Key words Fetal heart monitoring - spectral analysis - frequency analysis - heart rate variability
- clinical hypnosis
Schlüsselwörter fetale Herzfrequenzüberwachung - Spektralanalyse - Frequenzanalyse - Herzfrequenzvariabilität
- Hypnose/Hypnotherapie
Introduction
Hypnosis is a recognised psychological technique [1 ], which is characterised by deep relaxation, focused attention, vivid imagery and
increased receptivity to suggestion [2 ]. Functional brain imaging [3 ], [4 ] and EEG studies [5 ], [6 ] showed that the hypnotic state is different from sleep, from alert awareness and
relaxed rest. The hypnotisability varies from person to person, but is higher during
pregnancy [7 ]. The ability to influence and access function beyond conscious control is increased
during the hypnotic state [8 ], [9 ], which might proof beneficial in preterm labour [10 ], [11 ], [12 ] and might be able to influence the blood flow of the A. umbilicalis
[13 ].
The autonomic nervous system is altered during hypnosis which includes acute [14 ] and chronic [15 ], [16 ] (after hypnotherapy) changes. Heart rate variability (HRV) provides a tool to evaluate
acute cardiac autonomic alterations during hypnosis [17 ]. The changes of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be studied using spectral
analysis of fetal heart rate (FHR) periods. In human adults frequency bands have been
identified that can indicate the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system input
[18 ], [19 ]. The high frequency (HF) component is mainly indicating parasympathetic nervous
system, whereas a combined sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is reflected
by the low frequency (LF) components [19 ]. The sympathovagal balance can be evaluated using the ratio between LF and
HF [19 ]. Due to maturation of the fetal autonomic nervous system the absolute LF and HF
power increases as pregnancy progresses [20 ], [21 ]. In the third trimester the increase in LF and HF power is not so high [21 ]. Furthermore typical reflex responses of the parasympathetic nervous system only
begin at term and reach adult levels after birth [22 ]. Fetal LF and HF bands are influenced by the behavioural state [23 ], but results of our study group also showed an effect of fetal behavioural state
depending on the state of the pregnant women [13 ], [24 ].
Recently, a non-invasive abdominal fetal electrocardiogram (ECG), which provides true
beat-to-beat evaluation with good signal quality [25 ], [26 ], [27 ], has been approved for clinical usage from the 20th week of gestation onwards.
To the best of our knowledge, no study has examined whether hypnosis influences fetal
LF and HF bands during pregnancy.
Materials and Methods
Study samples
All patients who had a single pregnancy were eligible to participate in this study.
All (49/49) women who were informed about the study agreed to participate. None of
the subjects had previous experience with hypnosis. None of the subjects had psychiatric
or somatic symptoms and none had a history of cardiopulmonary, neurological, renal,
psychiatric or other systemic disease. They were not using any drugs or medication.
They were all non-smokers. Exclusion criteria in our study were fetal malformations,
fetal growth retardation and maternal diabetes mellitus. The gestation age of the
women participating in the study is shown in [Fig. 1 ]. All women have now delivered healthy newborns. The study protocols were approved
by the local ethics committee. In addition, all women gave written informed consent.
Fig. 1 Histogram of gestation age (days) (n = 49).
Study protocol
After ultrasound scan and preceded by a 10-minute rest period, five Ambu VLC-00-S
electrodes were placed on the maternal abdomen: one electrode was placed on the midline
within a range of 2 cm above the navel or during the vernix period; this electrodeʼs
position was 6 cm above the navel or during early gestation the electrode was placed
1 cm below the fundus of the uterus; one was placed 6 cm above the symphysis, two
were placed at the right and left lateral abdominal wall; and finally one reference
electrode was placed towards the back on the right lateral of the abdomen. This configuration
allows 3 parallel abdominal fetal ECG detection channels around the maternal abdomen.
The skin was prepared for low impedance by gentle excoriation of the surface skin
cells as described by the Monica protocol (using 3M Skinprep 2236). The electrodes
were connected to the Monica AN24 recorder (Monica Healthcare, Nottingham, UK), and
the signal was sampled at a frequency of
900 Hz, thus giving a time resolution for the RR intervals of 0.9 ms. Data were analysed
off-line after computer download. The Monica DK software was used to extract the beat-to-beat
analysis, which uses a subtraction algorithm of the maternal ECG complex before detection
of fetal ECG complexes (please see [Fig. 2 ]). The consecutive RR intervals were exported and missing beats and pauses were filtered
and replaced by an interpolated value using Kubios HRV Version 2.0. All time periods
with at least 360 beats in the 3-minute record period, which correspond to a heart
rate of at least 120 beats per minute, were evaluated in this study. Additionally,
the following results were excluded if the average fetal heart rated dropped below
130 beats/min, which could cause aliasing of the respiratory frequency [20 ].
Fig. 2 a and b a The Raw Monica AN24 Signal with fetal ECGs marked and b the filtered signal with the only fetal ECGs.
All recordings were carried out at Marien-Hospital Witten (tertiary care teaching
hospital) and were selected consecutively from November 2009 till February 2010. The
recording session consisted of two periods: (a) a baseline recording, with the instruction
to keep the eyes open and relax. The subjects remained awake, did not speak, and were
not disturbed; (b) a standard hypnotic test (Creative Imagination Scale) and a standard
hypnotic induction, intervention and wakening [28 ], [29 ]. Each period was randomly allocated for each subject. The clinical hypnosis intervention
was carried out by the same trained hypnotherapist (J. R.).
Data analysis
Power spectral density
The methods used in this study are mainly based on the guidelines given in [30 ]. For each 3-minute recording period, data sets consisting of 256 points, overlapping
by 50 %, were processed and power spectral density (ms2/Hz) was then computed using
a fast Fourier transform algorithm [31 ] (Kubios HRV Version 2.0). Total power was computed for a low frequency (LF) band
from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz and a high frequency (HF) band from 0.15 to 0.4 Hz [30 ], [32 ]. Since large variation existed within the subjects, LF and HF are expressed in normalised
units (nu) [33 ]: LFnu = [LF/(LF + HF) × 100] and HFnu = [HF/(LF + HF)] × 100 and as a low-to-high
ratio: LF/HF.
Statistical methods
All results are shown as mean values ± standard deviation, median, quartiles and differences
of the means. The Gaussian distribution of the differences between hypnosis and baseline
measures was checked using the Q-Q-plots. If distributed normally, the paired t-test
was used, otherwise the Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied. In order to test the
hypothesis that the change in spectral frequency correlates with the gestational age
of the fetus, the Spearmanʼs rho correlation was calculated. The analyses were carried
out using the SPSS Statistics 17.0 software (Scientific Packages for Social Sciences,
Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P < 0.05 for a two-tailed test was considered statistically
significant.
Results
Linear heart rate dynamics
Fetal mean values and standard deviation for HRV parameters are presented in [Table 1 ]. Q-Q-plot analysis showed that the fetal heart rate was distributed normally and
a significant difference was found between baseline (144.3 ± 6.0) and hypnosis (142.1 ± 6.4).
A difference was also detected between the standard deviation of the heart rate between
baseline (6.7 ± 1.9) and hypnosis (6.8 ± 3.5). Fetal LFnu was smaller during baseline
(80.2 ± 5.3) than during hypnosis (82.1 ± 5.7). Fetal HFnu was significantly larger
(19.8 ± 5.3 vs. 17.9 ± 5.7) in control state compared to hypnosis ([Table 1 ]). No statistically significant difference was found using the fetal LF/HF ratio.
There was no correlation between gestation age and the change in fetal LFnu, HFnu
or LF/HF ratio due to the hypnosis intervention.
Table 1 Fetal mean, standard deviation (SD), median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, p value and differences
of the mean.
Baseline
During hypnosis
P value
Differences of the mean
Mean ± SD
Median
1st Quartile
3rd Quartile
Mean ± SD
Median
1st Quartile
3rd Quartile
Mean ± SD
Median
1st Quartile
3rd Quartile
* Paired t-test; # Wilcoxon signed rank test
Heart rate, beats/min
144.3 ± 6.0
143.5
139.5
149.2
142.1 ± 6.4
141.8
137.3
147.7
0.002*
2.2 ± 4.7
1.4
0.2
4.4
Standard deviation of the heart rate, beats/min
6.7 ± 1.9
6.5
5.1
8.1
6.8 ± 3.5
6.2
5.0
7.8
0.041#
− 0.1 ± 3.4
0.3
− 0.2
1.0
LFnu
80.2 ± 5.3
80.6
76.4
83.2
82.1 ± 5.7
82.4
78.6
85.9
0.040*
− 1.9 ± 6.4
− 2.7
− 4.9
0.4
HFnu
19.8 ± 5.3
19.4
16.8
23.6
17.9 ± 5.7
17.6
14.1
21.4
0.040*
1.9 ± 6.4
2.7
− 0.4
4.9
LF/HF
6.9 ± 3.1
6.6
4.9
8.2
7.0 ± 2.7
6.7
4.8
8.2
0.964*
− 0.03 ± 4.1
− 0.3
− 1.4
0.8
Shannon entropy
3.8 ± 0.2
3.8
3.6
4.0
3.8 ± 0.2
39
3.6
4.0
0.283*
− 0.03 ± 0.2
− 0.02
− 0.2
0.1
Approximate entropy
0.8 ± 0.1
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.8 ± 0.2
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.175*
− 0.02 ± 0.1
− 0.03
− 0.1
0.0
Sample Entropy
0.8 ± 0.2
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.8 ± 0.2
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.581*
− 0.01 ± 0.1
− 0.03
− 0.1
0.1
A correlation was found between gestation age and fetal baseline heart rate (r = −0.40,
p = 0.005), heart rate during hypnosis (r = 0.45, p = 0.001), baseline standard deviation
of the heart rate (r = 0.47, p = 0.001) and standard deviation of the heart rate during
hypnosis (r = 0.41, p = 0.003). Gestation age also correlated with baseline LFnu (r = 0.38,
p = 0.008), HFnu (r = 0.38, p = 0.008) and the LF/HF ratio (r = 0.35, p = 0.014).
No correlation was found between gestation age and fetal LFnu, HFnu and the LF/HF
ratio during hypnosis.
Non-linear heart rate dynamics
No significant change was found for the fetal approximate entropy, Shannon entropy
and sample entropy between baseline and hypnosis. Gestation age demonstrated a correlation
with Shannon entropy (r = 0.11, p < 0.001), sample entropy (r = 0.12, p < 0.001) and
approximate entropy (r = 0.15, p < 0.001). Fetal baseline LFnu and HFnu had a correlation
with approximate entropy (r = − 0.60, p < 0.001) and sample entropy (r = − 0.64, p < 0.001),
but not with Shannon entropy. Fetal baseline LF/HF ratio similarly showed a correlation
with approximate entropy (r = −0.68, p < 0.001) and sample entropy (r = − 0.60, p < 0.001),
but not Shannon entropy. During hypnosis fetal LFnu, HFnu and LF/HF ratio demonstrated
no correlation with non-linear heart rate dynamics at all.
Comments
The main finding of this study is a fetal change of heart rate, standard deviation
of heart rate and a shift towards sympathetic dominance during hypnosis compared to
relaxed rest. This was apparent both from a decrease in HFnu power, an increase in
LFnu power and from an increase of the LF/HF ratio. Our results add new arguments
that fetuses can react to external stimulus with changes of HRV much earlier than
previously thought [22 ], [23 ].
Heart rate
Heart rate results showed that the heart rate is slightly lower with increased standard
deviation during hypnosis. These results support previous studies, which indicate
that the fetus is more active during hypnosis [13 ]. Similar to previous studies [21 ], [34 ], in our study fetal HRV changed with gestational age.
In adults, no conclusive results have been found whether hypnosis causes a decrease
in heart rate [35 ], [36 ], [37 ], [38 ], [39 ].
HRV in the frequency domain
To our knowledge no study has focused on fetal autonomic cardiovascular control during
hypnosis. Several studies have described the development of the frequency power spectrum
in the course of pregnancy [40 ], [41 ] or respiratory sinus arrhythmia [42 ], [43 ].
In adults, only a few studies have focused on autonomic cardiovascular control during
hypnosis using HRV indices. The results showed conflicting results with [36 ], [44 ], [45 ] and without [46 ], [47 ] change in parasympathetic activity. These discrepancies are most probably due to
subtle differences in basal conditions, in HRV analysis, methodology in general (duration
of different phases, free breathing or at a fixed frequency) and population selection
(hypnotisability).
In our study increased fetal LFnu and decreased fetal HFnu can only be explained as
secondary sympathetic reaction to the maternal hypnosis. In previous studies the increased
fetal movements are consistent with this reaction to hypnosis [13 ], [24 ], [48 ], rather than the expected parasympathetic reaction of the fetus of deep relaxation
like the mother [36 ], [44 ], [45 ].
Non-linear heart rate dynamics
Several studies demonstrated that non-linear dynamics also governs autonomic neural
outflow [49 ], [50 ], [51 ], [52 ], [53 ]. In our collective only fetal approximate entropy was significant higher during
hypnosis than the control period. Approximate entropy has also been used to demonstrate
an increase of complexity in fetal heart rate during the course of pregnancy [54 ], which has also been shown in our study results.
Study limitations
Limitations of this study are that no evaluation for fetal respiration, which can
influence the spectral analysis, has been done.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that the functional adaptive process of the fetal autonomic system
during hypnosis is reflected by a sympathovagal shift towards increased sympathetic
modulation, with a decreased heart rate and higher standard deviation. With the newly
available, CE-certified non-invasive fetal abdominal ECG fetal changes in autonomic
system can be analysed with true beat to beat evaluation.
Contribution to Authorship
Contribution to Authorship
All authors reviewed the results and wrote the article. The first author designed
the study protocol, collected clinical data and carried out the hypnotic intervention.
The first and second authors analysed the fetal heart rate data.
Funding
Source of financial support – We recieved 7 000 Euro funding from Monica Health Care
Ltd.
Details of Ethics Approval
Details of Ethics Approval
We received ethics approval of the “Ethik-Kommission der Medizinischen Fakultät der
Ruhr-Unversität Bochum, Germany”, Reference No. 3358-08.
