Effects of a Moderate Physical Training on the Leptin Synthesis by Adipose Tissue of Adult Rats Submitted to a Perinatal Low-protein Diet

Abstract

The aim of the study was to verify if moderate physical training affects leptin content in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue of adult rats subjected to a low-protein diet during the perinatal period. Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups according to their mother’s diet during gestation and lactation: control (17% casein, C, n=12) and low-protein (8% casein, LP, n=12). On postnatal day 60, half of each group was submitted to moderate physical training (8 wks, 5 d · wk^− 1, 60 min · d^− 1, at 70% of VO_2max, T) or not. After the physical training period, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues were removed. Leptin content was evaluated by western blotting. Starting from the fifth week on, T pups showed a reduction in the body weight. Similarly, LP+T offspring showed a lower body weight starting from the sixth week on. Western blotting analysis showed that leptin content in the visceral tissue was higher in the LP rats (p<0.01) and it was reversed in LP+T. No difference was found in the subcutaneous tissue. Moderate physical training attenuated the effects of a perinatal low-protein diet on the leptin content in visceral adipose tissue in adult offspring.

Key words

perinatal undernutrition - physical exercise - programming - leptin - visceral adipose tissue

• References

• 1 Gluckman PD, Hanson MA. Developmental plasticity and human disease: research directions. J Intern Med 2007; 261: 461-471
• 2 Lucas A. Programming by early nutrition in man. Ciba Found Symp 1991; 156: 38-50; discussion 50–35
• 3 Barker DJ. The origins of the developmental origins theory. J Intern Med 2007; 261: 412-417
• 4 Ozanne SE, Hales CN. Lifespan: catch-up growth and obesity in male mice. Nature 2004; 427: 411-412
• 5 Trevenzoli IH, Rodrigues AL, Oliveira E, Thole AA, Carvalho L, Figueiredo MS, Toste FP, Neto JF, Passos MC, Lisboa PC, Moura EG. Leptin treatment during lactation programs leptin synthesis, intermediate metabolism, and liver microsteatosis in adult rats. Horm Metab Res 2010; 42: 483-490
• 6 Bol VV, Delattre AI, Reusens B, Raes M, Remacle C. Forced catch-up growth after fetal protein restriction alters the adipose tissue gene expression program leading to obesity in adult mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297: R291-R299
• 7 Guan H, Arany E, van Beek JP, Chamson-Reig A, Thyssen S, Hill DJ, Yang K. Adipose tissue gene expression profiling reveals distinct molecular pathways that define visceral adiposity in offspring of maternal protein-restricted rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288: E663-E673
• 8 Gutin B. Diet vs exercise for the prevention of pediatric obesity: the role of exercise. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 35: 29-32
• 9 Leandro CG, Levada AC, Hirabara SM, Manhaes-de-Castro R, De-Castro CB, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC. A program of moderate physical training for Wistar rats based on maximal oxygen consumption. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21: 751-756
• 10 Seeherman HJ, Taylor CR, Maloiy GM, Armstrong RB. Design of the mammalian respiratory system. II. Measuring maximum aerobic capacity. Respir Physiol 1981; 44: 11-23
• 11 Tjonna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo O, Stolen TO, Bye A, Haram PM, Loennechen JP, Al-Share QY, Skogvoll E, Slordahl SA, Kemi OJ, Najjar SM, Wisloff U. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation 2008; 118: 346-354
• 12 Steinberg GR, Smith AC, Wormald S, Malenfant P, Collier C, Dyck DJ. Endurance training partially reverses dietary-induced leptin resistance in rodent skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286: E57-E63
• 13 Leandro CG, da Silva Ribeiro W, Dos Santos JA, Bento-Santos A, Lima-Coelho CH, Falcao-Tebas F, Lagranha CJ, Lopes-de-Souza S, Manhaes-de-Castro R, Toscano AE. Moderate physical training attenuates muscle-specific effects on fibre type composition in adult rats submitted to a perinatal maternal low-protein diet. Eur J Nutr 2011; Oct 29 [Epub ahead of print]
• 14 Moita L, Lustosa MF, Tobias Silva AT, Pires-de-Melo IH, Vieira de Melo RJ, de Castro RM, de Pontes Filho NT, Ferraz JC, Leandro CG. Moderate Physical Training Attenuates the Effects of Perinatal Undernutrition on the Morphometry of the Splenic Lymphoid Follicles in Endotoxemic Adult Rats. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18: 103-110
• 15 Bayne CG. American Academy of Home Care Physicians. Are you ready for this?. Home Care Provid 1996; 1: 162-163
• 16 Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey Jr GC. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 1993; 123: 1939-1951
• 17 Pires-de-Melo IH, Wanderley Dos Reis F, Luz LS, Paz ST, Silva HJ, Souza SL, Leandro CG. Short- and long-term effects of a neonatal low-protein diet in rats on the morphology of the larynx. Nutrition 2009; 25: 855-860
• 18 Toste FP, de Moura EG, Lisboa PC, Fagundes AT, de Oliveira E, Passos MC. Neonatal leptin treatment programmes leptin hypothalamic resistance and intermediary metabolic parameters in adult rats. Br J Nutr 2006; 95: 830-837
• 19 Mallinson JE, Sculley DV, Craigon J, Plant R, Langley-Evans SC, Brameld JM. Fetal exposure to a maternal low-protein diet during mid-gestation results in muscle-specific effects on fibre type composition in young rats. Br J Nutr 2007; 98: 292-299
• 20 Miles JL, Huber K, Thompson NM, Davison M, Breier BH. Moderate daily exercise activates metabolic flexibility to prevent prenatally induced obesity. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 179-186
• 21 Hirabara SM, Silveira LR, Abdulkader FR, Alberici LC, Procopio J, Carvalho CR, Pithon-Curi TC, Curi R. Role of fatty acids in the transition from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle during exercise. Cell Biochem Funct 2006; 24: 475-481
• 22 Schlitt JM, Schulz LC. The source of leptin, but not leptin depletion in response to food restriction, changes during early pregnancy in mice. Endocrine 2012; 41: 227-235
• 23 Teixeira C, Passos M, Ramos C, Dutra S, Moura E. Leptin serum concentration, food intake and body weight in rats whose mothers were exposed to malnutrition during lactation. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13: 493
• 24 Lisboa PC, Passos MC, Dutra SC, Bonomo IT, Denolato AT, Reis AM, Moura EG. Leptin and prolactin, but not corticosterone, modulate body weight and thyroid function in protein-malnourished lactating rats. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38: 295-299
• 25 Pinheiro CR, Oliveira E, Trevenzoli IH, Manhaes AC, Santos-Silva AP, Younes-Rapozo V, Claudio-Neto S, Santana AC, Nascimento-Saba CC, Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Developmental plasticity in adrenal function and leptin production primed by nicotine exposure during lactation: gender differences in rats. Horm Metab Res 2011; 43: 693-701
• 26 Conceicao EP, Trevenzoli IH, Oliveira E, Franco JG, Carlos AS, Nascimento-Saba CC, Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Higher white adipocyte area and lower leptin production in adult rats overfed during lactation. Horm Metab Res 2011; 43: 513-516
• 27 Paz-Filho GJ, Volaco A, Suplicy HL, Radominski RB, Boguszewski CL. Decrease in leptin production by the adipose tissue in obesity associated with severe metabolic syndrome. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2009; 53: 1088-1095
• 28 Oliveira E, Fagundes AT, Alves SB, Pazos-Moura CC, Moura EG, Passos MC, Lisboa PC. Chronic leptin treatment inhibits liver mitochondrial alpha-glycerol-beta-phosphate dehydrogenase in euthyroid rats. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39: 867-870
• 29 Zoth N, Weigt C, Laudenbach-Leschowski U, Diel P. Physical activity and estrogen treatment reduce visceral body fat and serum levels of leptin in an additive manner in a diet induced animal model of obesity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122: 100-105
• 30 Miyazaki S, Izawa T, Ogasawara JE, Sakurai T, Nomura S, Kizaki T, Ohno H, Komabayashi T. Effect of exercise training on adipocyte-size-dependent expression of leptin and adiponectin. Life Sci 2010; 86: 691-698
• 31 Koury JC, de Oliveira Kde J, Lopes GC, de Oliveira Jr. AV, Portella ES, de Moura EG, Donangelo CM. Plasma zinc, copper, leptin, and body composition are associated in elite female judo athletes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2007; 115: 23-30
• 32 Petridou A, Tsalouhidou S, Tsalis G, Schulz T, Michna H, Mougios V. Long-term exercise increases the DNA binding activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in rat adipose tissue. Metabolism 2007; 56: 1029-1036
• 33 Fiebig RG, Hollander JM, Ney D, Boileau R, Jeffery E, Ji LL. Training down-regulates fatty acid synthase and body fat in obese Zucker rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 1106-1114