), 6.95 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.16–7.22 (m, 2 H), 7.25–7.32 (m, 2 H), 7.35–7.42 (m, 2 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 49.4 (CH₂), 49.5 (CH₂), 115.0 (2 CH), 119.5 (CH), 120.0 (CH), 127.0 (CH), 127.1 (CH), 129.0 (CH), 129.2 (2 CH), 129.5 (CH), 130.5 (CH), 135.1 (C), 144.2 (C), 147.1 (C), 147.8 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 262 [M + H]⁺.

Anal. Calcd for C₁₇H₁₅N₃: C, 78.13; H, 5.79; N, 16.08. Found: C, 78.33; H, 5.75; N, 16.20.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-isopropylimidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5b)

Yield: 0.25 g (68%); brownish sticky mass; R_f = 0.32 (EtOAc).

IR (neat): 2969, 2928, 1675, 1598, 1491, 1456, 1375, 1315, 1275, 1170, 1122, 1051, 1010, 929, 742, 666 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 1.30 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6 H), 3.72–3.81 (m, 1 H), 4.33 (s, 2 H), 5.01 (s, 2 H), 6.84 (s, 1 H), 6.92 (s, 1 H), 7.00 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.22–7.36 (m, 3 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 21.0 (2 CH₃), 47.2 (CH₂), 49.8 (CH₂), 52.2 (CH), 119.0 (CH), 121.2 (CH), 122.7 (CH), 126.5 (CH), 128.5 (CH), 129.6 (CH), 131.6 (C), 144.6 (C), 151.4 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 228 [M + H]⁺.

Anal. Calcd for C₁₄H₁₇N₃: C, 73.98; H, 7.54; N, 18.49. Found: C, 73.76; H, 7.50; N, 18.60.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5c)

Yield: 0.23 g (65%); pale yellowish sticky mass; R_f = 0.35 (EtOAc).

IR (neat): 1654, 1601, 1494, 1445,1247, 1124, 1038, 930, 46 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 4.25 (s, 2 H), 4.26 (s, 2 H), 5.14 (s, 2 H), 5.93 (s, 2 H), 6.75 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (d, J = 14.7 Hz, 4 H), 7.05 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.21 (s, 1 H), 7.27 (s, 1 H), 7.36 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 49.5 (CH₂), 52.9 (CH₂), 58.3 (CH₂), 100.9 (CH₂), 108.1 (CH), 108.6 (CH), 119.2 (CH), 120.0 (CH), 121.8 (CH), 123.3 (CH), 126.9 (CH), 128.4 (CH), 129.8 (CH), 131.5 (C), 131.8 (C), 143.8 (C), 146.9 (C), 147.9 (C), 150.8 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 320 [M + H]⁺, 342 [M + Na]⁺.

Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₁₇N₃O₂: C, 71.46; H, 5.37; N, 13.16. Found: C, 71.66; H, 5.41; N, 13.04.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-8-methoxy-5-isopropylimidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5d)

Yield: 0.27 g (71%); yellowish sticky mass; R_f = 0.27 (EtOAc).

IR (neat): 2966, 1644, 1607, 1499, 1428, 1267, 1166, 1043, 923, 817, 750 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 1.26 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 6 H), 3.63–3.67 (m, 1 H), 3.77 (s, 3 H), 4.28 (s, 2 H), 4.98 (s, 2 H), 6.79–6.82 (m, 2 H), 6.86 (dd, J = 3.0, 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (s, 1 H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 21.2 (2 CH₃), 48.5 (CH₂), 49.2 (CH₂), 52.1 (CH), 55.3 (OCH₃), 113.9 (CH), 114.1 (CH), 119.1 (CH), 122.9 (CH), 126.7 (CH), 133.9 (C), 144.3 (C), 144.8 (C), 155.2 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 258 [M + H]⁺.

Anal. Calcd for C₁₅H₁₉N₃O: C, 70.01; H, 7.44; N, 16.33. Found: C, 69.81; H, 7.40; N, 16.45.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-8-methoxy-5-phenylimidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5e)

Yield: 0.22 g (68%); dark yellow solid; mp 98–100 °C; R_f = 0.35 (PE–EtOAc, 3:7).

IR (KBr): 1588, 1496, 1429, 1365, 1304, 1273, 1237, 1211, 1153, 1081, 1036, 882, 841, 748, 695, 566 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.84 (s, 3 H), 4.77 (s, 2 H), 4.93 (s, 2 H), 6.72 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2 H), 6.79 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 2 H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 3 H), 7.17 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.28 (t like, J = 7.3 Hz, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 49.3 (CH₂), 49.6 (CH₂), 55.5 (OCH₃), 114.0 (2 CH), 114.9 (CH), 115.3 (CH), 118.8 (CH), 120.1 (CH), 127.1 (CH), 129.2 (CH), 130.4 (CH), 136.4 (C), 139.3 (C), 144.4 (C), 147.9 (C), 158.3 (C).

MS (EI): m/z = 291.

Anal. Calcd for C₁₈H₁₇N₃O: C, 74.20; H, 5.88; N, 14.42. Found: C, 74.40; H, 5.92; N, 14.32.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-8-methoxy-5-benzylimidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5f)

Yield: 0.31 g (76%); pale brown solid; mp 88–90 °C; R_f = 0.26 (EtOAc).

IR (KBr): 2922, 2808, 1501, 1450, 1375, 1255, 1206, 1149, 1046, 821, 700 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.77 (s, 3 H), 4.19 (s, 2 H), 4.31 (s, 2 H), 5.12 (s, 2 H), 6.86 (d like, 4 H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.23–7.33 (m, 3 H), 7.40 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 49.4 (CH₂), 53.7 (CH₂), 55.4 (OCH₃), 58.6 (CH₂), 114.1 (CH), 114.2 (CH), 119.2 (CH), 120.9 (CH), 126.8 (CH), 127.3 (CH), 128.3 (2 CH), 128.4 (2 CH), 133.3 (C), 138.0 (C), 143.8 (C), 143.9 (C), 155.5 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 306 [M + H]⁺, 328 [M + Na]⁺.

Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₁₉N₃O: C, 74.73; H, 6.27; N, 13.76. Found: C, 74.53; H, 6.23; N, 13.86.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-8-methoxy-5-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5g)

Yield: 0.26 g (72%); pale yellow solid; mp 146–148 °C; R_f = 0.36 (EtOAc).

IR (KBr): 1496, 1439, 1375, 1245, 1201, 1125, 1033, 925, 866, 813, 732, 640, 540 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.78 (s, 3 H), 4.16 (s, 2 H), 4.20 (s, 2 H), 5.10 (s, 2 H), 5.93 (s, 2 H), 6.74 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.84–6.90 (m, 6 H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 49.4 (CH₂), 53.5 (CH₂), 55.4 (OCH₃), 58.3 (CH₂), 100.8 (CH₂), 107.9 (CH), 108.5 (CH), 114.1 (CH), 114.2 (CH), 119.2 (CH), 120.9 (CH), 121.7 (CH), 126.8 (CH), 131.9 (C), 133.3 (C), 143.7 (C), 143.8 (C), 146.8 (C), 147.8 (C), 155.5 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 350 [M + H]⁺, 372 [M + Na]⁺.

Anal. Calcd for C₂₀H₁₉N₃O₃: C, 68.75; H, 5.48; N, 12.03. Found: C, 68.97; H, 5.52; N, 11.91.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-7,8-methylenedioxy-5-isopropylimidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5h)

Yield: 0.31 g (70%); yellowish sticky mass; R_f = 0.30 (EtOAc).

IR (neat): 2970, 2830, 1505, 1440, 1380, 1240, 1150, 1030, 940, 730 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 1.26 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6 H), 3.56–3.64 (m, 1 H), 4.27 (s, 2 H), 4.91 (s, 2 H), 5.93 (s, 2 H), 6.72 (s, 1 H), 6.82 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 6.91 (s, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 21.5 (2 CH₃)_,48.6 (CH₂), 49.6 (CH₂), 52.3 (CH), 101.3 (CH₂), 103.7 (CH), 108.3 (CH), 119.1 (CH), 126.2 (C), 126.7 (CH), 143.2 (C), 144.6 (C), 145.8 (C), 148.3 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 272 [M + H]⁺.

Anal. Calcd for C₁₅H₁₇N₃O₂: C, 66.40; H, 6.32; N, 15.49. Found: C, 66.18; H, 6.35; N, 15.60.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-7,8-methylenedioxy-5-benzylimidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5i)

Yield: 0.34 g (75%); yellowish sticky mass; R_f = 0.45 (EtOAc).

IR (neat): 1491, 1443, 1390, 1238, 1175, 1125, 1037, 932, 856, 750 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 4.19 (s, 2 H), 4.28 (s, 2 H), 5.05 (s, 2 H), 5.93 (s, 2 H), 6.75–6.88 (m, 4 H), 7.26–7.38 (m, 5 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 49.2 (CH₂), 53.7 (CH₂), 58.7 (CH₂), 101.4 (CH₂), 102.0 (CH), 108.3 (CH), 119.1 (CH), 125.5 (C), 126.6 (CH), 127.5 (CH), 128.4 (2 CH), 128.6 (2 CH), 137.8 (C), 143.3 (C), 143.7 (C), 145.2 (C), 148.4 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 320 [M + H]⁺, 342 [M + Na]⁺.

Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₁₇N₃O₂: C, 71.46; H, 5.37; N, 13.16. Found: C, 71.66; H, 5.42; N, 13.06.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-7,8-methylenedioxy-5-phenylimidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5j)

Yield: 0.28 g (74%); pale yellow solid; mp 140–142 °C; R_f = 0.42 (PE–EtOAc, 3:7).

IR (KBr): 1597, 1492, 1382, 1299, 1227, 1192, 1120, 1038, 929, 864, 757, 691 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 4.72 (s, 2 H), 4.91 (s, 2 H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 6.74–6.84 (m, 5 H), 6.95 (s, 2 H), 7.19 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 49.1 (2 CH₂), 101.8 (CH₂), 109.1 (CH), 109.9 (CH), 114.2 (CH), 119.1 (CH), 119.9 (CH), 127.0 (CH), 128.7 (C), 129.2 (CH), 140.7 (C), 144.1 (C), 146.2 (C), 147.6 (C), 148.7 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 306 [M + H]⁺.

Anal. Calcd for C₁₈H₁₅N₃O₂: C, 70.81; H, 4.95; N, 13.76. Found: C, 70.61; H, 4.90; N, 13.88.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-7,8-methylenedioxy-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5k)

Yield: 0.27 g (67%); yellowish sticky mass; R_f = 0.48 (EtOAc).

IR (neat): 1729, 1619, 1506, 1384, 1241, 1123, 1036, 931, 825, 755, 666 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 3.75 (s, 3 H), 4.80 (s, 2 H), 4.90 (s, 2 H), 5.98 (s, 2 H), 6.70–6.80 (m, 7 H), 6.97 (s, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 49.3 (CH₂), 50.0 (CH₂), 55.6 (OCH₃), 101.7 (CH₂), 108.8 (CH), 109.2 (CH), 114.6 (2 CH), 117.2 (2 CH), 119.8 (CH), 126.5 (CH), 128.0 (C), 142.1 (C), 142.2 (C), 144.0 (C), 145.6 (C), 148.7 (C), 153.6 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 336 [M + H]⁺.

Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₁₇N₃O₃: C, 68.05; H, 5.11; N, 12.53. Found: C, 68.27; H, 5.08; N, 12.43.

4,10-Dihydro-5H-7,8-methylenedioxy-5-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (5l)

Yield: 0.21 g (63%); yellow solid; mp 182–184 °C; R_f = 0.31 (EtOAc).

IR (KBr): 2895, 2834, 1615, 1490, 1442, 1384, 1246, 1165, 1116, 1036, 930, 861, 729, 675 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 4.16 (s, 4 H), 5.03 (s, 2 H), 5.93 (s, 4 H), 6.75–6.88 (m, 7 H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 49.1 (CH₂), 53.5 (CH₂), 58.4 (CH₂), 100.9 (CH₂), 101.3 (CH₂), 101.9 (CH), 108.0 (CH), 108.3 (CH), 108.6 (CH), 119.1 (CH), 121.8 (CH), 125.5 (C), 126.8 (CH), 131.6 (C), 143.3 (C), 143.6 (C), 145.2 (C), 146.9 (C), 147.9 (C), 148.3 (C).

MS (ESI): m/z = 364 [M + H]⁺.

Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₁₅N₃O₄: C, 65.32; H, 4.33; N, 12.03. Found: C, 65.52; H, 4.30; N, 12.15.

References

References

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Figures

Scheme 1 Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of imidazobenzodiazepine

Supplementary Material

Supporting Information (PDF) (opens in new window)

Efficient Synthesis of Imidazole-Fused Benzodiazepines Using Palladium-Catalyzed­ Intramolecular C–N Bond Formation Reaction

Authors

Efficient Synthesis of Imidazole-Fused Benzodiazepines Using Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular C–N Bond Formation Reaction