Most of the lesions encountered in the cerebellopontine angle are schwannomas and meningiomas. A small proportion of the lesions can represent widely varied pathologies such as epidermoid tumors, lipomas, lymphomas, vascular malformations, gliomas, cholesterol granulomas, choroid plexus tumors, neuroblastomas, and arachnoid cysts. Ganglioneuroma is a slow-growing benign tumor derived from cells of neural crest lineage. It most frequently arises from cells found in the sympathetic ganglia and the adrenal medulla and usually occurs in patients between the ages of 10 and 30, with a mean age of 7 years.[1]
[2]
[3] Histologically, these tumors are composed of mature autonomic ganglion cells, immature ganglion cells, satellite cells, Schwann cells, and unmyelinated and myelinated axons in a fibrous stroma.[1]
[3] Common locations for these tumors include the posterior mediastinum and retroperitoneum, though they are infrequently found in the head and neck region.[4]
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[10] Ganglioneuromas have also been reported in the cerebellopontine angle.[11] In the current report, we present a case of a ganglioneuroma in a young patient presenting as a slowly growing mass within the internal auditory canal (IAC) with associated hearing loss and normal facial nerve function, mimicking a vestibular schwannoma. We compare our results and findings with a previous report of a cerebellopontine angle ganglioneuroma in an older adult.[11]
CASE REPORT
CASE REPORT
History and Examination
A 21-year-old right-handed man presented with a history of left-sided sensorineural hearing loss first noted at age 13. He declined evaluation for his hearing loss until age 21, when more rapid deterioration of his hearing and mild balance difficulties led to brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Audiometric assessment indicated a moderate left-sided sensorineural deficit between 1500 and 8000 Hz.
MRI images of the brain were obtained before and after administration of gadolinium contrast. A poorly defined 7- to 8-mm mass was evident within the IAC on the left side. The mass was hypointense on T1 and had high, heterogenous T2 signal. There was no enhancement on early postcontrast images, and there was only mild enhancement with delayed images (Fig. [1]). No other abnormalities were visualized. Specifically, there was no edema and no associated mass effect, and there was no evidence of erosion of the surrounding bone.
Figure 1 Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. (A) Axial FIESTA image demonstrating the ganglioneuroma of the left internal auditory canal (IAC). (B) Axial image demonstrating low T1 intensity of the ganglioneuroma. (C) Coronal image demonstrating moderate uptake of gadolinium contrast of the ganglioneuroma in the left IAC. (D) Axial image demonstrating moderate uptake of gadolinium contrast of the ganglioneuroma in the left IAC.
Intervention
The patient elected to undergo surgical resection of the tumor. Neuromonitoring was performed with auditory brain stem responses (ABRs), direct acoustic nerve monitoring, and left facial nerve electromyogram. A left preauricular middle fossa approach was used. There was a 50% decline in the ABRs on the left side during drilling of the IAC, which spontaneously returned to baseline. The tumor was firm in consistency and noted to arise between the superior and inferior vestibular nerves, with adhesions to the cochlear nerve and facial nerve. The tumor was removed from the involved nerves using sharp dissection, and the IAC was covered with a fat graft that was harvested from a separate abdominal incision. Inspection of the field revealed gross total resection of the tumor with intact facial and cochlear nerves. Stimulation potentials of the left facial nerve and ABRs were unchanged at the completion of tumor resection.
During the immediate postoperative period, the patient had mild left facial weakness with a House-Brackmann score of 2. The MRI revealed expected postoperative findings and no evidence of residual tumor. His postoperative course remained uneventful. His facial function returned to normal, and at 3 months postoperatively, facial function was full and symmetrical. Audiometry performed 2 moths postoperatively was unchanged from the preoperative assessment.
Histopathology
The tumor specimen measured 6 × 7 × 6 mm and grossly had a homogeneous tan appearance on cut bisection without obvious nerve attachment. On microscopic examination, the tumor displayed multiple bundles of nerves in haphazard arrays within fibrous tissue (Fig. [2]). Schwann cells were found within the nerve bundles, but minimal myelin ensheathment was seen. Scattered amidst the axonal collections were ganglion-type cells either individually or in small collections. These ganglion cells were well differentiated, showing enlarged nuclei with prominent nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm with variable amounts of Nissl substance. Some ganglion cells had mildly vacuolated cytoplasm, though this could be a processing artifact. No cytoplasmic inclusions were seen. Satellite cell nuclei were found around many of the ganglion cells.
Figure 2 (A) Ganglioneuroma histopathology displays scattered ganglion cells amidst dense bundles of fibers ensheathed by Schwann cells. (B) Higher magnification highlights ganglion cells with vacuolated cytoplasm and surrounding satellite cells. Hematoxylin and eosin, measurement bars = 20 μm.
The tumor was fixed in 10% formalin, paraffin embedded, and cut into 5-μm-thick sections. The tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Fig. [3A]). Immunohistochemical staining with the streptavidin-biotin peroxidase complex method was performed with the following antibodies: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, 1:8000; BioGenex, San Ramon, CA), neurofilament 2F11 (1:100; Dako, Carpinteria, CA), S100 (1:200; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO).
Figure 3 Immunohistochemical profile of ganglioneuroma highlights neurofilament in ganglion cell soma and bundles of processes (B), ensheathing Schwann cells positive for S100 (C), and no glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity (D). (A) Hematoxylin and eosin stain, measurement bar = 100 μm.
Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to highlight glial and neuronal elements. Neurofilament marker 2F11 immunostained thin axonal processes in bundles and ganglion cell soma (Fig. [3B]). S100 highlighted Schwann cells and perineuronal satellite cells (Fig. [3C]). It also weakly stained many of the ganglion cells. Glial marker GFAP failed to stain any cells within the tumor (Fig. [3D]).
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
Neural crest cells give rise to ganglion cells of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system. These ganglion cells of the SNS are the source lineage for ganglioneuromas. Tumorigenesis can occur through primary maturation of ganglion cells to tumor or by differentiation of other SNS tumors such as neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma through necrosis or maturation of the neuroblasts during the early stages of tumor development.[11]
[12] Unlike these more aggressive tumors, ganglioneuromas are benign, although malignant differentiation can occur. In addition, they usually do not secrete catecholamines at high enough levels to be symptomatic.[1]
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[13] The patient in this report did not have clinical signs of catecholamine release, although urine catecholamines were not measured. Intracranial presentations of ganglioglioma are extremely rare. A previous report demonstrated such a tumor in the cerebellopontine angle.[11] The only other intracranial location of a ganglioneuroma was reported to be associated with the trigeminal nerve.[4]
These tumors usually come to clinical attention either incidentally or due to local mass effect on nerves.[8] Our patient's presentation was suggestive of mass effect on the vestibulocochlear nerve, with hearing loss as the primary symptom. This presentation pattern is consistent with a previous report of an IAC ganglioneuroma in a 50-year-old patient.[11] However, the patient in this report had progressive hearing loss since childhood, suggesting a possible pediatric origin of his ganglioneuroma. This underscores the extremely slow-growing nature of these tumors and supports the varied etiology of ganglioneuromas. It could be hypothesized that intracranial ganglioneuromas occurring in younger patients may arise from ectopic sympathetic nervous tissue such as a hamartomatous lesion, whereas those observed in older patients might result from somatic mutation of SNS-derived tumors. However, the rarity of these lesions would make this hypothesis difficult to assess. In the IAC, ganglioneuromas could arise from autonomic tissue in the nervous intermedius nerve.
On computed tomographic imaging, ganglioneuromas are typically low-attenuation, homogenous masses that may show fine calcifications. They show low to moderate enhancement that can be either homogenous or heterogeneous. On MRI, ganglioneuromas typically display low T1 and heterogeneous, high T2 signal.[13]
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[15] Administration of gadolinium results in variable enhancement, with delayed images potentially showing increased enhancement over time.[13]
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[15] This pattern of enhancement should draw the clinician's attention to the possibility of a ganglioneuroma. The MRI findings in this patient were consistent with the previous literature of ganglioneuromas of the IAC.[11] The tumor displayed a very low level of enhancement on postgadolinium images.
Treatment for symptomatic extracranial ganglioneuromas consists of complete surgical excision, with radiological surveillance for local recurrence.[1]
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[16] Watchful waiting, even in asymptomatic cases, is often avoided in extracranial ganglioneuromas due to reports of malignant transformation to neuroblastoma.[7]
[8] Due to this potential risk for malignant transformation of the lesion, radiotherapy is also not recommended.[16] With complete resection, prognosis is usually excellent.[17]
A middle fossa approach was utilized due to the small tumor size and goal of preservation of hearing. Similar to the prior report, our patient has had no deterioration in auditory function postoperatively,[11] which is common for vestibular schwannomas resected through a middle fossa approach.[18]
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[20] A stereotactic radiosurgical approach for ganglioneuroma is possible; however, this has not been reported. The potential risk for malignant transformation would make this option less favorable.
Glioneural hamartomas of the acoustic nerve, a similarly slow-growing benign lesion, have also been reported.[21]
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[23] These tumors seem to demonstrate greater infiltration of the facial and cochlear nerve complex, requiring partial resection or sacrifice of the acoustic nerve in two of the four reported cases.[21]
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[23] In our case, the tumor was noninfiltrative, and complete resection was possible with good postoperative results. There was no tumor recurrence in follow-up 1 year postoperatively.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
Ganglioneuroma is a benign tumor of the sympathetic peripheral nervous system. In the present report, we describe an extremely rare presentation of a ganglioneuroma as a tumor of the IAC, with definitive surgical treatment and good recovery to this date. Poor MRI contrast uptake may be an aid to preoperative diagnosis. Preoperative diagnosis is worthwhile, because watchful waiting and radiosurgical intervention may not be optimal due to the risk of malignant transformation. Long-term prognosis for patients with ganglioneuroma of the IAC is likely excellent with complete surgical resection.
